外场对聚肽三元体系相行为影响的研究

在前期建立的溶剂、聚肽、柔性高分子三元体系的理论模型上, 引入外场作用的自由能, 推导了液晶相与非液晶相中各物质的化学位, 研究了外场作用下的聚肽三元体系的相行为. 结果表明外场的作用可使液晶相与非液晶相的两相区域变小, 两相区向低浓度方向移动, 同时柔性高分子可进入液晶相. 此外还研究了外场作用下聚肽的分子链构象、链长和温度等对体系相行为的影响, 并对理论计算与实验结果进行了比较.     

聚甲基丙烯酸胆甾醇酯共聚物的合成、结构与性能研究 Ⅳ.PMACE的相态转变及光学性质

Finkelmann和等人对侧链胆甾型高分子液晶的研究表明,将具有液晶功能的低分子基团,经过一个软段连接到柔性高分子主链上的梳型高分子在一定的温度下可以形成液晶态,调节侧链高分子液晶的分子结构、软段长度,可以改变其相态转变温度及微区形态。前已报导具有不同侧链结构的聚甲基丙烯酸胆甾醇酯共聚物的合成、相态转变及光学性质,本文通过对聚甲基丙烯酸胆甾醇乙烯酯共聚物(PMACE)的液晶态及结晶态的微细结构及相态转变与胆甾侧链含量关系的研究,给出了液晶态的形成条件及结构特征。     

聚对氧化偶氮苯酚酯系列热致性液晶高分子的合成及液晶态研究

本文用界面缩聚法合成聚对氧化偶氧苯酚酯系列热致性液晶高分子。并用DSC,X-光衍射和偏光显微镜对其结构和液晶相进行了表征与研究。观察液晶态织态结构,计算液晶态时分子链间距,并观察聚合物取向液晶态的结晶结构。     

聚对苯撑对苯二甲酰胺液晶的相态转变

本工作以H(?)ppler流变粘度计、退偏振光法及小角激光光散射法研究了聚对苯撑对苯二甲酰胺的浓硫酸溶液在不同浓度和温度下的粘性行为、光学性质和区域结构的变化,发现聚对苯撑对苯二甲酰胺的各向异性溶液在不同温度下呈现向列型液晶和胆甾型液晶特征,说明芳香聚酰胺的液晶体系与小分子液晶相类似,也具有多种中介相的转变现象。这里的中介相转变是由向列型转变为胆甾型,但不是直接的同时是一个单变性的相转变过程。     

聚对偶氮氧苯酚酯系列热致性液晶高分子的相转变

合成含有不同亚甲基数（ｎ＝４—１２，１４）的主链型热致性液晶高分子──聚对偶氮氧苯酚二元羧酸酯．用ＤＳＣ和ＦＴＩＲ观测了相转变的奇偶效应，揭示了液晶相转变过程中分子间相互作用力性质的变化．并与聚２，２＇－二甲基对偶氮氧苯酚二元羧酸酯系列进行了比较，讨论了中介单元的对称性对液晶高聚物相转变和对液晶相稳定性的影响．     

一类新的刚性链侧链型液晶高分子的合成

以自由基聚合方法，合成了一系列含有三个苯环通过酯键相联的液晶性单体及其聚合物．在这类新的液晶高分子中，刚性液晶基元不通过柔性间隔基而直接竖挂在聚甲基丙烯酸酯大分子主链上．这些高分子有很高的玻璃化转变温度，表明其分子链刚性较大，因而代表了一类新的刚性链侧链型液晶高分子．它们的液晶行为用ＤＳＣ、偏光显微镜和Ｘ－光衍射进行了表征．发现所有单体和聚合物均为向列型热致性液晶．     

高分子液晶态有序性对其结晶过程的影响

采用退偏振光强度法、ＳＡＬＳ和ＰＯＭ测定了高分子液晶态有序微区结构随体系温度变化的规律,并用ＤＳＣ法研究具有不同有序微区结构尺寸的液晶态的结晶过程．结果发现,高分子液晶态有序性或有序微区结构是随着体系退火温度和时间的变化而变化．同时从相应的不同有序性为起始态进行结晶时,其结晶速率明显不同．并讨论了高分子液晶态的结晶机理     

聚肽分子链构象转变研究

聚肽分子链在一定的条件下可发生右旋分子链构象与左旋分子链构象间的构象转变 .文中提出了一个有关这一现象的统计理论解释 ,理论包含了两个重要的参数γ、ρ .γ与右旋和左旋分子链构象间能量差别有关 ;ρ与在左旋分子链段中启始一个右旋构象的结构单元所需能量有关 .进一步考虑了体系中酸分子存在对构象转变的影响 ,以解释新近发现的聚肽左、右旋多重分子链构象转变现象 .此外 ,运用核磁共振 (NMR)手段还对这一现象做了进一步的研究 .通过与实验结果和文献中报告的数据比较 ,证明这一理论可以很好地解释聚肽分子链中发生的左、右旋分子链构象转变     

近晶C(Sc)相串型液晶高分子的合成与表征

以２，５ 二（对烷氧基苯甲酰氧基） 对苯二酚和不同结构的脂族二酰氯为单体，采用低温溶液缩聚的方法，合成了一系列新的液晶基元垂直于分子主链的Ｓｃ相串型液晶高分子．单体的结构通过元素分析、ＩＲ、１Ｈ ＮＭＲ和ＭＳ等方法确证．聚合物通过ＧＰＣ、ＤＳＣ、ＴＧ、ＷＡＸＤ和偏光显微镜等方法测试表征．研究发现，所有的聚合物加热至各自的熔点以上都能形成液晶态，在液晶态可以观察到纹影或焦锥织构．通过变温Ｘ 射线衍射证明它们为Ｓｃ相．所有聚合物的熔点（Ｔｍ）和液晶态的清亮点（Ｔ１）随分子中末端烷氧基增大和柔性间隔段长度增加逐渐降低，液晶态温度范围变窄．     

手征性侧链液晶高分子取向结构的研究

用偏光显微镜,红外二色性和Ｘ 射线衍射研究了一种手征性侧链液晶高分子的相态织构和弛豫行为．偏光显微镜观察这种侧链液晶高分子冻结取向液晶态薄膜时,可观察到与剪切方向垂直的明暗相间的条带织构．红外二向色性的结果表明,取向态中侧链上的介晶基元倾向于与剪切方向垂直排列．取向和非取向膜的Ｘ射线衍射揭示了该侧链液晶高分子具有反铁电性液晶的两套反相螺旋结构．取向薄膜在液晶态的弛豫行为表明,取向作用能促进侧链高分子近晶相层状结构的生长,而且介晶基元的取向在弛豫过程中能保持下来．     

高分子单链凝聚成与线团相互穿透的多链凝聚态

高分子单链凝聚态由于链内链结构单元间存在范德化吸引作用,高分子链呈打圈链构象,而多链凝聚态由于链内链单元间的吸引作用被与相互穿透的近邻链的单元间吸引作用所屏蔽,高分子链呈高斯链构象。本文简要介绍单链凝聚态试样的制备方法,单链单晶体、单链玻璃体、溶胀的单链高弹态拉伸等的实验观察,并提出从单链凝聚态到多链凝聚态的转变过程问题,即高分子线团的相互穿透过程,目前还缺少基础了解。     

菌类多糖链构象及其表征方法研究进展 （专题报道）

 概述了菌类多糖在溶液中链构象及其表征方法的研究进展.主要报道从各种真菌（香菇、茯苓、灵芝、木耳、黄单胞菌、裂褶菌等）中提取的多糖在溶液中的分子量、分子形态和尺寸,即链构象.同时介绍多糖链构象对生物活性的影响,并且指出多糖刚性链带电基团及适量分子量有利于促进它与免疫细胞上受体结合,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖.由此表明,多糖链构象的研究对弄清其生物功能和推动生命科学发展十分重要.多糖在溶液中主要以无规线团、双螺旋、三螺旋、蠕虫状、棒状链以及聚集体构象存在,它取决于单糖组成、糖苷键、支链结构以及分子内和分子间作用力.测定链构象的方法主要包括光散射、黏度、显微技术（透射电镜,扫描电镜以及原子力显微镜）、微量热法和小角X-射线散射等.此外,介绍了多糖溶液理论以及计算链构象参数的表达式.     

The size of a polymer in a symmetric solvent

Using a simple thermodynamic model, we derive an expression for the excluded volume parameter v of a polymer chain in a symmetric solvent (solvated by its own monomers). For a chain with a given segment length and number of monomers, this parameter determines whether the chain is collapsed or expanded. For the latter it determines the degree of expansion. Using a simple off-lattice version of Flory's model [P. J. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1953)] and relaxing the assumption of incompressibility, we obtain the result v=(1-kappa)rho(0), where kappa is the dimensionless compressibility and rho(0) the number density of solvent. In the incompressible limit (in the sense that kappa-->0) the chain is expanded and the inverse of the solvent number density determines the degree of expansion of the chain. Using the van der Waals equation of state to estimate kappa (allowing for nonzero compressibility in a system that can undergo a gas-liquid phase transition), the model predicts that upon raising the temperature at constant pressure there is both a lower (coil to globule) and upper (globule to coil) Flory temperature. This is in quantitative agreement with experiment and computer simulations.     

Temperature dependence of the conformation of isotactic polystyrene in toluene

In order to obtain information about a possible helix–coil transition of isotactic polystyrene (i-PS) at 80°C in toluene, as has been reported in other solvents, solution properties were examined at temperatures between 10 and 110°C. Use was made of viscometry, high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, calorimetry, and light scattering. No distinct transition was found at 80°C but rather a second-order transition between 62 and 65°C. A similar transition occurred in toluene solutions of atactic polystyrene. The transition may be attributed to a sudden change in the mobility of the phenyl side-group of the polymer. From this study it is concluded that i-PS has a helical conformation in toluene, the mean helix length decreasing smoothly with increasing temperature.     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝聚氧乙烯共聚物溶液性质的研究

采用核磁共振 (NMR)、动态激光光散射 (DLS)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM )等方法研究了规整性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝聚氧乙烯共聚物溶液性质 ,研究表明两亲接枝共聚物在选择性溶剂中可形成球状胶束 ,溶液的浓度、温度和聚合物结构等因素影响其胶束的大小、形态     

Interplay of the main chain, chiral side chains, and solvent in conformational transitions: poly([(R)-3,7-dimethyloctyl]-[(S)-3-methylpentyl]silylene).

Light scattering, sedimentation equilibrium, viscosity, circular dichroism (CD), and UV absorption (UV) measurements were made on dilute solutions of poly([(R)-3,7-dimethyloctyl]-[(S)-3-methylpentyl]silylene)(PRS) as functions of molecular weight. From light scattering and viscosity data, PRS is found to be a very stiff polymer of persistence length q as large as 103 nm at 25 degrees C, essentially a 7(3) helix found in the solid state; q increases only gradually with lowering temperature between -15 and 25 degrees C. The CD data show that PRS undergoes a conformational transition around 3 degrees C in isooctane (transition temperature T(c)). The CD signal is largely positive at low temperatures, passes through zero at T(c), and becomes largely negative at higher temperatures; T(c) is independent of sample's chain length N. This is a highly cooperative helix (M)-to-helix (P) transition depending remarkably on N, as PRS is substantially rodlike. The CD data are converted to the fraction f(P) of P helix as a function of N and analyzed successfully by a statistical mechanical theory based on a helix reversal model, where a polymer chain consists of M and P helices intervened by helix reversals, with the result that the free energy difference DeltaG(h) between P and M shows a temperature dependence similar to that of 2f(P) - 1, whereas the helix reversal energy is substantially constant at 1.2 x 10(4) J mol(-1); the latter value means that the helix reversal occurs only once in 100 Si units or less. This DeltaG(h) change and solvent dependence of T(c) are explained by a double-well potential for the rotation about Si-Si bonds, which incorporates into DeltaG(h) the solvent interactions with the helical grooves of side chains surrounding the main chain. Detailed features of UV absorption spectra at different temperature and molecular weights are also presented.     

分子动力学方法研究单链聚乙烯的结晶过程

用分子动力学方法（ＭＤ）研究了单链聚乙烯在不同温度（１００Ｋ、２００Ｋ、３００Ｋ、４００Ｋ、５００Ｋ）下的结晶过程,并用能量和结构参数进行了描述．结果表明伸直分子链的结晶过程都经历了三个阶段,首先是伸直链的卷曲与聚集,然后通过链段的排列形成规整的片晶结构,最后是结晶形成的片晶在结构与能量上的涨落变化。研究表明,结晶温度越高,分子链的内聚速度越快．研究发现,分子链在内聚阶段经历一个局部凝聚的中间状态,在结晶温度很低（１００Ｋ）时,局部凝聚的结构是有序的．而在５００Ｋ时,该结构为无规线团．结晶温度的差异,一般来说,将导致得到的片晶厚度的不同．对于模拟的单链,随着结晶温度的降低而形成了较厚的片晶．该行为与聚乙烯本体结晶中片晶厚度对结晶温度的依赖性相反．在有序化阶段和之后的片晶调整运动阶段,分子链线团的回转半径基本保持不变．这与宏观多链体系的结果相同．另外,在模拟中发现,尺寸微小的单链聚乙烯晶片的扭转运动     

Simulation study of the coil-globule transition of a polymer in solvent

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the coil-globule transition for a system composed of a bead-spring polymer immersed in an explicitly modeled solvent. Two different versions of the model are used, which are differentiated by the nature of monomer-solvent, solvent-solvent, and nonbonded monomer-monomer interactions. For each case, a model parameter lambda determines the degree of hydrophobicity of the monomers by controlling the degree of energy mismatch between the monomers and solvent particles. We consider a lambda-driven coil-globule transition at constant temperature. The simulations are used to calculate average static structure factors, which are then used to determine the scaling exponents of the system in order to determine the theta-point values lambdatheta separating the coil from the globule states. For each model we construct coil-globule phase diagrams in terms of lambda and the particle density rho. The results are analyzed in terms of a simple Flory-type theory of the collapse transition. The ratio of lambdatheta for the two models converges in the high density limit exactly to the value predicted by the theory in the random mixing approximation. Generally, the predicted values of lambdatheta are in reasonable agreement with the measured values at high rho, though the accuracy improves if the average chain size is calculated using the full probability distribution associated with the polymer-solvent free energy, rather than merely using the value obtained from the minimum of the free energy.     

Molecular organization in liquids consisting of anisometric molecules: Monte Carlo simulations and comparison with theories

Monte Carlo computer simulations of systems of rigid anisometric molecules with axial ratio x 3, 4 and 5 have been performed at densities comparable to those of the mesogenic groups in liquid crystalline materials. The agreement between computer experiments and Flory-Ronca-Irvine theory is quite good. In particular, the nematic-isotropic transition temperatures found in the simulations are within 20 K of those predicted by the theory in all cases examined with x 3 and 4, and only slightly higher when x 5. Furthermore, the orientational distributions of the molecular long axes with respect to the nematic director are always nearly coincident with those evaluated according to the FRI theory, provided that the order parameter is the same. However, the order parameters at the transition points are smaller than expected on the basis of the theory, and closer to experimental values. Calculations performed by changing the size of the simulated systems prove that the reported results are size independent, while size dependent results are obtained with smaller systems.