Au/Al2O3催化剂的制备及其在CH4/CO2重整反应中的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积－沉淀法制备了四种不同的Au/Al2O3催化剂，测定了它们在氢气还原前后及催化反应后的金含量及比表面积，结果表明，制备方法明显影响催化剂的金含量，应用X－光粉末衍射技术研究了这些催化剂经还原处理及反应后的物相变化，金以Au^0物相存在，没有发现氧化态的金物相，考察了该催化剂在CH4／CO2重整反应中的催化活性，发现金催化剂的活性取决于金粒子的大小，浸渍法制备的金催化剂具有较大的金晶粒尺寸，催化活性低，沉积－沉淀法制备的金催化剂金晶粒尺寸较小，催化活性较高，以尿素为沉淀剂制备的催化剂给出1073K时的CH4和CO2转化率分别为8．1％和17．6％，高温反应不仅导致金晶粒的聚集，而且存在明显的金流失现象。     

Au/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂的制备、表征及其在CO氧化和水煤气变换反应中的催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了不同锆铈摩尔比的Ce1-xZrxO2(x=0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9和1.0)氧化物,并以改性的浸渍法制备了金担载量为1%(质量分数)的Au/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂.考察了催化剂在低温CO氧化和水煤气变换反应中的催化性能.应用氮物理吸附、X射线衍射、透射电镜和H2程序升温还原等技术对氧化物载体及其负载金催化剂进行了表征,并与其催化性能进行了关联.结果表明,与纯CeO2和ZrO2相比,Ce1-xZrxO2的比表面积增大而孔径减小,孔分布更加集中.Zr的加入使表面Ce4 的还原更加困难,使体相Ce4 的还原更加容易.活性组分金的加入有利于铈锆氧化物的还原.ZrO2载体较大的孔径使金在载体表面分散均匀而粒子较小,因此与Au/CeO2和Au/Ce1-xZrxO2相比,Au/ZrO2具有更好的低温CO氧化活性和水煤气变换活性,而Au/CeZrO在高温下的水煤气变换反应中表现出更好的催化性能.     

纳米Au/TS-1催化剂的制备及用于甲醇羰基化体系

采用负压沉积沉淀法、等体积浸渍法、负压等体积浸渍法等方法制备了纳米Au/TS-1催化剂,研究了深床焙烧和等离子体焙烧,以及焙烧温度和焙烧气氛对催化剂中纳米金粒子大小和催化性能的影响,并采用ICP、TEM、XRD、UV-vis、XPS对催化剂金粒子进行了物化性能表征,采用甲醇羰基化制乙酸甲酯反应表征催化性能.结果表明,不同制备方法、不同焙烧方法、不同焙烧温度和焙烧气氛对负载型纳米Au/TS-1沸石分子筛催化剂中金粒子的大小、形貌、物化性质和催化性能有明显影响.其中,3种制备方法中,氢气气氛下焙烧均比空气和氮气气氛下焙烧得到的催化剂的金粒子尺寸更小,分散更均匀,约为5~10 nm.与其它方法相比,负压沉积沉淀法可制得分散更均匀的金粒子,Au/TS-1沸石催化剂中的金粒子尺寸更小,平均粒径为1~5 nm.催化性能评价结果显示,3种方法制备出的负载型金催化剂用于催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸甲酯反应体系中,甲醇的转化率分别为85%、75%、60%,乙酸甲酯选择性可高达68%,反应温度200℃为最好.     

Comparative studies of gold catalysts prepared via solvated metal atom impregnation and conventional impregnation: characterization and low-temperature co oxidation

Supported Au catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation were prepared by solvated metal atom impregnation (SMAI) and conventional impregnation (CI). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations indicated that gold in all the samples was in the metallic state. TEM and XRD measurements showed that the mean diameter of Au particles prepared by SMAI was smaller than that of those prepared by CI with the same gold content. Catalytic tests showed that SMAI catalysts had higher CO oxidation activity than CI catalysts with the same compositions. Both SMAI and CI Au/TiO₂catalysts exhibited high activities in low temperature CO oxidation. Full CO conversion was obtained at 323 K for 3.1 wt.% Au/TiO₂ (SMAI) catalyst, which displayed higher activity than the 3.1 wt.% Au/D-72(SMAI) and 3.1 wt.% Au/TiO₂(CI). Although the sizes of gold particles prepared by the same method and supported on both TiO₂ and resin were comparable, the Au/TiO₂ catalysts showed significantly higher activities than the Au/resin catalysts with the same Au contents under the same reaction conditions. These results prove that not only the gold particle size, but also the support plays a key role in CO oxidation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Physical vapor deposition of one-dimensional nanoparticle arrays on graphite: seeding the electrodeposition of gold nanowires

One-dimensional (1D) ensembles of 2-15 nm diameter gold nanoparticles were prepared using physical vapor deposition (PVD) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) basal plane surfaces. These 1D Au nanoparticle ensembles (NPEs) were prepared by depositing gold (0.2-0.6 nm/s) at an equivalent thickness of 3-4 nm onto HOPG surfaces at 670-690 K. Under these conditions, vapor-deposited gold nucleated selectively at the linear step edge defects present on these HOPG surfaces with virtually no nucleation of gold particles on terraces. The number density of 2-15 nm diameter gold particles at step edges was 30-40 microm-1. These 1D NPEs were up to a millimeter in length and organized into parallel arrays on the HOPG surface, following the organization of step edges. Surprisingly, the deposition of more gold by PVD did not lead to the formation of continuous gold nanowires at step edges under the range of sample temperature or deposition flux we have investigated. Instead, these 1D Au NPEs were used as nucleation templates for the preparation by electrodeposition of gold nanowires. The electrodeposition of gold occurred selectively on PVD gold nanoparticles over the potential range from 700-640 mV vs SCE, and after optimization of the electrodeposition parameters continuous gold nanowires as small as 80-90 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length were obtained.     

不同载体稳定的纳米金催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛研究

甲醛是一种常见的室内空气污染物,人们针对其消除已经做了大量的研究工作.催化氧化法是脱除挥发性有机物的一种重要方法,能在较低温度下通过催化剂作用将甲醛完全氧化为无毒的CO2和H2O.所用催化剂主要为负载型贵金属催
　　化剂和非贵金属催化剂,但只有担载贵金属Pt或Pd的催化剂可在室温下将甲醛完全氧化,而非贵金属一般则需要较高的温度. Au催化剂是近年来催化领域的一个研究热点,但是关于纳米Au催化剂室温消除甲醛的研究较少.本课题组前期研究发现,以可还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)为载体负载的Au催化剂具有优异的室温氧化甲醛活性;并且突破以可还原性载体负载金的传统思路,首次发现“惰性载体”γ-Al2O3,负载的金催化剂在室温、有水条件下具有优异的甲醛氧化活性.本文对比了还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)和非还原性氧化物(Al2O3, SiO2和HSZM-5)载体负载金催化剂,研究了载体氧化还原性质对负载金催化剂在高空速(600000 ml/(g·s))条件下室温催化氧化甲醛的活性和稳定性影响.结果表明,在室温、高空速且相对湿度为50%的条件下, Au/Al2O3催化剂的初活性最高,且较为稳定. Au/SiO2和Au/HZSM-5催化剂的初活性虽然较高,但很快失活.而还原性氧化物载体(CeO2, FeOx)负载的金催化剂初活性较低,但是稳定性较好.通过电镜对负载金催化剂表面Au粒子大小的表征,并将粒子尺寸与负载金催化剂室温氧化甲醛初活性相关联,它与催化氧化甲醛反应速率成线性关系. Au粒子尺寸较小的催化剂(Au/Al2O3和Au/SiO2),在高空速条件下具有更高的氧化甲醛活性,而Au粒子尺寸较大的Au/FeOx催化剂活性较差.载体的氧化还原性质虽然不直接影响Au催化剂初活性,但直接影响催化剂稳定性.由于Au与SiO2或HZSM-5载体的相互作用较弱,导致反应过程中Au粒子聚集长大,使其失活较快;而Au/Al2O3催化剂表面则富含羟基物种,能够与Au形成配体或产生锚定作用,因此反应过程中金粒子没有明显长大.而表面中间物种的沉积并覆盖活性位是负载金催化剂缓慢失活的主要原因.     

Formation of Au nanorods and nanoforks over MgO support

Summary Nanosized Au particles were prepared by various methods on MgO. Beside the formation of hexagonal particles, impregnation deposited gold on the supports as rod- and fork-shaped crystals of the nanometer size. The growth of these unusual formations is probably directed by the cracks in the layers of the support, but it must also be the inherent property of the deposited metal.</o:p>     

Low-temperature metallic alloying of copper and silver nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles through digestive ripening

We describe a remarkable and simple alloying procedure in which noble metal intermetallic nanoparticles are produced in gram quantities via digestive ripening. This process involves mixing of separately prepared colloids of pure Au and pure Ag or Cu particles and then heating in the presence of an alkanethiol under reflux. The result after 1 h is alloy nanoparticles. Particles synthesized according to this procedure were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, EDX analysis, and high-resolution electron microscopy, the results of which confirm the formation of alloy particles. The particles of 5.6+/-0.5 nm diameter for Au/Ag and 4.8+/-1.0 nm diameter for Cu/Au undergo facile self-assembly to form 3-D superlattice ordering. It appears that during this digestive ripening process, the organic ligands display an extraordinary chemistry in which atom transfer between atomically pure copper, silver, and gold metal nanoparticles yields monodisperse alloy nanoparticles.     

Ultra-thin Oxide Films on SiO2: An STM Study of Their Thermal Stability in the Presence of Au Deposit

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Direct gas-phase epoxidation of propylene to propylene oxide using air as oxidant on supported gold catalyst

Gold catalysts supported on SiO2, TiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and ZrO2-SiO2 supports were prepared by impregnating each support with a basic solution of tetrachloroauric acid. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） techniques were used to characterize their structure and surface composition. The results indicated that the size of gold particles could be controlled to below 10 nm by this method of preparation. Washing gold catalysts with water could markedly enhance the dispersion of metallic gold particles on the surface, but it could not completely remove the chloride ions left on the surface. The catalytic performance of direct vapor-phase epoxidation of propylene using air as an oxidant over these catalysts was evaluated at atmospheric pressure. The selectivity to propylene oxide （PO） was found to vary with reaction time on the stream. At the reaction conditions of atmosphere pressure, temperature 325 ℃, feed gas ratio V（C3H6）/V（O2）= 1/2, and GHSV =6000h^-1, 17.9% PO selectivity with 0.9% propylene conversion were obtained at initial 10 min for Au/SiO2 catalyst. After reacting 60 min only 8.9% PO selectivity were detected, but the propylene conversion rises to 1.4% and the main product is transferred to acrolein （72% selectivity）. Washing Au/TiO2-SiO2 and Aa/ZrO2-SiO2 samples with magnesium citrate solution could markedly enhance the activity and PO selectivity because smaller gold particles were obtained.     

高热稳定性二氧化硅包覆的Au25纳米簇的制备和催化应用

具有独特的电子和几何结构,原子精确控制的金纳米簇(<2 nm)成为一种新的具有广泛研究和应用前景的纳米催化剂.负载在氧化物表面的金纳米簇通常会在高于300°C时聚集或长大.人们已经通过多种方法成功制备了对于非原子精确控制的热稳定性的金纳米颗粒.主要包括利用金属与载体强相互作用,用可还原的金属氧化物来稳定金纳米颗粒;利用物理阻隔作用使用高比表面积的载体或制备核壳、纳米粒子镶嵌在载体中来稳定金纳米颗粒.对于原子精确控制的金纳米簇,由于其外边包覆着一层配体,将其负载到载体上时要保证配体不被破坏才能保证金纳米簇的结构完整性,负载后通常要除去配体才能使催化活性位曝露出来.目前,高热稳定性(>300°C)的金纳米簇的制备方法还较少.由于金与 SiO2相互作用较弱,将超小(<2 nm)的金纳米粒子包覆于其中非常困难.因此,本文首先制备了1.3 nm的含有硅酯键的巯基配体(3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷)保护的 Au25[SC3H6Si(OCH3)3]18,然后将其在刚成核的 SiO2表面与正硅酸四乙酯共水解,得到了既保留了 Au25的完整结构,又避免了 Au25之间相互水解的 Au25(SC3H6SiO3)18@SiO2纳米材料.漫反射固体紫外-可见光谱证明了 Au25在包覆完成后结构的完整性.透射电镜结果表明, Au25纳米簇焙烧至400°C未发生明显聚集长大.对硝基苯酚还原实验结果表明,不同温度处理后的 Au25@SiO2配体在200°C开始脱除,温度高于传统的负载型 Au25催化剂,表明 Au25是在 SiO2内部而不是在表面,从而使配体不易离去.400°C处理后的 Au25@SiO2对4-硝基苯酚还原表现出最高的反应活性,表明该纳米簇在400°C处理后没有发生明显聚集长大.     

Rapid one-step synthesis, characterization and functionalization of silica coated gold nanoparticles

This paper describes a rapid, simple and one-step method for preparing silica coated gold (Au@SiO₂) nanoparticles with fine tunable silica shell thickness and surface functionalization of the prepared particles with different groups. Monodispersed Au nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 16 nm were prepared by citrate reduction method. Silica coating was carried out by mixing the as prepared Au solution, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and ammonia followed by microwave (MW) irradiation. Although there are several ways of coating Au nanoparticles with silica in the literature, each of these needs pre-coating step as well as long reaction duration. The present method is especially useful for giving the opportunity to cover the colloidal Au particles with uniform silica shell within very short time and forgoes the use of a silane coupling agent or pre-coating step before silica coating. Au@SiO₂ nanoparticles with wide range of silica shell thickness (5-105 nm) were prepared within 5 min of MW irradiation by changing the concentration of TEOS only. The size uniformity and monodispersity were found to be better compared to the particles prepared by conventional methods, which were confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic techniques. The prepared Au@SiO₂ nanoparticles were further functionalized with amino, carboxylate, alkyl groups to facilitate the rapid translation of the nanoparticles to a wide range of end applications. The functional groups were identified by XPS, and zeta potential measurements.     

Selective dissolution of the silver component in colloidal Au and Ag multilayers: a facile way to prepare nanoporous gold film materials

Colloidal Au/Ag multilayer films were prepared by alternate assembly of Au nanoparticles with a size of 5 +/- 1.2 nm and Ag nanoparticles with a size of 10 +/- 2.4 nm by using 1,5-pentanedithiol as cross-linker. Nanoporous gold films with a ligament size of 26.7 +/- 4.6 nm were then prepared by selective dissolution of sacrificial templates of silver particles in colloidal Au/Ag multilayers. The complete dissolution of Ag particles in colloidal Au/Ag multilayers in a mixture solution of 3.0 mM HAuCl(4) and 3 M NaCl took place at room temperature without damage of the colloidal Au film. This method to prepare nanoporous gold films was further extended to the preparation of nanoporous gold nanotubes by depositing colloidal Au/Ag film on the inner wall of anodic aluminum oxides (AAO) followed by dissolution of colloidal Ag and removal of AAO templates.     

Nucleation and particle growth in the preparation of silica-supported nickel catalysts by a two-step procedure

The mechanism of nucleation and growth of particles in the preparation of supported catalysts has been investigated in the case of the Ni/SiO₂ system. The separation of this two-step mechanism is achieved as follows:i) the “nickel nuclei” are prepared by ion-exchange or by impregnation followed by washing. They are in strong interaction with the support and act as anchoring sites for the metal particles.ii) The “nickel reservoir” constituted of nickel ion precursors and necessary for the nickel particle growth on the nuclei, is deposited by impregnation on the support. It is in weak interaction with the support and easily reducible. After temperature programmed reduction of the samples prepared by the above two-step procedure, the nickel particles are smaller and more homogeneous in size than those of catalysts prepared in one step by single impregnation of a pure silica support.     

水洗处理对Au/TiO2催化剂光催化活性的影响

以Au(S2O3)3-2为金前驱体, 分别采用水洗(W)和旋蒸(E)工艺制备了Au/TiO2催化剂. 用UV-Vis漫反射光谱(DRS)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和原子吸收光谱(AAS)对制备的催化剂样品进行了表征, 通过光催化降解甲基橙对催化剂光催化活性进行了评价. 结果表明, 通过水洗处理, 催化剂样品表面形成了具有较好分散性的金纳米粒子(2-5 nm), 而旋蒸工艺制备的样品表面形成一层金的包覆结构. Au/TiO2催化剂的光催化活性与制备工艺密切相关. 在相似的金负载量下, 水洗法制备的样品比旋蒸法制备的样品具有更高的光催化活性.     

Catalytic CO oxidation by a gold nanoparticle: a density functional study

Gold is usually considered very noble. It does not oxidize, and the surface of gold cannot adsorb most molecules from the gas phase. Yet it has been found that nanometer size gold particles on different oxide supports can act as catalysts even at or below room temperature. We present self-consistent density functional calculations showing that even an isolated Au10 cluster should be able to catalyze the CO oxidation reaction even below room temperature. We use the calculations to analyze the origin of this effect and suggest that the extraordinary reactivity can be traced back to special reaction geometries available at small particles in combination with an enhanced ability of low coordinated gold atoms to interact with molecules from the surroundings.     

Polymer-stabilized gold nanoparticles with high grafting densities

A series of polymer-coated Au nanoparticles have been prepared using the "grafting-to" approach. Thiol-terminated polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide) ligands are found to form dense brushes on the faceted gold nanoparticle surfaces. Depending on the polymer, the ligand grafting densities on the gold nanoparticles are 1.2- to 23.5-fold greater than those available via self-assembled monolayer formation of the corresponding two-dimensional gold surfaces.     

负载金催化剂上CO氧化反应活性与金属氧化物载体中金属-氧结合能之间的关系

讨论了金属氧化物载体(MOx)对其负载纳米金催化剂(Au/MOx)上CO氧化反应的影响。采用典型的共沉淀法和沉积-沉淀法在完全相同的焙烧条件下制备了一系列MOx负载金催化剂,以CO氧化转化50%时的反应温度(T1/2)定量评价了MOx载体和Au/MOx催化剂的催化活性。进一步将MOx载体与相应Au/MOx催化剂的T1/2值之差对MOx载体的金属-氧结合能做曲线进行关联,发现二者呈明显的火山型关系。这一结果表明,采用具有适当金属-氧结合能(300–500 atom O)的MOx可大大提高沉积于其上的Au纳米颗粒的催化活性。     

Disproportionation of Gold(II) complexes. A density functional study of ligand and solvent effects

A computational study of gold(II) disproportionation is presented for the atomic ion as well as complexes with chloride and neutral ligands. The Au2+ atomic ion is stable to disproportionation, but the barrier is more than halved to 119 kcal/mol in an aqueous environment vs 283 kcal/mol in the gas phase. For dissociative disproportionation of chloride complexes, the loss of chlorine, either as an atom (Delta G(aq) = +20 kcal/mol) or as an anion (Delta G(aq) = +15 kcal/mol) represents the largest calculated barrier. The calculated transition state for associative disproportionation is only 9 kcal/mol above separated Au(II)Cl3(-) anions. For the disproportionation of Au(II)L3 complexes with neutral ligands, disproportionation is highly endergonic in the gas phase. Calculations imply that for synthesis of a monometallic Au(II) complex, a nonpolar solvent is preferred. With the exception of [Au(CO)3]2+, disproportionation of Au(II)L3 complexes to Au(I)L and Au(III)L3 is exergonic in solution phase for the ligands investigated. The driving force is provided by the very favorable solvation free energy of the trivalent gold complex. The solvation free energy contribution to the reaction (Delta G(solv)) is very large for small and polar ligands such as ammonia and water. Furthermore, calculations imply that choosing ligands that would yield neutral species upon disproportionation may provide an effective route to thwart this decomposition pathway for Au(II) complexes. Likewise, bulkier ligands that yield larger, more weakly solvated complex ions would appear to be desirable.     

Preparation of Au/TiO2 nanocomposites and their catalytic activity for DPPH radical scavenging reaction

Au/TiO2 nanocomposites have been prepared by UV photolysis or chemical reduction of a Au(III) complex formed on a spherical or a rodlike TiO2 support, and their catalytic activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging reaction was investigated. The chemical reduction with dimethylamine borane (DMAB) provided smaller gold nanoparticles than those synthesized by UV photolysis. Type of the TiO2 also affected the size of gold particles; smaller gold particles were deposited on the spherical TiO2 support than on rodlike one. For the radical scavenging reaction, the Au/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by chemical reduction exhibited a higher catalytic activity than those photochemically prepared, and rodlike TiO2 provided a higher activity than spherical one. The effects of preparation methods and type of TiO2 supports on the catalytic activity are discussed.