辊速辊温对高密度聚乙烯拉伸微孔膜及其片晶结构的影响

采用熔融挤出片材—退火—冷拉伸—热拉伸—热定形的方法来制备高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)微孔膜,利用FTIR、SEM和DSC等测试方法来研究辊速辊温对HDPE拉伸微孔膜及其片晶结构的影响.研究结果表明,所选树脂的分子量、分子量分布以及弛豫时间能够满足现有加工条件,形成片晶取向度较高的预制膜;在相同辊温下,随辊速增加,退火前预...     

工艺条件对 LLDPE/POE/CaCO3微孔膜的孔结构及防水透湿性能的影响

用拉伸致孔法制备了 LLDPE/POE/CaCO3防水透湿微孔膜,研究了拉伸倍数及体系组成对微孔膜的微孔结构及防水透湿性能的影响.用 SEM 对微孔膜的微孔结构进行考察,用压汞法对微孔膜的孔径及其分布和微孔的孔隙率进行研究.用静水压法及正杯法分别研究了微孔膜的防水和透湿性能.结果表明:拉伸倍数及 CaCO3用量对微孔膜的孔径、孔隙率及防水透湿性能有明显影响.     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜的微孔结构的控制

通过熔纺／冷拉伸法制备了微孔聚丙烯中空纤维膜。研究了工艺条件对微孔聚丙烯中空纤维膜的微孔结构与性能的影响。结果表明：随着纺丝温度的下降或熔体拉伸比的提高，最大可几孔径及孔隙率增大；熔纺中冷却风速提高，最大可几孔径及孔隙率较大；温度低于110℃时，热处理对最大可几孔径及孔隙率的影响较小，在120－130℃时，随着热处理温度的增加，最大孔径及孔隙率有明显增加的趋势；随着初纺中空纤维拉伸倍数的增加，孔隙率先增加而后下降。     

应用于膜蒸馏过程的F26微孔膜的初步研究

以N-甲基吡咯酮作为溶剂 ,丙酮为溶胀剂 ,聚乙二醇 4 0 0为添加剂利用相转换法制备出偏氟乙烯 六氟丙烯共聚物 (F2 6 )的疏水微孔膜并且应用在膜蒸馏过程中 .研究了丙酮以及N 甲基吡咯酮 丙酮体系对膜参数以及结构的影响 .通过SEM观察了膜的微观结构 ,发现用N 甲基吡咯酮 丙酮体系制得的微孔膜兼具指状孔和海绵状孔结构 .无添加剂条件下制得的F2 6膜其对蒸馏水的接触角比相同条件下制备的PVDF膜大 .在用相转换法制备的F2 6和PVDF的疏水膜中 ,选择具有适当孔径结构的微孔膜用于膜蒸馏实验 ,F2 6膜的膜蒸馏系数比PVDF膜来得大 ,相同操作条件下的膜蒸馏通量也比PVDF膜高 .     

高分子量级分含量对熔体挤出拉伸法制备聚丙烯微孔膜的影响

通过熔体挤出拉伸法以两种聚丙烯为原料制备微孔膜.通过考察原料分子量数据发现高分子量聚丙烯(PPH)在高分子量级分(重均分子量>106)含量上大于低分子量聚丙烯(F401).PPH的弛豫时间在相同条件下也远大于F401.红外二向光法结果表明,PPH在相同熔体牵伸比下片晶取向度较F401高.相同加工条件下PPH微孔膜片较F401成孔分布更均匀,孔径尺寸也更均匀.2种微孔膜孔隙率都随熔体牵伸比的增加而提高,微孔分布随着熔体牵伸比的提高和片晶取向度的增加而趋于均匀,孔尺寸也随之区域均匀.研究表明,聚合物树脂中高分子量级分含量是影响预制膜中片晶取向度、冷热拉伸成孔分布和尺寸均匀度的重要影响因素.     

熔融拉伸法制备聚丙烯微孔膜成孔机理的原位小角X射线散射研究

采用熔融拉伸法制备聚丙烯微孔膜,在避免冷拉会自然回缩和热处理后样品需降温检测等因素对冷拉伸样品影响的情况下,在线研究了冷拉、热定型、热拉过程中样品结构变化.原位小角X射线散射检测与扫描电子显微镜、示差扫描量热仪结合深入研究了不同的冷拉拉伸比对微孔膜片晶和孔洞结构的影响.结果表明不同的冷拉伸比其成孔机理不同,冷拉15%,仅拉伸方向长周期发生微弱的变化,其成孔机理是冷拉产生缺陷,热拉成孔;冷拉30%拉伸主要是将薄弱片晶拉伸转变为不稳定的架桥,热定型阶段部分架桥断裂,竖直方向上产生明显的Streak信号;冷拉40%拉伸方向信号显示实际片晶长周期的增长率小于宏观应变,部分骨架片晶在冷拉阶段已被拉伸破坏成孔.随着冷拉拉伸比增大架桥长度变短,孔径减小,30%是制备微孔膜较合适的冷拉拉伸比.     

聚全氟乙丙烯中空纤维膜研究

以聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)为成膜聚合物,复合无机粒子为成孔剂,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)为稀释剂,采用熔融纺丝工艺制备得到FEP中空纤维膜.分析和讨论了不同成膜体系对FEP中空纤维膜热性能、动态力学性能和力学性能的影响,并对膜的纯水通量和孔径分布进行表征.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了膜的横断面和表面形貌.结果表明,所得FEP中空纤维膜为由溶出微孔和界面微孔组成的海绵状孔结构.随着成孔剂含量的增加,成孔剂在成膜体系中分散程度变差,容易发生团聚,最终导致膜孔径变大,孔径分布变宽.成孔剂和稀释剂对FEP中空纤维膜的热性能和动态力学性能影响较小.当FEP含量增加到70 wt％时,膜表面容易形成一层致密层,降低了膜的通透性.     

热致相分离法制备聚苯硫醚微孔膜

采用热致相分离法,以己内酰胺为溶剂,制备得到了聚苯硫醚微孔膜并对薄膜性能表征.聚苯硫醚-己内酰胺体系制膜的优点之一是溶剂己内酰胺是水溶性的,可以采用纯水作为后处理的萃取剂.选择了合适的浓度,利用压制成型法制备聚苯硫醚平板膜;研究了体系冷却时的相行为,并考察了降温速率、聚合物浓度等因素对微孔形态与薄膜性能的影响.研究表明,聚苯硫醚-己内酰胺体系以固液分相为主,萃取后形成球晶状的微孔结构.降温速率对薄膜的微孔形态、孔径以及连通性有重要影响;当体系以较低降温速率冷却时,多孔形态为枝叶状,形成了更多的开孔结构并获得了更大的孔径,这是获得高通量微孔膜的主要原因.通过控制降温速率可以制备纯水通量大于100 L/m2h,孔径约4～5μm且连通性良好的聚苯硫醚微孔膜;研究了聚合物浓度的影响,薄膜的纯水通量随着聚合物浓度的增大而减小,并且当聚苯硫醚浓度>50 wt%时,由于大于临界浓度而失去渗透性.     

磁控溅射法制备CeO_2/PTFE/Nafion复合膜及性能研究

采用磁控溅射法在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微孔膜表面溅射CeO_2,制备了CeO_2/PTFE复合膜.利用接触角、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和拉伸强度等对复合膜的亲水性、元素组成、形貌和机械强度进行测试,研究了溅射时间和溅射功率对膜性能的影响.结果表明,在溅射功率为40 W,溅射时间为120 s时,CeO_2/PTFE复合膜亲水性和拉伸强度都相对较好.在CeO_2/PTFE复合膜上浇铸Nafion树脂,制备的CeO_2/PTFE/Nafion复合膜含水率达到30%,离子电导率达到0.071 S/cm.     

聚乙二醇对聚醚砜微孔膜致孔作用的研究

以聚醚砜聚乙二醇溶剂为铸膜液体系、采用干湿相转化法制备微孔滤膜,研究了各种制膜条件对膜孔径结构的影响.实验发现聚乙二醇在体系中起到分散稳定的作用,只有到浓度大于70%时,才会对铸膜液的粘度产生明显影响,聚合物在铸膜液中的溶解状态也随之改变,进而影响膜的结构.不同溶剂NMP、DMF、DMAc、DMSO等极性溶剂或固体溶剂己内酰胺均可制得开孔率较高的微孔膜,但对膜的结构和性能影响差别不大.在本研究体系中,膜的结构取决于聚乙二醇、溶剂的浓度比例关系.     

Structure generation in PTFE porous membranes induced by the uniaxial and biaxial stretching operations

The morphology and its formation has been studied for the steady-rate stretching operation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) porous membranes, which were prepared from PTFE fine powders with a mean diameter of approximately 2×10² nm through extruding and rolling operations prior to the stretching operation. The uniaxially stretched membranes were produced by the unique stretching operation parallel to the rolling operation, and the biaxially stretched membranes by the dual operations consisting of the parallel and the subsequent perpendicular stretches. The inversion of the stretching direction, i.e., the first stretching operation perpendicular to the rolling operation and the second one parallel has been observed to be impossible due to the occurrence of macroscopic fractures on the membrane during the first stretching operation. The uniaxially stretched porous membranes are comprised of fibrils completely oriented in the stretching direction and remaining island-like fractures of the rolled PTFE sheet. The second stretching operation provides a lattice-like porous structure by giving the island-like fractures further division along the second stretching direction and the fibrils slant from the original orientation. The stretching operation is possible within the range where the relative elongation of the whole membrane along the second stretching direction is less than 50% of that along the first one, indicating that the fibrils yielded by the first stretching operation sustain the lattice-like porous structure induced by the second stretching operation. The distribution of the slant angle of the fibrils is independent of the elongation in the second stretching operation, thus, the division of the island-like fractures linked with the fibrils steadily proceeds during the second stretching operation.     

Nafion/PTFE and zirconium phosphate modified Nafion/PTFE composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells

We prepared Nafion/PTFE (NF) and zirconium phosphate (ZrP) hybridized Nafion/PTFE composite membranes (NF–ZrP). NF–ZrP composite membranes were prepared via two processes. One is impregnating sub-μm porous PTFE membrane directly in a Nafion/ZrOCl₂ solution (NF–Zr–d). The other is impregnating sub-μm porous PTFE membrane in a Nafion solution to prepare NF composite membrane, and then the NF membrane was impregnated in a ZrOCl₂ aqueous solution via in situ precipitation method (NF–Zr–I). The ZrOCl₂ inserted in NF composite membranes was then reacted with phosphoric acid to form ZrP and thus NF–ZrP–d and NF–ZrP–I composite membranes were obtained. The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) performances of membrane electrode assemblies prepared from Nafion-117, NF, NF–ZrP–d, and NF–ZrP–I composite membranes were investigated. The effects of introducing sub-μm porous PTFE film and ZrP particles into Nafion membranes on the DMFC performance were investigated. The influence of ZrP hybridizing process into NF membranes (the process of preparing NF–ZrP–I is inserting ZrOCl₂ into NF membranes after Nafion is annealed and the process of preparing NF–ZrP–d is mixing ZrOCl₂ into a Nafion solution before Nafion is annealed) on the morphology of NF–ZrP composite membranes and thus on the DMFC performance was also discussed.     

A Comparison of Membrane Emulsification Obtained Using SPG (Shirasu Porous Glass) and PTFE [Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene)] Membranes

SPG (Shirasu porous glass) membrane emulsification used to prepare uniform polymeric microspheres is briefly reviewed, and the performance of a hydrophilically treated PTFE [poly(tetrafluoroethylerie)] membrane is described and compared with that of the SPG membrane. A mixture of styrene. divinyl benzene and hexadecane (HD) was extruded through the membranes and dispersed in an aqueous phase containing polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as mixed stabilizers. A hvdrophilically treated PTFE membrane was used with a stainless steel mesh support so that the membrane would not expand to affect the pore size during the emulsification. The nominal pore size of the PTFE membrane was replaced with the calculated one using a theoretical expression derived from the force balance between the external pressure and the interfacial tension between oil and water phases. The emulsion droplets prepared with the PTFE membrane revealed a broader size distribution than those obtained with the SPG membrane, and the rate of emulsificaton was nearly same for both membranes. Droplet size control was readily possible. The performance was significantly affected by the adsorption behavior of the stabilizers on the membrane surfaces. The contact angle profile of oil droplets on the PTFE membrane implied that the hydrophilically treated PTFE membrane is still hydrophobic compared to the SPG membrane. This tendency was reflected by the dependence of the average droplet diameter (and coefficient of variation, CV) on the concentration and composition of mixed stabilizers.     

Cds纳米微粒的聚四氟乙烯多孔膜法制备及其表面修饰

硫化镉;Cds纳米微粒的聚四氟乙烯多孔膜法制备及其表面修饰;纳米粒;多孔膜;表面修饰;聚四氟乙烯     

硅氧烷交联的咪唑基团功能化聚苯醚/聚四氟乙烯耐高温质子交换膜

以聚苯醚(PPO)为基体材料, 通过溴甲基化及咪唑基团功能化, 与聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合、 硅氧烷基团水解交联及磷酸掺杂, 制备了兼具高磷酸掺杂含量、 高质子电导率和良好机械性能的高温质子交换膜材料. 以甲基咪唑(MeIm)和咪唑基硅氧烷化合物(SiIm)为功能化试剂(其中咪唑基团提供了磷酸作用位点, 同时SiIm中的硅氧烷基团水解后得到Si—O—Si交联网络结构), 提高了膜材料的机械稳定性. 与PTFE的复合进一步增强了膜材料的机械强度. 结果表明, 复合膜具有较高的电导率和一定的机械强度. 当磷酸掺杂质量分数为242.5%时, PPO-50%SiIm-50%MeIm/PTFE复合膜在160 ℃不加湿条件下的电导率为0.09 S/cm, 室温下的断裂拉伸强度为3.6 MPa.     

不同EW值的sPTFS/PTFE复合膜性能研究

将两种不同EW值的聚α,β,β＿三氟苯乙烯(sPTFS)树脂浸入到多孔聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜的孔中,制成sPTFS/PTFE复合膜用于质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC).并对该复合膜的吸水率,电导率,机械强度及其装配的电池性能进行了测试.与其它均质膜相比,复合膜明显降低了吸水率,同时也降低了电导率,增加了机械强度.在电池温度为80℃,H2/O2压力为0.2/0.2MPa条件下,两种复合膜装配电池的性能优于Nofion 115膜.低EW值的复合膜电池性能优于高EW值的电池性能,但电池稳定性相对较差.     

Electroless Ni-plating on PTFE fine particles

A Ni electroless plating process was used with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fine particles (25–500 μm). Using nonionic hydrocarbon surfactant, PTFE particles were dispersed in the plating bath. The PTFE hydrophobicity was sufficiently high that Ni was deposited partly on the PTFE surface in the initial step. The Ni-PTFE particles were formed into the Ni-PTFE plate by heat treatment at 350 °C after pressing. The Ni-PTFE plate had electrical conductivity and gas permeability, which were influenced by the pore distribution in the plate. Pores with 1 μm diameter might be especially important to impart high gas permeability to the Ni-PTFE plate.     

聚乙烯醇多孔膜的制备

以醋酸乙烯酯微乳液聚合所得的微乳粒子为占孔物质,通过辅助倒相法制备了聚乙烯醇多孔膜,其中部分孔的尺寸与占孔微乳粒子的大小相近（小于300nm)。利用透射电镜观测微乳粒子的大小和形态并且在扫描电镜下观察PVA多孔膜的孔形态,探讨了通过控制微乳粒子粒径以实现多孔膜孔径调节的可行性。