用分子动力学模拟方法研究层孔与微孔磷酸铝化合 物中有机胺的模板作用: 指 导定向合成的有效途径

用分子动力学方法,研究了有机胺模板剂对二维层孔与三维微孔磷酸铝化合物的模板作用。依据主-客体间的非键相互作用能量,可以有效地预测出适于某一特定结构的有机胺模板剂。通过选择理论预测的有机胺分子作模板剂,在溶剂热体系中可以定向地合成出具有特定结构的化合物。这一工作对于微孔功能体系的分子工程学研究具有一定的指导意义。     

用分子动力学模拟方法研究层孔与微孔磷酸铝化合 物中有机胺的模板作用: 指 导定向合成的有效途径

用分子动力学方法,研究了有机胺模板剂对二维层孔与三维微孔磷酸铝化合物的模板作用。依据主-客体间的非键相互作用能量,可以有效地预测出适于某一特定结构的有机胺模板剂。通过选择理论预测的有机胺分子作模板剂,在溶剂热体系中可以定向地合成出具有特定结构的化合物。这一工作对于微孔功能体系的分子工程学研究具有一定的指导意义。     

一种新型杂化单晶[Ga3(PO4)3F2]H3O·(H3NCH2CH2)2NH2的合成与结构表征

自从系列磷酸铝微孔晶体首次被报道以来, 空旷骨架磷酸盐化合物的合成取得了长足进展[1,2]. 其中, 空旷磷酸镓骨架化合物以其丰富的拓扑连接方式成为研究的热点之一[1,3,4]. 特别是向水热合成体系中引入氟离子, 导致了新颖微孔磷酸镓化合物的不断出现, 如磷酸镓-CLO[5], 磷酸镓MIL-31[6]等化合物. 目前, 合成实验表明, 乙烯胺类化合物(如二乙烯三胺)因其构象变化复杂, 可以诱导出多种新颖空旷骨架磷酸盐[7～9]. 由于氟离子可以同磷酸镓骨架中的镓原子配位, 进而改变骨架拓扑连接方式和电荷分布, 因此氟原子与二乙烯三胺协同作用可能获得新颖的无机骨架与导向剂的自组装模型.     

定向合成具有AIPO-HDA骨架的微孔磷酸铝 Al4P5O20H·C4N3H15

用分子动力学方法,研究了不同种类的双胺和多胺与非等比三维微孔磷酸铝Al~4P~5O~2~0H·C~6N~2H~1~8(AlPO-HDA)的模板作用。依据主-客体的非键相互作用能量,有效地预测了可以诱导AlPO-HDA无机骨架生成的有机胺模板剂。选择理论预测的二乙烯三胺为模板剂,成功地合成了与AlPO-HDA同构的Al~4P~5O~2~0H·C~4N~3H~1~5(AlPO-DET),并对其进行了详细的结构表征。     

定向合成具有AIPO-HDA骨架的微孔磷酸铝 Al~4P~5O~2~0H·C~4N~3H~1~5

用分子动力学方法,研究了不同种类的双胺和多胺与非等比三维微孔磷酸铝Al~4P~5O~2~0H·C~6N~2H~1~8(AlPO-HDA)的模板作用。依据主-客体的非键相互作用能量,有效地预测了可以诱导AlPO-HDA无机骨架生成的有机胺模板剂。选择理论预测的二乙烯三胺为模板剂,成功地合成了与AlPO-HDA同构的Al~4P~5O~2~0H·C~4N~3H~1~5(AlPO-DET),并对其进行了详细的结构表征。     

[(2,2′-bipy)2VO2](H2BO3)·3H2O的水热合成和晶体结构

有机-无机杂化钒氧配合物的合成研究越来越引起人们浓厚的兴趣,这是由于它新颖的结构和在催化、电化学、光化学、吸附、离子交换和磁性能方面具有潜在的应用前景[1-8].功能体系的有机-无机杂化材料的构筑取决于反应物相互作用的本性.近年来,将有机胺分子作为结构导向剂引入无机骨架中,获得了一系列结构新颖的化合物[9,10].     

新型层状氟化磷酸铝[C4H12N2][Al2(PO4)2(H2O)2F2]的水热合成与表征

自从1982年Wilson等发现一类新型微孔材料磷酸铝分子筛(AlPO4-n)以来,大量具有新颖结构的磷酸铝化合物被合成出来,它们在催化、离子交换、吸附和主-客体组装等方面均具有潜在的应用前景,这类化合物大多是在水热或溶剂热体系中和有机模板剂存在条件下合成的,1978年,Flanigen等首先在反应体系中加入氟离子作矿化剂合成了硅晶体,后来,氟离子方法在硅铝体系和金属磷酸盐体系中也得到了广泛的应用,氟离子在反应过程中起到矿化剂或结构导向剂的作用,     

多孔材料化学:从无机微孔化合物到金属有机多孔骨架

本文主要从无机微孔化合物和金属有机多孔骨架的合成化学和结构化学这两方面来介绍多孔材料化学的研究进展。多孔材料是一类具有规则孔结构的固态化合物,它们在催化、分离、离子交换等工业领域有着广泛的应用。硅铝酸盐是最为人们所熟知的微孔分子筛,经过半个多世纪的发展,人们又相继开发出磷酸盐、砷酸盐、锗酸盐、亚磷酸盐、硫酸盐、亚硒酸盐以及金属硫化物等类沸石无机微孔化合物。近十多年来,配位聚合物与金属有机多孔骨架开始大量兴起,为微孔化合物的多样化与组成的复杂性增添了新的领域。     

基于数据挖掘方法的开放骨架磷酸铝定向合成参数分析

开放骨架磷酸铝化合物是多孔晶体材料的一个重要家族。然而,这类材料的合成受到反应原料、凝胶组成、溶剂、模板剂、结晶温度和结晶时间等多个因素的影响。本文以吉林大学“无机制备与合成化学国家重点实验室”建立的开放骨架磷酸铝合成反应数据库为研究对象,采用最大权重最小冗余特征选择算法(Maximum weight and minimum redundancy,MWMR),在充分考虑合成参数自身的重要程度和合成参数之间的相关关系的前提下,分析了溶剂、模板剂等合成参数对于合成含有(8,6)元环结构开放骨架磷酸铝的影响。通过大量实验验证了该方法在开放骨架磷酸铝合成参数分析中的有效性,分析了合成参数对产物生成的影响。实验结果表明模板剂的几何参数、模板剂中C原子和N原子的个数比,溶剂的偶极距等参数可能对于该类结构的合成具有较为重要的影响。     

基于数据挖掘方法的开放骨架磷酸铝定向合成参数分析

开放骨架磷酸铝化合物是多孔晶体材料的一个重要家族。然而,这类材料的合成受到反应原料、凝胶组成、溶剂、模板剂、结晶温度和结晶时间等多个因素的影响。本文以吉林大学"无机制备与合成化学国家重点实验室"建立的开放骨架磷酸铝合成反应数据库为研究对象,采用最大权重最小冗余特征选择算法(Maximum weight and minimum redundancy,MWMR),在充分考虑合成参数自身的重要程度和合成参数之间的相关关系的前提下,分析了溶剂、模板剂等合成参数对于合成含有(8,6)元环结构开放骨架磷酸铝的影响。通过大量实验验证了该方法在开放骨架磷酸铝合成参数分析中的有效性,分析了合成参数对产物生成的影响。实验结果表明模板剂的几何参数、模板剂中C原子和N原子的个数比,溶剂的偶极距等参数可能对于该类结构的合成具有较为重要的影响。     

Hydrogen-bonded inclusion compounds with reversed polarity: anionic metal-complexes and cationic organic linkers

Synthesized and structurally characterized is a new series of soft-host frameworks assembled by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds between an anionic metal complex (MC) and cationic organic linkers (OL), specifically [Co(en)(ox)(2)](-) and diprotonated 4,4'-bipyridinium (H(2)bpy) or 1,2-bis(4-pyridinium)ethylene (H(2)bpye). While frameworks built of cationic complexes and anionic organic linkers are already well-known, the seven new compounds described here represent the first series of frameworks with reversed polarity, that is, made of anionic complexes and cationic organic linkers. The compounds have a general formula [OL][MC](2)·n(guest), where the guest molecules 4,4'-biphenol (bp), 4-methoxyphenol (mp), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (dmb), 1,6-dimethoxynaphtalene (dmn), and 4-nitroanisole (na). Structurally the compounds can be described as pillared-layer frameworks with layers constructed of MC anions and linked together by hydrogen-bonded cationic OL pillars. The guest molecules occupy the galleries between the pillars while their steric, electronic, and π-π and hydrogen-bonding capabilities influence the overall structure of the soft frameworks.     

Hydrogen-bonded metal-complex sulfonate (MCS) inclusion compounds: effect of the guest molecule on the host framework

Soft molecular host frameworks made of the hydrogen-bonded metal complex (MC) Co(NH3)(6)3+ and 4,4'-biphenyldisulfonate (BPDS) include different guest molecules to form inclusion compounds of the type (MC)2(BPDS)3.n(guest). Structurally characterized were six compounds with guest molecules of DMSO, DMF, piperidine, acetone, acetonitrile, and THF. The metal-complex sulfonate frameworks in all of them are of the pillared layer type where the layers are constructed of extensively hydrogen-bonded metal-complex cations and sulfonate (S) anions (and some hydrogen-bonded water) while the organic residues of the 4,4'-biphenyldisulfonate serve as pillars. The hydrogen-bonded MCS layers and the orientations of the pillars adjust and rearrange in order to generate cavities that would accommodate different guest molecules. The steric, electronic, and hydrogen-bonding needs of the guest molecules mold the soft framework into different structures. These MCS host-guest frameworks are very close structural analogues of the well-studied guanidinium sulfonate (GS) networks and mimic their flexibility and overall durability.     

Predicting Inclusion Behaviour and Framework Structures in Organic Crystals

We have used well‐established computational methods to generate and explore the crystal structure landscapes of four organic molecules of well‐known inclusion behaviour. Using these methods, we are able to generate both close‐packed crystal structures and high‐energy open frameworks containing voids of molecular dimensions. Some of these high‐energy open frameworks correspond to real structures observed experimentally when the appropriate guest molecules are present during crystallisation. We propose a combination of crystal structure prediction methodologies with structure rankings based on relative lattice energy and solvent‐accessible volume as a way of selecting likely inclusion frameworks completely ab initio. This methodology can be used as part of a rational strategy in the design of inclusion compounds, and also for the anticipation of inclusion behaviour in organic molecules.     

Flexible host frameworks with diverse cavities in inclusion crystals of bile acids and their derivatives

We have systematically investigated structures and properties of inclusion crystals of bile acids and their derivatives. These steroidal compounds form diverse host frameworks having zero‐, one‐ and two‐dimensional cavities, causing various inclusion behaviors towards many organic compounds. The diverse host frameworks exhibit the following guest‐dependent flexibility. First, the frameworks mainly depend on the included guests in size and shape. The size‐dependence is quantitatively estimated by the parameter PCcavity, which is the volume ratio of a guest molecule to a host cavity. The resulting values of PCcavity lie in the range of 42–76%. Second, each of the host frameworks has its own range of the values. Some guests can employ two different frameworks with the boundary values, explaining formation of polymorphic crystals. Third, the host frameworks are selected by host–guest interactions through weak hydrogen bonds, such as NH/π and CH/O. The weak hydrogen bonds play an important role for various selective inclusion processes. Fourth, the host frameworks are dynamically exchangeable, resulting in intercalation and polymerization in the cavities. These static and dynamic structures of the frameworks demonstrate great potential of crystalline organic inclusion compounds as functional materials. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 124–135; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20171     

Selective binding behaviors of p-sulfonatocalixarenes in aqueous solution

The complex structures, binding abilities, molecular selectivities, and thermodynamic origin of p-sulfonatocalixarenes upon complexation with kinds of guests are outlined in this review article, including inorganic cations, organic ammonium cations, pyridiniums and viologens, neutral organic molecules, dye molecules, and others. Calorimetric and spectroscopic investigations afford the complex stability constants, thermodynamic parameters and binding manners of the inclusion complexation of p-sulfonatocalixarenes with guest molecules. The π-stacking, hydrophobic and charge interactions are the main driving-forces during the course of the host–guest inclusion complexation. The molecular binding abilities and selectivities are influenced by not only the frameworks of calixarene cavities, structures of guest molecules, and their binding manners but also the conditions of solutions (mainly pH), which are discussed from the correlation between the structural features and molecular-recognition abilities. Moreover, the further applications and potentials of p-sulfonatocalixarenes are briefly described.     

Review of the quantitative structure–activity relationship modelling methods on estimation of formation constants of macrocyclic compounds with different guest molecules

There is an increasing interest in the use of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) approaches as a progressive tool in modelling and prediction of many physicochemical properties in host–guest interactions of macrocyclic complexes. A review is presented on the QSAR modelling of macrocyclic compounds formation constants, which focus on two most interesting macrocycles, e.g. crown ethers and cyclodextrins (CDs), with different guest molecules. The review starts with a short overview on experimental methods of stability constant measurement, followed by a short explanation of the QSAR methodologies. In the next section, we focus on and discuss QSAR techniques that used to predict the stability (binding) constants or free energy complexation of some most interesting macrocyclic compounds, e.g. CDs and crown ethers, with different guest molecules including anionic, cationic and neutral molecules.     

Benzene-templated hydrothermal synthesis of metal-organic frameworks with selective sorption properties

In this paper, we report two metal-organic frameworks [Co3(ndc)3(bipyen)(1.5)]H2O (1) and [Co2(ndc)2bipyen)]C6H6.H2O (2) (bipyen=trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, H2ndc=2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid). These compounds were both synthesized from identical hydrothermal reaction conditions except that benzene was added to the reaction for 2. Crystal structures show that the two compounds have triply interpenetrated three-dimensional frameworks and these frameworks have the same primary structure of a two-dimensional network of interconnected [Co2(O2CR)(4/2)] (R=naphthalene group) paddle-wheels and bridging bipyen ligands. Both compounds have guest water molecules and, in addition, 2 has guest benzene molecules. Structural transformations of the host accompanied guest removal, which can be monitored by powder X-ray diffraction. N2 adsorption data of 2 show that there are two different types of pores corresponding to the benzene and water pores. Upon exposure to vapors of several organic molecules, the heat-treated sample of 2 adsorbs benzene and cyclohexene, but does not adsorb toluene, (o-, m-, and p-)xylenes, cycloheptatriene, or cyclohexane.     

A Cooperative Pillar–Template Strategy as a Generalized Synthetic Method for Flexible Homochiral Porous Frameworks

A new strategy for creating homochiral metal–organic frameworks through a fusion of pillaring and templating concepts is demonstrated. This strategy makes use of the synergy among various chemical interactions during self‐assembly processes, and leads to the synthesis of a series of homochiral frameworks. In the presence of only pillar‐to‐pillar π–π interactions, inter‐pillar forces compete against metal–pillar interactions, resulting in mismatch between pillar‐to‐pillar and metal‐to‐metal separations and consequently 2D materials without pillaring. To create 3D materials, a method was developed to use various aromatic molecules, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particular, as templates to modulate the inter‐pillar interaction and separation, leading to the formation of 3D homochiral frameworks. The use of aromatic molecules, especially hydrocarbons, as structure‐directing agents, represents a new approach in the development of crystalline porous materials. Aromatic templates can be post‐synthetically extracted to yield flexible porous homochiral materials with gate‐opening gas sorption behaviors for both N₂ and CO₂ at partial pressures tunable by temperature.     

环糊精及其衍生物的超分子晶体结构研究进展

本文对近年来有关环糊精、环糊精衍生物以及它们与各类客体组装成的超分子包合物的晶体结构研究进行的简要概述。     

Guest binding and orientation within open nanoscale hosts

The synthesis of three different nanoscale molecular hosts is reported. These cavitands each possess a highly preorganized cavity with an open portal (nearly 1 nm wide), by which guests can enter and egress the cavity. Additionally, these hosts are deep-functionalized with a crown of weakly acidic benzal C-H groups which can form a variety of noncovalent interactions with guest molecules residing within the cavity. Thirty-one guests were examined for their propensity to form complexes with the hosts. Guests that possess halogen atoms were the strongest binders, suggesting the formation of polydentate C-H triplebond X-R hydrogen bonds with the deep crown of benzal hydrogens. Exchange rates between the free and bound states were noted to be dependent on the size of the guest and the solvent used to study complexation. In general, stronger binding and slower exchange were noted for complexations carried out in DMSO with highly complementary guests. The orientation of each guest within the cavity was determined using either EXSY NMR spectroscopy or (1)H NMR shift data. Cumulatively these results showed that the principal factors directing orientation were interactions with the benzal groups and the type of solvent. Van't Hoff analyses of selected complexations were also carried out. As well as revealing that all complexations were entropically unfavorable, these experiments provided support for guest orientation determinations, and gave an estimation that the formation of a C-H triplebond I-R hydrogen bond releases between 1 and 1.5 kcal mol(-1).