Model studies of 6,7-indolequinone cofactors of quinoprotein amine dehydrogenases

The electronic effects of the C-4 substituent on the physicochemical properties and reactivity of the 6,7-inodolequinone cofactors (CTQ and TTQ) have extensively been investigated with use of a series of C-4 substituted 6,7-inodolequinone derivatives (1-4). The one-electron reduction potentials of the 6,7-inodolequinone derivatives decrease with increasing the electron donating ability of the C-4 substituent (with the following order of E degrees': 4>1>2>3). The reaction of indolequinones 1-3 with benzylamine proceeds stepwise through the iminoquinone and the product-imine intermediates to give aminophenol as the final product as the case of TTQ model compound 4. The rate constants of each step have been determined by the detailed kinetic analysis, and the kinetic deuterium isotope effects have also been examined to confirm the rate-determining step. The reactivity of CTQ model compound 1 toward the amines is by one order of magnitude lower than that of TTQ model compound 4. The reactivity of indolequinones 2 and 3 is further decreased due to their stronger electron-donating substituents at C-4. A more important difference between CTQ model compound 1 and TTQ model compound 4 is the reactivity of the iminoquinone intermediate: the reaction of the CTQ model compound with amines stops at the iminoquinone formation stage at room temperature, whereas the reaction of the TTQ model compound with amines proceeds up to the aminophenol formation. Thus, the energy barrier for the rearrangement of the iminoquinone to the product-imine is higher in the CTQ model system than in the TTQ model system.     

Electrostatic interactions in protein adsorption probed by comparing lysozyme and succinylated lysozyme

In this paper, we present a nanoscale study of the supramolecular structure of the dehydrogenate polymer (ZL-DHP) lignin model compound. The combination of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM or SNOM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been utilized to explore physicochemical properties of the lignin model compound on a scale ranging from individual macromolecules to globular supramolecular assemblies. By utilizing NSOM in transmission mode, the optical inhomogeneity in the lignin supramolecular structure has been observed for the first time. In particular, the transmission-mode NSOM images reveal a combination of hollow and layered supramolecular globular structure in the lignin model compound. Through the paired use of TappingMode and pulsed-mode AFM, we have also confirmed the existence of regions with different rheological properties on the single lignin model compound supramolecular assembly.     

Curing studies of a polyimide precursor. II. Polyamic acid

The cure of pyromellitic dianhydride–oxydianiline polyamic acid is compared with that of a model compound, diphenylcarbamido–dicarboxy–benzene, both having been synthesized in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). Laser interferometry and thermogravimetric analysis showed that, analog to the diamic acid model compound, the polyamic acid forms complexes with NMP (repeat unit/NMP: 1/4 and 1/2). Thermal stability of these complexes was found to be similar to the ones of the diamic acid model compound as revealed by comparison of decomplexation temperature–heating rate curves. Activation energies of the decomplexation processes for the diamic acid are given. Anhydride formation, a reaction found in the cure of the model compound to compete with imidization, takes place also during the polyamic acid cure at fairly low temperatures. The molecular weight drop due to chain scission resulting from anhydride formation was followed by viscometry.     

Artificial model for cystathionine β-synthase: efficient β-replacement reaction with thiols employing a novel pyridoxal model compound having an imidazole function

As a second-generation pyridoxal model compound for cystathionine β-synthase, we designed a novel model compound having an ionophore function and an imidazole function, application of which to the β-replacement reaction with various thiols smoothly took place to give S-substituted cysteines. Peptides having a serine-O-carbonate residue at the N-terminal position were also converted to the corresponding peptides having an S-substituted cysteine residue under the catalytic conditions of the novel pyridoxal model compound.     

芳醚酮大环封端聚酰亚胺的合成与交联

本文制备了一种含硫醚键环状芳醚酮单体, 并将其引入聚酰亚胺中, 在不存在引发剂的条件下, 能开环交联反应制备出全芳香高热稳定的可交联聚酰亚胺.     

脂肪族聚酯-酰胺的研究进展

脂肪族聚酯-酰胺（polyester-amides）合了聚酯和聚酰胺的优点，如具有优良的物理力学性能和加工性能等等。因此，对脂肪族聚酯-酰胺的研究成为近年来的研究热点。本文从脂肪族聚酯-酰胺的模型化合物（以双酰胺-二醇单体为例）的研究进展入手，分析了模型化合物的结构特点，以及模型化合物与相应聚合物之间的联系，从而为进一步研究聚合物打下一定的基础。本文还综述了脂肪族聚酯-酰胺的分类，各类脂肪族聚酯-酰胺的合成方法，以及脂肪族聚酯一酰胺在可生物降解材料和热塑性弹性体等领域的应用。     

Carbonyl orientation determines regio- and enantioselectivity in 1,2-/1,4-reduction of an NAD model compound

An optically active, axially chiral NAD model compound(1) with a quinoline ring system was reduced by the chiral NADH model compound (4), affording a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroquinolines. The carbonyl orientation governs the molecular arrangement in the transition state of the reaction and determines the regio- and enantioselectivity of the product.     

Construction of a microporous inorganic-organic hybrid compound with uranyl units

A uranium-nickel-organic hybrid compound with micropores has been assembled from a hydrothermal system, and this compound exhibits photocatalytic activities for the degradation of methyl blue as a model pollutant.     

A study of porphyrin analogues—III : Syntheses,enzyme interactions and self-aggregation of new models for types I,III and IX porphyrins

Three new porphyrin free bases have been synthesised and their interaction with the mitochondrial enzyme Ferrochelatase has been studied. The model compound for type IX porphyrins is the best substrate for Ferrochelatase so far studied, whereas the model compound for type I porphyrins is the only compound of this type to act as a substrate for this enzyme. The model compound for type III porphyrins is not a substrate, but does act as a competitive inhibitor.The ¹H NMR spectra of the new compounds in their dimethyl diester form differ substantially from the spectra of their zinc(II)bis-pyrrolidine adducts, showing that aggregation is taking place. The results for the α-meso and γ-meso protons in particular are unusual and indicate that aggregation is taking place anomalously, with electronic effects dominating steric effects.     

八面体配合物分子的旋光性和构型

在极化度多级圆球不对称模型(该模型运用于含一个或二个不对称碳的有机化合物)和对称性规则的基础上,我们提出了某些规则和八面体配合物的八区律。利用这些规则和规律,八面体配合物的分子构型可以方便的与它们的旋光方向联系起来。     

Mechanism of glycolysis of nylon 6,6 and its model compound by ethylene glycol

The degradation mechanism of nylon 6,6 and its model compound hexamethylenebis(hexamide) (HMHA) by ethylene glycol (EG) was studied in detail. Glycolysis of both model compound and nylon 6,6 was carried out with stoichiometric excess of EG at high temperature (250 and 275 °C, respectively) in an autoclave reactor as a closed system. Samples were collected at predetermined intervals and characterized by FT-IR, GC-MS, and GPC. FT-IR studies of model compound glycolysis showed no significant increase in the ester band after 11 h indicating that the glycolysis reaction may have reached equilibrium. GC-MS data revealed the presence of ester as well as unreacted model compound. GC-MS data for nylon 6,6 revealed the presence of compounds having β-hydroxyethylester group, bis(β-hydroxyethyl)adipate, and δ-valerolactone as the degradation products. From GPC data, as the glycolysis time of nylon 6,6 increased, both the number average and weight average molecular weights decreased indicating that the main chain of nylon 6,6 was broken into low molecular weight compounds during glycolysis.     

Use of PLS Discriminant Analysis for Revealing the Absence of a Compound in an Electron Ionization Mass Spectral Database

A mathematical model is proposed for revealing the absence of a compound to be identified in an electron impact mass spectral library. The mathematical model (developed based on PLS Discriminant Analysis) can be represented as a “black box” which provides an answer whether a compound to be sought is absent or present in a database. The match factors of top ten candidates among the possible ones were used as input data. More than 5000 objects (mass spectra) were used at the steps of training, validation, and testing. The developed classification model provides correct prediction (of whether a compound is absent from the library) in 28.4% cases, while only 1.2% of compounds present in the database were incorrectly classified as the absent ones.     

The effect of solute concentration on the chemical shift of aromatic compounds. Some studies using 1-iodonaphthalene as a model compound

The change in chemical shift with solute concentration (dilution effect) has been determined for a model compound—1-iodonaphthalene—in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride. The data and assignments for this compound differ from those of previous work. A simple model is proposed to account for dilution shifts in aromatic solutes and their sensitivity to proton position. Solvent shifts are also discussed.     

The chemistry of thujone. VI. Thujone as a chiral synthon for the synthesis of optically active steroid analogues

The thujone derived enone 1 is converted in one step to the pentacyclic compound 4 . The structure of 4 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The acid-catalyzed cyclopropane-ring opening of 4 and of the model compound 9 are described.     

固氮酶活性中心模型化合物的合成和性质的研究——一种具有生物组合活性的原子簇化合物

在这篇文章中,我们报道了一种具有生物组合活性的固氮酶活性中心模型化合物的合成、光谱性质、催化活性和生物组合性质。以KBH₄为还原剂,该化合物的乙炔还原活性达11.11nM产物/nM·Mo·分钟,对乙烯的选择性为74.8%。¹⁵N标记实验表明,它具有一定周氮活性。与柱分离的缺辅基钼铁蛋白组合加铁蛋白,乙炔还原活性高达38.21nM乙烯/nMMo分钟,相当于天然FeMo-co活性的9%。缺辅基钼铁蛋白与模型化合物组合聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳迁移率比组合前更加接近正常钼铁蛋白的电泳迁移率。     

Synthesis of 2- [ (4-Hydroxylcarbomylphenyl) -methylamino ] - N- ( 2- aminophenyl ) acetamide

Early studies revealed that the hybrid polar/apolar compound N, N′-hexamethylene bisacetaamide (HMBA) was a very effective inducer of differentiation in a transformed cell lines. [1] The use of this polar/apolar compound to induce murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) to undergo erythoid differentiation with suppression of oncogenicity has proved a useful model to study inducer-mediated differentiation of transformed cell. [2] To search more effective inducers, we utilized the computer to design a new target compound. Herein, we reported the synthesis of title compound.     

Steroids and Sexhormones. Part 265. Limonin,Part VI. Synthesis of a model compound incorporating rings D and E of 14,15-deepoxylimonin

Starting from the known formyl ketene thioacetal 6 , model compound 11 was synthesized. The key intermediates, the epimeric furylmethanols 7a and 7b , were converted into the same dithioortholactone 8b (Scheme 1) and further elaborated into the model compound 11 (Scheme 2), a versatile compound in the synthesis of limonin ( 1 ). The acid catalyzed conversion of the epimers 7a and 7b into 8b may probably involve a hydride-transfer reaction with inversion of configuration at C(17) of alcohol 7a (Scheme 4, row b).     

Radical synthesis of tetrameric lignin model compound

The lack of suitable lignin model compound limits the understanding of the characteristics of lignin, and hence hinders the efficient utilization of this kind of bioresource. A tetramer phenolic lignin model compound composed of 5-5, α-O-4 and β-5 linkages was prepared by a two-step of free radical reaction with hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase and S₂O₈^2- /Fe²⁺ as the initiator. Compared with enzymatic process, this synthetic process gives a higher yield of 33.8% within a shorter time. HRMS and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy show that synthesized model compound contains phenylpropane structure linked by 5-5, α-O-4 and β-5 bonds, which can mimic some chemical characteristics of lignin.     

四氢叶酸模型化合物咪唑啉盐的基团转移反应

合成了2种四氢叶酸辅酶模型化合物咪唑啉盐7和8. 它们与双官能团亲核体作用, 分别完全转移了3个和5个碳单元; 化合物7与单官能团亲核体作用, 部分转移了3个碳单元; 以部分转移产物化合物17作为四氢叶酸甲醛态模型, 与胺类反应实现了带硝基的4个碳单元的完全转移; 并研究了模型化合物7的还原反应. 这些反应模拟并扩展了四氢叶酸辅酶在生物体内转移一碳单元的功能, 产生了几种新的合成方法和试剂, 可以应用于有机合成中.     

Evidence for a transition state model compound of in-plane vinylic SN2 reaction

[reaction: see text] To isolate a transition state model compound of an in-plane vinylic S(N)2 reaction, vinyl bromide 6 bearing a newly synthesized tridentate ligand derived from 1,8-dimethoxythioxanthen-9-one (5) was prepared as a precursor. Although irradiation of 6 gave demethylated benzofuran 12, a transient broad peak which indicates formation of the desired transition state model compound was observed in the laser flash photolytic study.