锌与细胞免疫的研究进展

锌对免疫作用的影响是多方面的．近年来国外对锌与细胞免疫的研究文献较多，主要通过体外实验和动物实验对锌影响机体免疫的机制加以探讨，也结合了临床病人的实验观察和机理摸索，对查明缺锌引起的免疫缺陷，通过补充锌均获得一定的疗效。本文就锌与细胞免疫的研究进展，分别讨论了锌影响免疫细胞的作用和锌与免疫缺陷疾病二大部分。     

白血病骨髓移植患者口腔黏膜病与微量元素锌的关系

为研究白血病骨髓移植患者全血微量元素锌与口腔黏膜病的关系，用原子吸收光谱法检测了正常对照组与白血病骨髓移患者预处理前及移植后骨髓空虚期全血微量元素锌的含量，并观察了白血病骨髓移植患者空黏膜病变情况。结果表明，正常对照组全血锌浓度与白血病骨髓移植患者预处理前全血锌浓度比较，差异无显著性（P＞0．05），而预处理前全血锌浓度与骨髓空虚期全血锌浓度有显著性差异（P＜0．01），白血病缓解后（预处理前）血锌接受正常水平，无口腔溃疡发生，而白血病骨髓移植患者处理后骨髓空虚期全血锌含量显著降低，并出现不同程度的口腔黏膜病变，说明预处理影响微量元素锌的代谢，微量元素锌的减少与白血病骨髓移植患者移植患者口腔黏膜病的发生有关。     

分娩时母血脐血铜、锌微量元素变化的研究

测定了健康正常分娩的产妇49例的母血，脐带血和正常未孕妇女50例的血清铜，锌含量，结果表明，分娩期母血清中铜，锌，铜/锌比值低于未际妇女，有显著差别，铜未见差别，母血清中铜与铜/锌比值均高于脐血清中值，有显著差别，母血清中锌明显低于及早血清中值并有显著差别，分娩期血清中铜，锌值与胎儿体重关系无显著差异；胎膜早破与非胎膜早破无妊娠合并症者血清中铜，锌未发现差别，提示妊娠母亲血清中微量元素锌，铜与胎儿的生长发育有关。     

锌与健康

为探讨微量元素锌与人体健康的关系，从锌的食物来源及影响吸收利用因素、锌的生物学作用，锌含量及发锌值，锌缺乏的临床表现等方面进行了综述。     

碳酸二甲酯法合成1，5-二氨基甲酸甲酯的反应机理

应用红外光谱技术研究了在乙酸锌催化作用下1，5-萘二胺与碳酸二甲酯甲氧基羰基化反应机理．结果表明，二水合乙酸锌只有失去两个结晶水变成无水乙酸锌后才能产生催化活性．无水乙酸锌与1，5-萘二胺形成一个新的配位络合物，该配位络合物是一个适宜的亲核试剂，能与碳酸二甲酯进行亲核反应，生成1，5-萘二胺的甲氧基羰基化产物．在无水乙酸锌与1，5-萘二胺形成配位络合物的过程中，无水乙酸锌的结构从双齿型转变成单齿型．     

微量元素与激素

微量元素可以在激素的分泌、活性以及与组织的结合等各个环节上影响激素。例如，锌与生长激素相结合，可使之更稳定，不易失活。体内锌态势的改变可影响胰岛素的合成、分泌、贮藏和活力，锌与胰岛素蛋白质结合形成一种复合物，可延长胰岛素的作用时间，锌与性激素的关系也十分密切。锌促进睾丸酮的合成分泌。     

锌与人体免疫机制和新陈代谢的关系

锌与人体免疫机制有重要关系。当人体发生感染时，从骨髓释放巨噬细胞加速，白细胞与巨噬细胞的吞噬作用增加。在白细胞内源性物质作用下，血锌急剧减少，从而促使小肠的锌吸收增加，肝脏对锌的摄取也增多，氨基酸与蛋白质合成增多。这种锌在体内重新调整，有利于机体抵抗感染，发挥抗菌作用。机体内缺锌，可使与免疫有关的器官和肠系膜淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺等减轻20％-40％，     

锌、铜元素与优生优育

郑州市第一人民医院对185例分娩前健康孕妇与足月正常新生儿作发锌、铜测定，其中85人作血清锌、铜测定，10月后随访62例母婴发锌、铜含量．以探讨微量元素锌、铜与优生优育的关系。     

亚临床肝性脑病患者的血清锌,铜含量的测定及临床意义

检测了３０例慢性活动性肝炎患者、３０例肝硬化患者、３０例亚临床肝性脑病患者血清中的铜、锌含量，并与正常对照组进行比较分析，探讨了微量元素铜、锌的血清含量改变及其影响因素，分析其临床意义。结果表明体内的铜锌含量与肝脏功能有密切的关系。在慢性活动性肝炎时，虽然肝脏功能有一定的损害，但由于肝脏的代偿能力强，铜，锌含量仍可保持在正常水平，而在肝硬化、亚临床肝性脑病时，铜锌明显降低，而铜锌含量的降低又导致机     

锌与锗对小鼠抗氧化作用影响的实验研究

对２４０只小鼠的血清、肝脏、肌肉进行了锌和锗含量，抗化指标ＳＯＤ活性、ＭＤＡ含量测定。观察结果表明，微量元素锌与锗在小鼠血清中有一定的竞争作用。血清锌锗与肌肉、肝脏锌、锗及ＳＯＤ有一定的相关性。由于锌和锗含量的变化，小鼠抗氧化作用受到了影响。当两者联合应用时，ＳＯＤ活性有不同程度增加，ＭＤＡ含量随之下降，提示了锌与锗在小鼠抗氧化方面有一定的协同作用。     

Deprotonation of zinc(II)-water and zinc(II)-alcohol and nucleophilicity of the resultant zinc(II) hydroxide and zinc(II) alkoxide in double-functionalized complexes: theoretical studies on models for hydrolytic zinc enzymes

The factors governing the deprotonation ability of zinc(II)-water and zinc(II)-alcohol and nucleophilicity of the resultant zinc(II) hydroxide and zinc(II) alkoxide as complex models for zinc enzymes have been investigated through Hartree-Fock and density-functional theory methods with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Our calculations showed that in these double-functionalized complexes (i.e., zinc complexes having both a zinc(II)-alcohol motif and a zinc(II)-water motif) zinc(II)-alcohol is preferred in deprotonation over zinc(II)-water (i.e., zinc(II)-alcohol has a much lower pK(a) than zinc-coordinated water in the same molecule). Natural bond orbital analysis revealed that zinc(II) alkoxides are more nucleophilic than their respective counterparts zinc(II) hydroxides. The analysis of the transition state in the transformation reaction from zinc(II) hydroxide species to zinc(II) alkoxide species indicates that zinc(II) alkoxides are the preferred deprotonated species not only thermodynamically but also kinetically. Further examination of the proposed mechanisms of the zinc(II) alkoxide-promoted transesterification path and the zinc(II) hydroxide-promoted hydrolysis path revealed the structures of the intermediates and energy diagrams in the reactions. These results, entitled double-functionalized complexes, for the first time, put a firm theoretical foundation of why the zinc(II)-alcoholic OH is a better model for hydrolytic zinc enzymes (having both stronger acidity and better nucleophilicity).     

Interfacial Design of Dendrite‐Free Zinc Anodes for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries have rapidly developed recently as promising energy storage devices in large‐scale energy storage systems owing to their low cost and high safety. Research on suppressing zinc dendrite growth has meanwhile attracted widespread attention to improve the lifespan and reversibility of batteries. Herein, design methods for dendrite‐free zinc anodes and their internal mechanisms are reviewed from the perspective of optimizing the host–zinc interface and the zinc–electrolyte interface. Furthermore, a design strategy is proposed to homogenize zinc deposition by regulating the interfacial electric field and ion distribution during zinc nucleation and growth. This Minireview can offer potential directions for the rational design of dendrite‐free zinc anodes employed in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.     

水系锌离子二次电池锌负极的研究进展

锌离子二次电池具有优异的充放电性能、高功率密度和能量密度、低成本、高安全性和环境友好的特点,极具发展前景。金属锌,因优异的导电性、低的平衡电势、高的理论比容量和低成本等因素,是水系二次电池中理想的负极材料,然而也存在着枝晶生长、腐蚀和钝化等问题,限制了锌离子二次电池的可逆容量和循环寿命,通过优化调节锌负极的形貌与表面修饰等方法可以提高电池性能。本文综述了水系锌离子二次电池负极材料的研究进展,涵盖了金属锌负极、复合锌负极和锌合金,且展望了锌负极的发展前景。     

Discovering the Intrinsic Causes of Dendrite Formation in Zinc Metal Anodes: Lattice Defects and Residual Stress

Developing a highly stable and dendrite-free zinc anode is essential to the commercial application of zinc metal batteries. However, the understanding of zinc dendrites formation mechanism is still insufficient. Herein, for the first time, we discover that the interfacial heterogeneous deposition induced by lattice defects and epitaxial growth limited by residual stress are intrinsic and critical causes for zinc dendrite formation. Therefore, an annealing reconstruction strategy was proposed to eliminate lattice defects and stresses in zinc crystals, which achieve dense epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc anode. The as-prepared annealed zinc anodes exhibit dendrite-free morphology and enhanced electrochemical cycling stability. This work first proves that lattice defects and residual stresses are also very important factors for epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc in addition to crystal orientation, which can provide a new mechanism for future researches on zinc anode modification.     

白血病患儿体内铜锌代谢的动态观察

对白血病患儿体内血清锌、血清铜浓度以及血清铜/锌比值作了初步的观测.在41例白血病患儿和33例正常对照儿童中,观察到在明确诊断化疗前,41例白血病患儿中有20例患儿的血清锌浓度低于正常低限,他们的平均血清锌浓度为12.3±3.4 μmol/L,明显低于对照组18.3±4.0 μmol/L.白血病患儿的血清铜/锌比值为1.40±0.38,明显高于正常儿童1.19±0.25.经治疗后,有12例患儿获缓解并继续随访至发病后6～8周,平均血清锌浓度由11.4±2.2μmol/L,提高到13.7±2.1μmol/L,血清铜/锌比值由1.51±0.36,下降到1.29±0.23.说明白血病患儿体内存在着锌代谢的异常.     

Spectroscopic study on the zinc-contaminated soils for the determination of zinc speciation

The purpose of this paper reported the zinc species in the highly contaminated soils from metallurgical area around Erh-Jen River in the southern of Taiwan. FTIR and XPS were used to investigate the zinc species in the contaminated soils. Through a FTIR analysis, appreciable of zinc bound by organic matter was found and their bonding structure consisted of antisymmetric and symmetric stretchings, Zn-HSsym and Zn-HSasym. With XPS analysis, the Angstrom scale depth scan was surveyed for investigation the zinc speciation. No signal of zinc was detected in the depth of 900A for the larger particle contaminated soils whereas the detectable signal of zinc was determined in the XPS experiment. With further regression and fitting results, the major zinc species presented in the surface of larger and fine particle contaminated soils consisted of reductive and oxidative zinc species. In the deeper depth of contaminated soils, an inverse spinel zinc ferrite was found in the case of larger particle soil. No inverse spinel zinc ferrite was detected in the case of fine particle soil and could be attributed to the relatively small particle size.     

Cysteine and histidine shuffling: mixing and matching cysteine and histidine residues in zinc finger proteins to afford different folds and function

Zinc finger proteins utilize zinc for structural purposes: zinc binds to a combination of cysteine and histidine ligands in a tetrahedral coordination geometry facilitating protein folding and function. While much is known about the classical zinc finger proteins, which utilize a Cys(2)His(2) ligand set to coordinate zinc and fold into an anti-parallel beta sheet/alpha helical fold, there are thirteen other families of 'non-classical' zinc finger proteins for which relationships between metal coordination and protein structure/function are less defined. This 'Perspective' article focuses on two classes of these non-classical zinc finger proteins: Cys(3)His type zinc finger proteins and Cys(2)His(2)Cys type zinc finger proteins. These proteins bind zinc in a tetrahedral geometry, like the classical zinc finger proteins, yet they adopt completely different folds and target different oligonucleotides. Our current understanding of the relationships between ligand set, metal ion, fold and function for these non-classical zinc fingers is discussed.     

Influence of intrinsic defects on the properties of zinc oxide

The effects of oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials on the structure and energy of zinc oxide were studied with the semiempirical MO method MSINDO. Cyclic clusters were chosen as model systems. Single and multiple removal of oxygen atoms and zinc interstitials in zinc oxide served to determine the defect formation energy and the band gap. The interaction between two and three oxygen vacancies was investigated. The vacancies cause a decrease of the band gap, which originates from an occupied defect level. This is also found for zinc interstitials under zinc rich conditions. The defect formation energy of such zinc interstitials is found to be lower than that of oxygen vacancies at 0 K but decreases for oxygen vacancies and increases for zinc interstitials with increasing temperature.     

电解液流速对锌镍单液流电池性能的影响

通过电化学测试、 扫描电子显微镜观察和X射线衍射分析研究了电解液流速、 电流密度和锌沉积面容量三者关系及对锌镍单液流电池充放电性能和负极锌沉积形貌的影响. 结果表明, 锌沉积面容量是影响锌镍单液流电池充放电效率和负极锌沉积形貌的最主要因素, 电解液流速不宜过高或过低. 随着锌沉积面容量的增大, 电池的充放电效率和循环稳定性对电流密度的变化更为敏感, 适宜的电解液流速范围变窄. 锌沉积面容量在25 mA·h/cm²以上, 锌沉积皆呈海绵状. 在较低锌沉积面容量下, 电解液流速也较低时, 海绵锌沉积较为均匀致密. 而在高的锌沉积面容量下, 海绵状锌沉积的团簇和颗粒变大, 不均匀性加重, 仅在适中的电解液流速(7.1 L/min)下, 锌沉积部分致密规整, 电池具有较好的充放电性能.     

L-赖氨酸锌兔体内生物利用度研究

用原子吸收分光光度法和氨基酸自动分析仪法分别测定兔血清锌浓度和血清L-赖氨酸含量．结果表明．L-赖氨酸锌中锌的相对生物利用度明显优于硫酸锌．而其中的L-赖氨酸的相对生物利用度与L-赖氨酸组比较无明显差异．