外周苯二氮受体示踪剂的合成和评价

合成了用作外周苯二氮受体潜在的选择性配体的N,N-二乙基-2-(4-碘苯基)-6-三氟甲基-咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶-3-乙酰胺(ITFZOL).其放射性标记物[125I]ITFZOL通过碘脱锡化反应制备,放化得率75%~85%,比活度大于76GBq/μmol.小鼠尾静脉注射[125I]ITFZIOL后,放射性集中分布于肾上腺、肺、肾、心、嗅球和小脑等外周苯二氮受体高密度区域.预先给与外周苯二氮受体选择性配体PK11195明显减少外周苯二氮受体高密度区域放射性分布,提示[125I]ITFZOL对外周苯二氮受体具有较高的特异亲和性.生物活性数据表明,[125I]ITFZO是一种潜在的选择性外周苯二氮受体单光子放射性配体.     

离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯对乙酰苯胺类化合物的乙酰氧基化反应

制备了1种新的含有酰胺键的离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯固体试剂--1-甲基-3-[4鄄(双三氟乙酰氧基碘)苯甲酰胺基乙基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐. 该试剂无吸湿性, 在空气中长期放置不变质. 研究了1种离子负载的二(乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂和3种离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂对乙酰苯胺的对位乙酰氧基化反应. 结果表明, 离子负载的二(乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂氧化能力较弱, 乙酰氧基化产物产率较低; 含有酰胺键的2种离子负载的双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯试剂不发生乙酰氧基化反应; 而1-甲基-3-[4-双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯甲基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐是理想的氧化剂. 以1-甲基-3-[4-双(三氟乙酰氧基)碘苯甲基]咪唑四氟硼酸盐为氧化剂, 室温下乙酰苯胺及其衍生物与乙酸可区域选择性地发生乙酰氧基化反应, 产率较高. 回收后的离子负载的碘苯容易再生成试剂, 而再生试剂的乙酰氧基化反应活性几乎保持不变.     

聚苯乙烯二醋酸碘苯的合成及其在烯烃叠氮-芳硒化反应中的应用

近年来 ,高碘化合物显示出多样化的反应性能 ,广泛用于有机合成 .其中以二醋酸碘苯的应用最为广泛 [1] .Tingolio等[2 ] 报道烯烃与二醋酸碘苯、叠氮化钠及二芳基二硒化合物进行叠氮 -芳硒化反应 ,具有反应条件温和、区域选择性好等优点 ,不足之处在于副产物碘代苯不易与产物分离 ,亦不符合原子经济性原则 .合成聚合物负载的有机试剂发展极为迅速 ,其主要优点是过量的试剂 ,在反应完成后 ,通过简单过滤即可与产物分离 ,而且聚合物试剂可被再生 ,重复使用 ,充分体现了绿色化学的特征 [3 ,4 ] .为此 ,本文首先合成聚苯乙烯负载的二醋酸碘苯试…     

氮烃基化tren银配合物的合成及二维超分子结构

合成了氮烃基化三角架tren配体L·3HCl(L= [N, N′, N″ 三(4 甲氧苄基) 三(2 氨乙基)胺] ),并得到了其单核Ag(I)配合物 [AgL]NO3.晶体结构研究表明Ag(I)离子被三角架配体L四齿螯合,与罕见的笼形结构相似,NOˉ根没有参加配位,而作为氢键的受体将分子组装成二维超分子结构.     

选择性串联合成功能化的苯并[b][1,4]二氮杂?化合物

以取代的邻苯二胺、噻唑-2-甲醛和乙炔二甲酸二乙酯为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,通过串联反应(亲核加成、脱水、环合和质子转移等)合成了12种新颖的取代的3,4-二乙氧羰基-2-(噻唑-2-基)苯并[b][1,4]二氮杂?化合物.由于化学/区域选择性,在同一反应不同条件下分别得到了烯胺型和亚胺型苯并[b][1,4]二氮杂?的异构体,通过考察反应条件对产物异构体选择性的影响,研究产物选择性的变化规律,为实现选择性合成苯并[b][1,4]二氮杂?化合物提供简便的合成思路.采用密度泛函(DFT)方法在B3LYP/6-31G基组水平上对反应原料和两种目标化合物进行量化计算,从原子布居电荷的角度,进一步对反应的选择性规律进行理论解释,并且在此基础上提出了合理的反应机理.     

双齿氮配体钯配合物催化的羰化反应研究

研究了双齿氮配体钯（II）配合物催化剂（1-3）在对邻溴碘苯与胺的羰化合成酰胺反应以及炔烃的氧化羰化制备炔酸酯反应中的催化性能,考察了不同条件下催化剂的催化活性并对其反应产物进行了表征.研究结果表明该催化剂在酰胺化合成氮取代邻苯二甲酰亚胺的反应中表现出了较好的催化活性和选择性,分离收率和选择性高达88%和85%;在芳基...     

肾上腺皮质球状带细胞上的苯二氮受体

本文研究结果表明,大鼠肾上腺皮质球状带细胞上存在外周型苯二氮草受体,后者与[~3H]PK 11195结合的表观平衡解离常数K_D为9.4±2.8 nmol/L,最大结合容量B_(max)为5.6±1.8 pmol/10~6个细胞。五种配体:PK11195,4’-氯安定、氟硝安定、安定和氯硝安定,可增强球状带细胞由血管紧张素Ⅱ和K~+浓度升高所致醛固酮分泌反应,其EC_(50)的对数与其受体结合抑制常数K_i的对数呈良好的正相关,提示上述醛固酮分泌的增强效应可能系由球状带细胞上的苯二氮(艹卓)受体所中解。     

8-三甲基硅乙炔基-6-吡啶-2-基-4H-苯并[f]咪唑并[1,5-a][1,4]二氮杂-3-羧酸乙酯的合成

报道了GABA_A受体的α2/α3选择性配体(HZ-166)的关键中间体8-三甲基硅乙炔基-6-吡啶-2-基-4H-苯并[f]咪唑并[1,5-a][1,4]二氮杂-3-羧酸乙酯(HZ-165)的一种合成方法。该方法以4-溴-2-(2’-吡啶基羰基)苯胺为原料,经亲核加成、关环反应、Vilsmeier-Haack反应和Sonogashira反应合成得到目标产物,产物结构经¹H NMR和MS(ESI)确证。      

一种以硒脲为原料高效合成5-氨基四氮唑类化合物的新方法

以1,3-二取代硒脲为原料,在离子液体负载的二醋酸碘苯和叠氮化钠存在下经电环化反应合成了系列5-氨基四氮唑类化合物,反应时间短、选择性好、收率高.该反应使用了绿色试剂离子液体负载的二醋酸碘苯[dibmim]~+[PF_6]~-,对环境无污染,且可循环使用,符合绿色化学的要求.     

一种合成3,5-二取代异噁唑的新方法

研究了端基炔烃和醛肟在间氯过氧苯甲酸和催化量碘苯作用下的[3+2]环合反应, 结果表明, 该过程经过一个有机高价碘中间体而进行. 通过该反应, 端基炔烃在氧化剂间氯过氧苯甲酸和催化剂碘苯的作用下与醛肟反应, 常温下可得到产率良好并具有区域选择性的3,5-二取代异噁唑化合物. 本文考察了反应条件的影响, 提出了可能的反应机理, 为简便快速合成3,5-二取代异噁唑化合物提供了一种新方法.     

Synthesis of [125I]iodoclorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, and its biodistribution in mice.

A new radioiodinated monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) specific inhibitor, [125I]iodoclorgyline, was synthesized from its tin precursor by iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with high yield and site specificity. The product possessed a high radiochemical purity as well as high specific activity. The method can be readily applicable for labeling with 123I, a very suitable radioisotope for in vivo imaging with single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). Biodistribution studies of the [125I]iodoclorgyline in mice showed high initial uptake in the brain, and brain radioactivity reached a constant level at 60 min after intravenous injection. The results suggested that [125I]iodoclorgyline might have potential as a radiopharmaceutical for MAO-A studies in the brain with SPECT.     

New azomycin acyclonucleoside. Synthesis and biodistribution of radiohalogenated analogues in tumor-bearing mice

The design, synthesis and biological activities of several acyclonucleoside analogues related to misoni-dazole are described. The hydroxy- 5 , bromo- 6 , iodo- 7 , and fluoro- 8 derivatives of ethoxymethylazomycin and iodopropenyloxymethylazomycin ( 12 ) have been prepared. Alkylation of silylated azomycin with haloethoxy-methylene chloride gave the corresponding acyclonucleosides. Similarly, propargyloxymethylene chloride gave propargyloxymethylazomycin ( 10 ), which after hydrostannylation and subsequent iododestannylation yielded iodopropenyloxymethylazomycin ( 12 ). The radiolabeled [¹²⁵I] or [¹⁸F] compounds were prepared from the corresponding substrates. Biodistribution results of the radiolabeled analogues in mice showed that compound 7 had good tumor uptake (2.0% injected dose/g at 1 hour). The high radioactive levels in blood and stomach, however, were perhaps due to in vivo deiodination or metabolism. Compound [¹²⁵I]- 12 showed the highest tumor uptake (4.8 and 3.6% injected dose/g at 1 and 4 hours respectively) of all of the compounds tested. Relatively low thyroid uptake of radioactivity in mice dosed with compound [¹²⁵I]- 12 indicates significantly reduced in vivo deiodination in comparison to compound [¹²⁵I]- 7.     

A14-[125I]monoiodoinsulin purified by different high-performance liquid chromatographic procedures and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: preparation, immunochemical properties and receptor binding affinity

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) allows the rapid separation of A14-[125I]monoiodoinsulin directly from the iodination mixtures. It remains to be clarified, however, whether the RP-HPLC chromatographic conditions affect the properties of the purified tracer. In this study we prepared A14-[125I]insulin purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and by three different RP-HPLC mobile phases containing, respectively, ammonium acetate, sodium perchlorate and trifluoroacetic acid. The binding characteristics of all these tracers were examined using an insulin antiserum and insulin cell receptors. The specific radioactivity corresponded to the theoretical maximum for the RP-HPLC-purified tracers and was significantly lower for the PAGE-purified tracers. Significant differences were found in the binding of different tracers to the insulin antiserum: maximum binding ranged from 94 to 99% and was significantly lower for tracers purified by RP-HPLC eluents B and C; antiserum dilution giving 50% tracer binding was lower for tracers purified by RP-HPLC eluent B. The four insulin derivatives showed no difference in non-specific precipitation and in the affinity constant values calculated from the Scatchard analysis. No significant difference was found in the binding of the four insulin derivatives to the human-cultured IM-9 lymphocytes and to the human circulating monocytes. In conclusion, the present work demonstrates that the immunological properties of the A14-[125I]monoiodoinsulin purified by RP-HPLC may be partially affected by the composition of the mobile phase. In order to obtain a fully potent A14-[125I]insulin derivative and to have the possibility of comparing data from different laboratories, the chromatographic conditions must be taken into account.     

5-O-(4-[125 I]Iodobenzyl)-L-ascorbic acid: electrophilic radioiodination and biodistribution in mice

As a part of our efforts to develop potential imaging agents for ascorbate bioactivity, 5-O-(4-[(125)I]iodobenzyl)-L-ascorbic acid ([(125)I]1) was prepared through a two-step sequence which involved radioiodo-destannylation of a protected tributylstannyl precursor 6, followed by hydrolysis in acidic methanol of the protecting groups in 61% overall radiochemical yield, with a radiochemical purity of over 98% and a specific activity of more than 15.4?GBq/μmol. Tissue distribution of [(125)I]1 in tumor-bearing mice showed signs of distribution profiles similar to the reported results for 6-deoxy-6-[(18)F]fluoro-L-ascorbic (6-(18)FAsA) acid and 6-deoxy-6-[(131)I]iodo-L-ascorbic acid (6-(131)IAsA) but with notable differences in the adrenal glands, in which considerably lower uptake of radioactivity and rapid clearance with time were observed. Pretreatment of mice with a known inhibitor of ascorbate transport, sulfinpyrazone, did not produce any significant change in the adrenal uptake of radioactivity after injection of [(125)I]1 compared to the control, suggesting that uptake in the adrenal glands is independent of the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 transport mechanism. Introduction of a bulky substituent at C-5 on AsA, such as an iodobenzyloxy group, may not be suitable for the design of analogs that may still be able to maintain characteristic distribution properties in vivo seen with AsA itself.     

Affinity chromatography of fibroblast growth factors on substituted polystyrene

The heparin-binding growth factors aFGF and bFGF (acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor) from crude bovine brain extract were co-eluted with purified [125I]aFGF and/or [125I]bFGF as tracers from heparin-Sepharose and from several insoluble substituted polystyrenes used as stationary phases in low-pressure affinity chromatography. The ability of the resins to isolate FGFs was determined by measuring the eluted radioactivity. It was demonstrated that the various substituted polystyrene resins retain [125I]aFGF and [125I]bFGF with different specificities according to the chemical nature of the substituted groups bound to the polystyrene support. Bifunctional resins substituted with sulphonate and phenylalanine sulphamide groups adsorbed both [125I]aFGF and [125I]bFGF whereas bifunctional resins substituted with sulphonate and sulphamide serine adsorbed only [125I]bFGF. These stationary phases could be adapted to high-performance affinity chromatography and used to isolate growth factors of the FGF family.     

Specific binding of beta-endorphin to the isolated renal basolateral membranes in vitro

Binding of human beta-endorphin (beta-EP) to rat renal basolateral membranes was characterized using [125I]Tyr27-beta-EP ([125I]beta-EP) as a primary ligand. Ten millimolar of ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) completely inhibited the degradation of [125I]beta-EP in the incubation mixture at 4 degrees C, thus making it possible to quantitatively examine the [125I]beta-EP binding. The specific binding of [125I]beta-EP to the basolateral membranes was reversible and saturable, and a nonlinear least-squares regression analysis of a saturation isotherm revealed two different classes of specific binding sites. One class had an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.68 nM and a lower number of binding sites (33 fmol/mg protein), whereas the other class had a lower affinity (apparent Kd of 210 nM) and a higher number of binding sites (7.3 pmol/mg protein). Inhibition of the [125I]beta-EP binding by naloxone (10 microM) was approximately only 20%, and that by D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (10 microM) was null, suggesting the major role of a non-opioid binding component in specific [125I]beta-EP binding to basolateral membranes. Moreover, a 50% inhibition by 10 microM of dynorphin(1-13) suggests that a certain region of the primary structure of beta-EP, excluding at least the NH2-terminal enkephalin sequence, is of particular importance for the [125I]beta-EP binding. These lines of evidence suggest the existence of two different classes of specific binding sites for beta-EP on the renal basolateral membranes, and the high-and low-affinity bindings may be attributed to opioid and non-opioid receptors, respectively, as judged by known characteristics of opioid and non-opioid receptors in other peripheral tissues.     

Nucleophilic radioiodination of 6-bromocholesterol via non-isotopic exchange reaction in molten state

A synthetic method for preparing radioiodinated 6-[125 I]iodocholesterol[CL-6-125 I] for adrenal evaluation is described. The radioiodine atom wasincorporated onto the cholesterol molecule via non-isotopic exchange between6-bromocholesterol [CL-6-Br] and radioiodine as iodide ion [ 125 I –]in a molten state. The different parameters affecting the yield of exchange were investigated using 125 I (T 1/2 .60 d) to centralize the different physical and chemical reaction conditions and purification of the final product as pure as 6-[125 I]iodocholesterol. The method was suitable to either 131 I (T 1/2 .8 d) nucleophilic radioiodination which facilitates the scanning of the adrenal for a few days after administration or the use of 124 I (T 1/2 .4.16 d) nucleophilic radioiodination for PET evaluation of the adrenal. TLC as well as HPLC chromatographic analysis is used to determine the efficiency of the exchange reactions under different chemical reaction conditions and to monitor the stability of the final product as pure as CL-6-125 I with radiochemical purity of .99%. This no-carrier-added method improved the speed of the reaction and affords high radiochemical yield of 90 % and suitable specific activity due to the use of CL-6-Br rather than CL-6-I as substrate. Kinetic studies revealed second order iodine-bromine exchange reaction. The activation energy for the exchange reaction in ammonium acetate (m.p. 114 °C) was calculated to be 4.576 kcal/mole.     

Synthesis and characterization of radioiodinated MD-230254: a new ligand for potential imaging of monoamine oxidase B activity by single photon emission computed tomography

A series of iodinated analogues of MD-230254 was synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory potency and selectivity toward monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Among them, 5-[4-(2-iodobenzyloxy)phenyl]-3-(cyanoethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)one (2-IBPO) was found to have high inhibitory potency and selectivity toward MAO-B (IC50=2.0 nM, MAO-A/MAO-B >50000). Analysis of the inhibition kinetics indicated that 2-IBPO acts in a two-step mechanism as a competitive, slow, and tight-binding inhibitor of MAO-B with a Ki value of 2.4 nM and an overall Ki* value at an equilibrium of 3.8 nM. The new radioligand for MAO-B, [125I]2-IBPO was conveniently synthesized from a tributylstannyl precursor by an iododestannylation reaction using sodium [125I]iodide and hydrogen peroxide with high radiochemical yield. The in vivo tissue distribution studies of [125I]2-IBPO demonstrated its high initial uptake and prolonged retention in the brain. A selective interaction of [125I]2-IBPO with MAO-B was confirmed by the pretreatment experiment with well known MAO specific inhibitors, l-deprenyl, Ro-16-6491, clorgyline, and Ro-41-1049. These very desirable characteristics of [125I]2-IBPO suggested that a 123I-labeled counterpart, [123I]2-IBPO, would have great potential in in vivo studies of MAO-B in the human brain with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).     

Synthesis of 11C-labelled N,N'-diphenylurea and ethyl phenylcarbamate by a rhodium-promoted carbonylation via [11C]isocyanatobenzene using phenyl azide and [11C]carbon monoxide

The reaction with phenyl azide and [11C]carbon monoxide to give N,N'-diphenyl[11C]urea and ethyl phenyl[11C]carbamate has been studied with the aim of development of a new methodology for carbonylation using [11C]carbon monoxide with high specific radioactivity. The synthesis of 11C-labelled N,N'-diphenylurea from phenyl azide and [11C]carbon monoxide, with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane-bound Rh(I) complex at 120 degrees C at a pressure of 35 MPa in the presence of aniline was accomplished in 82% trapping efficiency and 82% conversion yield. This approach was also useful for the synthesis of ethyl phenyl[11C]carbamate with lithium ethoxide as a nucleophilic reagent giving 90% trapping efficiency and 76% conversion yield. These reactions can be considered to proceed via a [11C]isocyanate or a [11C]isocyanate-coordinated Rh complex to give the corresponding 11C-products. This protocol provides the chemical basis for the synthesis of [11C]urea and [11C]carbamate derived from [11C]isocyanates.     

Radioiodination of 4-benzyl-1-(3-iodobenzylsulfonyl)piperidine, 4-(3-iodobenzyl)-1-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazine and their derivatives via isotopic and non-isotopic exchange reactions

A mild and simple technique for preparing of 4-benzyl-1-(3-[¹²⁵I]iodobenzylsulfonyl)piperidine, 4-(3-[¹²⁵I]iodobenzyl)-1-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazine and their derivatives, as sigma-1 receptor ligands, with relatively high radiochemical yields via nucleophilic substitution reaction by means of isotopic and non-isotopic exchange reactions is described. Some factors affecting the radiochemical yield were commonly studied in presence of acidic medium at elevated temperature. Unfortunately, the radiochemical yields were weak. Some attempts were carried out in presence of polar aprotic solvents to enhance the radiochemical yield. N,N-Dimethylformamide was proved highly efficient for preparing of radioiodinated 4-benzyl-1-(3-iodobenzylsulfonyl)piperidine (4-B-[¹²⁵I]-IBSP, 70 ± 5.7 %) and 4-(3-iodobenzyl)-1-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazine (4-[¹²⁵I]-IBBSPz, 72 ± 6.0 %) at moderate temperature (100–105 °C) within 8 h. The specific activities of 4-B-[¹²⁵I]-IBSP and 4-[¹²⁵I]-IBBSPz (6,534.2 and 5,927.4 MBq/mmol) were obtained respectively.