X射线荧光光谱无标样分析在轻合金中的应用

基于X射线荧光光谱仪,运用其无标样分析软件以及元素灵敏度系数校正,分析了镁合金、铝合金样品的元素组成及其含量。结果表明,X射线荧光光谱仪无标样定量分析镁合金、铝合金,其测量结果具有非常高的可靠性和准确度。通过对元素灵敏度系数的校正,可以进一步提高合金的测量精度。     

ICP-AES中元素间干扰的逐步逼近校正方法

本文基于干扰系数校正法,提出一种新的校正元素间相互干扰的方法——逐步逼近校正法,以及相应的计算机软件系统。对复杂体系中元素间相互光谱干扰和元素“自身”非光谱干扰进行校正,获得了良好的结果。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析25种元素对磷的光谱干扰及其校正

利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析了25种元素对磷的光谱干扰及其校正。电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定样品中磷元素含量时存在光谱干扰,通过干扰系数法,对铍、硼、镁、铝、硅、钙、钪等25种元素对磷元素的光谱干扰情况进行了分析,获得各元素的干扰系数。以国家标准物质GBW 01305为样品,利用该方法对其磷元素含量进行光谱干扰校正分析,测定结果的误差由2.9%降至0.2%。可以该方法为依据对不同材料中磷元素的光谱干扰现象加以校正。     

铝合金建材的X射线荧光分析

用高性能飞利浦PW2424型X射线荧光光谱仪,测定铝合金建材中的Si、Fe、Cu、Mn、Mg、Zn、Ti、Cr、Ni等9个化学元素的含量.给出各元素的干扰校正系数和基体效应校正系数.方法准确、灵敏,稳定性好,速度快.     

金相组织变化对X射线荧光光谱法测定黄铜中铜铅铁的影响及校正

研究了金相组织变化对X射线荧光光谱法测定黄铜中Cu、Pb、Fe的影响。Pb相和Fe相的出现使得Cu的测定结果偏高,Pb和Fe的校准曲线不成一条直线。金相组织的变化导致试样测量表面的元素分布不均匀,从而影响了元素间吸收和增强效应的实际效果,理论α影响系数不再适合校正基体效应。提出了4种数学方法来校正金相组织变化的影响：(1)理论α影响系数和经验影响系数相结合的方法;(2)根据析出相的比例校正校准曲线的斜率;(3)引入二次项校正;(4)根据Pb相的析出情况,以Pb含量0．6％为分隔点,对校准曲线分段。     

X射线荧光分析中用于校正元素间吸收-增强效应的一个新经验校正方程

本文提出了一个新经验校正方程,用以校正X射线荧光分析中的吸收-增强效应.它以影响系数和基体元素浓度间的相互关系的两次曲线拟合为基础.在该校正方程中,吸收效应和增强效应均考虑为相同的表达形式.影响系数用多变量最小二乘法计算,分析元素的浓度用迭代程序求得.该方法以Fe-Ni、Fe-Cr、Fe-Ni-Cr、PbO-ZrO₂-TiO₂-La₂O₃等四种体系的试样与目前常用的几种经验校正方程,如Lachance-Traill方程、Claisse-Quintin方程、Rasberry-Heinrich方程等作了比较,表明在相当宽的浓度范围内,用本文提出的新校正方程所获得的准确度最好.     

高纯氧化镝电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法摄谱分析时光谱干扰校正方法的研究

本文建立了高纯氧化镝样品ICP摄谱分析时干扰系数法校正光谱干扰的方法。测定了镝基体对14种稀土杂质元素20条灵敏分析线的干扰系数(KCT)。并有效地校正了镝基体造成的光谱干扰,获得满意的结果。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速测定钢基中锰元素

应用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法对中低合金钢、电工钢、高锰钢、不锈钢中锰元素进行测定.采用经验系数法校正元素间的增强-吸收效应和光谱重叠干扰,元素检测限为2.1μg/g,线性相关系数大于0.9998.考察了分析方法的精密度和准确度,元素的测定结果与认定值一致,相对标准偏差小于2%.     

X-荧光α系数法测定稀土氧化物中15个稀土元素

采用粉末稀释直接压片,在PW1400顺序式X-荧光光谱仪上测定了 15个稀土元素。通过电子计算机采用干扰系数扣除严重的谱线干扰,应用α系数校正复杂的基体效应,取得满意的结果。本文研究重点是选择了最佳仪器测量条件;测量出元素间的干扰系数及校正了背景影响;比较了三种基体校正数学模型的效果。分析精度:当含量小于2％时,优于 5％;含量大于2％时,优于?2％。分析速度较文献[5]提高三倍。     

X射线荧光光谱扩展基本参数法测定不锈钢中的多种成分

针对多种类不锈钢多元素成分解析问题,应用X射线荧光光谱分析软件UniQuant,采用扩展基本参数法对多元不锈钢、双相不锈钢进行光谱干扰校正和基体校正,重新设定和优化多元不锈钢基体元素的测试条件,计算背景因子、杂质因子、谱线灵敏度系数和光谱重叠系数,测定Si、Mn、S、P、Ni、Cr、Cu、Mo、V、Al、Ti、Nb、Co、Ta、Fe的相对标准偏差在0.04%~3.8%,Ca、Zr、W、As、Sb、Sn的相对标准偏差在5.4%~20.3%,未知样品检测值与认定值比对结果相当理想,Ni、Cr的平均偏差小于0.05%,可以用很少标准样品实现各类型不锈钢多元素成分准确检测,检测范围宽,适用性好。     

X-射线法测定间规-1,2聚丁二烯结晶度

根据X-射线衍射强度理论和高聚物两相模型概念,对沿用的作图法计算结晶度的公式进行了修正,求出间规-1,2聚丁二烯(St-1,2 PB)四个主要衍射峰的校正因子,从而导出了St-1,2 PB的结晶度计算公式。用所给公式计算的结晶度数值与用密度梯度法测得的结晶度数值相比,结果是满意的。     

烟台地区氟中毒的环境因素分析

介绍氟中毒的症状以及发病机理。对烟台地区氟中毒的引发因素进行了综述。从土壤与母质、地形、地貌、岩性与矿物成分、水化学类型、地下水温度、气候及饮食状况等多个方面对烟台地区发生的氟中毒进行环境因素分析,分别阐述了各个因子的特征与该地区发病情况的关系。根据引发烟台地区氟中毒的环境因素提出防治氟中毒的对策。     

关联度分析在反相高效液相色谱同时测定多种头孢菌素的析因试验中的应用

采用均匀设计安排实验，考察各影响因素与一组色谱分离评价函数间的综合关联程度。将关联度分析用于RP－HPLC同时测定多种头孢菌素的析因试验，从6个影响因素中确定主要影响因素。结果表明，乙腈酯比、pH值、磷酸盐缓冲液浓度为主要影响因素。RP－HPLC同时测定头孢菌素时，关联度分析有更科学地确定色谱条件中的优化因子。     

X射线荧光光谱理论强度计算中激发因子的选择

激发因子是X射线荧光强度理论计算中的重要参数。对目前常用的四种激发因子算法进行了较为详细的比较,并设计了一种评价激发因子算法的实验方法,即用人工合成试样测定了八对能量接近的X射线特征谱线的强度比,然后根据不同的激发因子算法用理论方法计算出这些谱线对的强度比值,以两者的接近程度来判断这四种激发因子算法的适用性。结果表明,使用NRLXRF程序修改版中的激发因子算法计算出来的理论强度比与实测值之间的相对偏差最小。     

Ruggedness and robustness of conversion factors in method of simultaneous determination of multi-components with single reference standard

Single standard to determine multi-components (SSDMC) is a novel and rational method for quality control of botanical products and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). However, it is restricted to wide application due to unknown fluctuation in conversion factors when it is performed in different laboratories. To evaluate the fluctuations of conversion factors, we selected Salvia miltiorrhiza as an example to determine three components of tanshinones by SSDMC method. Then ruggedness and robustness test were adopted to comprehensively investigate three kinds of factors that may influence stability of conversion factors, which were related with environmental parametric variables, operational parametric variables and peak measurement parametric variables. Nested-factorial-design was used to perform ruggedness tests. One-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) procedure and Plackett-Burman (PB) design were both used in robustness test. The results showed that stability of conversion factors was principally related with accuracy of wavelength of UV detector, peak measurement parameters and concentration of standard solution. The acceptable range of conversion factors was obtained from robustness test. Our results showed that conversion factors were inevitable to change, but when key parameters were well controlled, the range of its fluctuation was acceptable and the SSDMC method could be used widely in different laboratories.     

Statistical analysis of data from accelerated ageing tests of PES UF membranes

In this research, membrane life-time was evaluated by means of accelerated ageing experiments. A pressure pulse unit was used to perform the ageing experiments in an accelerated way. An experimental design has been set up and four ageing factors were varied at two levels. The four ageing factors studied were: fouling status of the membrane, cleaning agent concentration, magnitude of the back pulse and number of applied back pulses. The integrity of the membrane modules was evaluated by means of permeability testing, pressure decay tests and bubble tests. Also tensile tests were performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the membrane modules. The collected data was used for an analysis of variance to determine which ageing factors and which combination of ageing factors influence membrane life time. The analysis showed that the fouling status in combination with the number of applied pressure pulses were significant ageing factors. Additional tensile tests confirmed these results.     

检索CAS化学物质数据库的必要性和方法

以ＤＩＡＬＯＧ系统为例,讨论了检索ＣＡＳ化学物质数据库的必要性和方法。     

High resolution gamma-spectroscopy well logging system

A Gamma Spectroscopy Logging System (GSLS) has been developed to study sub-surface radionuclide contamination. The absolute counting efficiencies of the GSLS detectors were determined using cylindrical reference sources. More complex borehole geometries were modeled using commercially available shielding software and correction factors were developed based on relative gamma-ray fluence rates. Examination of varying porosity and moisture content showed that as porisity increases, and as the formation saturation ratio decreases, relative gamma-ray fluence rates increase linearly for all energies. Correction factors for iron and water cylindrical shields were found to agree well with correction factors determined during previous studies allowing for the development of correction factors for type-304 stainless steel and low-carbon steel casings. Regression analyses of correction factor data produced equations for determining correction factors applicable to spectral gamma-ray well logs acquired under non-standard borehole conditions.     

Solvent optimization and conformational flexibility effects on 1H and 13C NMR scaling factors

The effects of including (a) implicit solvent in geometry optimizations, (b) conformationally flexible molecules in test sets, and (c) empirical dispersion D3(BJ) on scaling factors for predicting ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts were explored. Scaling factors with optimizations performed in the gas phase and with a Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) solvent model were obtained for 12 organic solvents, including 2,2,2-trifluroethanol and chlorobenzene, for which scaling factors have been developed for the first time. Scaling factors for aromatic solvents were split into primary and secondary scaling factors to account for CH–π effects. Including empirical dispersion D3(BJ) did not lead to significant improvement.     

Study of gas-liquid partitioning of alkane solutes in several organic solvents by using principal component analysis and linear solvation energy relationships

Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the number of factors which can describe the 737 gas-liquid partition coefficients of five linear, four branched, and two cyclic alkanes in 67 common solvents. Based on the reconstruction of partition coefficient data matrix, we concluded that the experimental dataset could readily be reduced to two relevant factors. Using only these two factors, there were no errors larger than 3%, 7 cases had errors larger than 2%, and in 34 cases, errors were between 1 and 2%. n-Hexane and ethylcyclohexane were chosen as the test factors, and all other partition coefficients were expressed in terms of these two test factors. Prediction of the logarithmic partition coefficient of these alkanes in seven chemically different solvents, which were originally excluded from the data matrix, was excellent: the root mean square error was 0.064, only in 11 cases the errors were larger than 1%, and only 3 had errors larger than 4%.Linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) using both theoretical and empirical solvent parameters were used to explain the molecular interactions responsible for partition. Several combinations of parameters were tried but the standard deviations were not less than 0.31. This could be attributed to the model itself, imprecisions in the data matrix or in some of the LSER parameters. Solvent cohesive parameters and surface tension in combination with polarity-polarizability or dispersion parameters perform the best.Finally, the two principal component factors were rotated onto the most relevant physicochemical parameters that control the gas-liquid partitioning phenomena.