镍释放量标准物质的研制

研制了镍释放量标准样品。以铜粉、锌粉、镍粉为原料,通过熔炼炉熔炼及模具加工制备镍释放量标准物质,采用能量色散荧光光谱法(EDX)确认镍含量。样品分装成200份,采用电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP)进行均匀性、稳定性检验和定值分析。从样品中随机抽取15份进行均匀性检验,经F检验表明在95%的置信区间范围内样品均匀性良好;在常温条件下,经过12个月长期试验稳定性考察,统计值t均小于临界值2.571,结果表明样品稳定性良好。镍释放量定值结果为1.121μg/(cm~2·week)。对镍释放量定值结果进行了不确定度评估,扩展不确定度为0.300μg/(cm~2·week)(k=1.96)。该镍释放量标准物质符合检测需要,可用于合金产品镍释放量检测的方法校正和质量控制。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定仿真首饰中镍释放量

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定仿真饰品中镍释放量的方法.等离子体流量为15.0 L/min,观察高度为10mm,镍的分析线为231.604 nm.镍含量在0～5 mg/L范围内与仪器响应值呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.9999.2.0 mg/L镍标准溶液测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.9％(n=6),方法的检出限为8μg/L.用该方法对参考样品进行测定,测定结果在参考值范围内.     

仿真饰品中镍释放量测定能力验证的组织与实施

为了了解我国仿真饰品中镍释放量检测能力的整体水平,中国国家认证认可监督管理委员会(CNCA)组织了"CNCA–12–B07仿真饰品中镍释放量的测定"能力验证项目,该项目共有来自12个省市、特别行政区的38家实验室参加。镍释放量主要采用GB/T 19719–2005与EN 1811:2011进行检测,对检测结果采用稳健(Robust)统计方法分析。结果显示,第1次测试结果合格率为89.5%。     

模拟首饰佩戴中有害元素释放量的研究

建立首饰佩戴动态磨损模型,对首饰磨损过程中有害元素的迁移进行了研究.用原子吸收光谱法测定有害元素释放量,发现在模拟首饰佩戴过程中,佩戴时间越长,有害元素的释放量越大,释放量随时间的增加基本呈线性增长;80％的有害元素在日常磨损过程中离子化;饰品日常佩戴磨损过程中有害元素的释放量是饰品直接释放量的40％.     

K18C镍基高温合金光谱标准样品的研制

采用二次冶炼的方法炼制出K18C镍基高温合金光谱标准样品,其中包含C,Cr,Fe等16种元素。对标准样品的均匀性与稳定性进行了考察。结果表明所研制的K18C镍基高温合金标准样品成分均匀,稳定性优良,5年内各成分量值无变化。委托多家实验室进行协作定值,选择了合适的统计学方法对各协作单位的数据进行检验和计算,获得标准样品的标准值及其扩展不确定度。     

Ni-Mo-B非晶态合金纳米颗粒的抗氧化性能研究

在水溶液体系中用化学还原法制备Ni-B和Ni-Mo-B非晶态合金纳米颗粒.SEM测试表明,样品的颗粒形貌呈球形或类球形,平均粒径约10nm.XPS分析结果表明,Ni-Mo-B非晶态合金中钼元素主要以氧化态形成于合金的表面,并导致合金表面合金化硼原子浓度显著增加,氧化态硼（B3＋）的原子浓度显著减少,氧的原子浓度明显减少,合金化镍的原子浓度显著增加,氧化态镍（Ni3＋）的原子浓度显著减少.因此,Ni-Mo-B合金的抗氧化性能显著高于Ni-B合金.XPS谱图分析还表明,在Ni-B和Ni-Mo-B非晶态合金中,存在Ni和B的合金化物Ni2B,其中B失去部分电子,而Ni则富余电子.Ni2B的氧化产生副产物Ni2O3和B2O3.     

镍铝介金属镀膜之抗坑蚀行为

采用3种原子百分比Ni52Al48,Ni60Al40及Ni70Al30成分的靶材以阴极电弧放电离子被覆技术制备不同组成的Ni＿Al薄膜于AISI1045中碳钢基材表面上,并观察镀膜微结构与成分随靶材成分的变化,评估应用Ni＿Al于抗坑蚀功能方面的可行性.研究结果显示:使用上述3种靶材所获致的镀膜组成依次为Ni62Al38,Ni63Al37及Ni69Al31,镀膜镍含量随靶材镍含量增加而增加.3种镀膜的相组成均以Ni3Al为主,从富镍Ni70Al30靶材所得的镀膜尚含有部分镍相.镀膜具有极强的附着性并反映在镀膜的抗坑蚀性上.在纯水中,所有的Ni＿Al镀膜试片均能提高中碳钢基材的抗坑蚀性,约达10倍.在3.5wt%盐水与3.5wt%盐酸中亦分别有两倍以上的效果.而在这3种测试环境中,3种镀膜试片的坑蚀损失差别均不明显,无法判断镀膜组成对抗坑蚀性的影响.从动电位极化曲线可以看出,镀膜试片均能大幅提高基材在盐酸与盐水溶液中的抗蚀性,然而因坑蚀破坏而形成的孔洞会由于孔蚀而导致腐蚀加剧,造成镀膜试片在腐蚀溶液中之抗坑蚀效果低于电化学量测时所预期的保护效果.     

快淬设备对Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe合金微结构和磁性能的影响

对比分析了感应喷射式熔旋快淬炉和电弧溢流式熔旋快淬炉在制备纳米双相Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe永磁材料方面的差异,研究了不同快淬设备对材料微结构和磁性能的影响. 结果表明:采用感应喷射式熔旋快淬炉制备的样品,表面较平整,厚度一致性好;而采用电弧溢流式熔旋快淬炉制备的样品,表面不平整,厚度一致性差. 对于相同的配方Nd10Fe79Zr1Co4B6,采用感应喷射式熔旋快淬炉制备的样品磁性能明显高于电弧溢流式熔旋快淬炉. 适当增加Zr含量,可以提高合金的非晶形成能力,有效削弱了电弧溢流式熔旋快淬炉冷却速率波动性较大对样品的负面影响,有助于提高磁性能.     

脉冲加热-红外吸收、热导法测定粉末高温合金中氧、氮

利用脉冲加热-红外吸收、热导法测定粉末态粉末高温合金中氧、氮含量.通过助熔剂试验,确定了用镍盒包裹试样来分析样品的方法.结果表明粉末高温合金试样中总氧量的测定相对标准偏差RSD为4.2%,总氮量的测定相对标准偏差RSD为20%.分析标钢中氧的回收率为91.7%～110.8%.氮的回收率为95.9%～108.2%.     

钴含量和制备方法对AB5型储氢合金不同温度电化学容量的影响

报道了钴替代镍对储氢合金Ml（NiCoMnAl）5.4的微观结构以及-30-＋80℃的电化学容量的影响，其中钴含量分别为：0，1．31，2．63，3．94，5．25，6．56％（质量分数）。所有合金都先采用真空还原熔炼，然后进行快淬。结果发现，合金在不同温度下的电化学容量取决于合金的成分和制备方法。随钴含量增加，合金在较高温度（40-80℃）下的电化学容量提高，温度较低（-30-0℃）时则容量降低。随温度升高，快淬技术与铸锭技术相比，更能有效地提高舍金的容量。充放电电位曲线分析表明，高钴含量和快淬技术可以提高合金的析氢电位，从而有效地提高合金的高温容量。相反，较低的钴含量和铸态工艺可改善合金低温时的容量，这是由于低钴含量和铸成立工艺可使低温时的析氢电位提高，析氢反应滞后，同时充放电的电位差减小。X射线衍射表明，所有合金样品都是单相的六方晶系CaCu5型结构，并且随钴含量增加，晶格参数增大。由于成分更加均匀同时晶格应力和缺陷减少，快淬带主峰的半高宽值降低。     

新型固定床Raney Ni制备过程中晶相结构的转化

以拟薄水铝石制备粘结剂，加入镍铝合金粉和田菁粉捏合、成型，在空气中高温焙烧，然后用苛性碱溶液充分浸取，制备出可应用于固定床加氢的活性Raney Ni催化剂。采用XRD和TG-DTA分析了催化剂制备过程中晶相结构的转化，结果表明，成型合金焙烧过程中，富铝合金相（如Al₃Ni-Al和Al₃Ni）逐渐转变为贫铝合金相（如Al₃Ni₂和AlNi），释放出的金属铝依次发生氧化，同时抑制金属镍的氧化；在高于1 123～1 133K焙烧时金属铝氧化生成α-Al₂O₃，使催化剂获得较高的颗粒强度。苯加氢活性评价结果表明，该新型固定床Raney Ni催化剂活性高于负载型镍催化剂，也高于参照专利方法制备的有机聚合物粘结的同类型催化剂，并且具有较好的低温加氢活性。     

Hollow nanodendritic nickel oxide networks prepared by dealloying of nickel–copper alloy

Three-dimensional hollow nanorod network of nickel has been produced by a dealloying process of the electrodeposited nickel–copper alloy with nanodendritic structure. The nanostructured nickel was subsequently heat treated to form the nickel oxide with little change in the original structure. The resulting sample was tested as the high rate anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. It shows the exceptional rate capability, far exceeding that of the counterpart of nickel–copper oxide network with normal solid branches: reversible capacity at the rate of 20.9 A g^?1 is approximately 70 % of the capacity at 0.26 A g^?1 rate.     

Elemental analysis of Cu−Ni and Nd−Al alloys and, nickel and iron powders by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF) has been used for elemental analysis of Cu−Ni alloy, neodymium aluminide, and iron and nickel powder. The preparation of Cu−Ni alloy and neodymium aluminide has been carried out by aluminothermic reduction of mixed oxides of copper and nickel and neodymium oxide respectively. Aqueous electrorefining technique has been followed for the preparation of iron and nickel powder using Fe−Ni alloy as anode. The determination of major and trace elements present in the Cu−Ni and, electrolytically refined nickel and iron has been accomplished by EDXRF using Cd¹⁰⁹ radioisotope source. In the case of Nd−Al alloy Am²⁴¹ radioisotope source has been used. The rapid and multielement analysis of the thermit product by EDXRF has aided in the appropriate variation of the charge constituents during the standardization of the optimum charge composition for Cu−Ni alloy. EDXRF analysis of electrolytically refined nickel and iron revealed heavy contamination of iron in nickel as compared to that of nickel in iron. Neodymium content has been found to be 67.68% in Nd−Al alloy.     

A novel method for making ultra-fine metal fibers and particles

A novel method based on plastic processing and equipment for preparing ultra-fine metal fibers and particles is reported. With this new method, metal fibers and particles can both be produced on the same equipment and the surfaces of the fibers and particles can be protected from oxidation by the polymers or solvents during the preparation process. Metal-alloy powders with lower melt point were filled into polymer by an extruder, followed by a die-drawing process at a temperature lower than the melt temperature of the metal alloy. Metal fibers or particles were obtained after the polymer matrix was washed away. Metal alloy fibers can be obtained when a polymer that strongly interacts with metal alloy, such as a special polyvinyl alcohol with a low alcoholysis degree, is used as the polymer matrix. Metal-alloy particles can be obtained when a polymer with weak interaction with metal alloy, such as polyethylene (PE), is used as the polymer matrix. Based on the principle of this new method, it is possible to produce finer or even nano-sized metal fibers and particles with higher melting points.     

Quantitation of Si,B, Ca,Mg, Ba,and Zr in Complex-Alloyed Nickel Alloys by ICP-MS

The possibility of the use of a collision and reaction cell is shown and the optimum parameters for its adjustment are selected for the determination of Si, B, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Zr in a complex-alloyed nickel alloy via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The procedure of sample dissolution and its preparation for the analysis is presented. The correctness of the obtained results is confirmed by the analysis of the certified reference standard of a nickel alloy.     

脉冲熔融-红外/热导法测定钛合金粉末微注射成形脱脂坯中氧氮氢

准确测定钛合金粉末微注射成形脱脂坯中氧氮氢含量对钛合金的粉末微注射工艺改进有很大指导作用。采用工业镍板经过表面打磨、酸洗、加工成固定质量的镍粒来代替市售的镍助熔剂,通过自制镍粒预先加入设备预脱气减少空白影响的方式建立了脉冲熔融-红外/热导法测定钛合金粉末微注射成形的脱脂坯中氧氮氢含量的方法。试验表明：镍粒助熔剂与石墨坩埚经二次脱气,可确保镍粒助熔剂的空白降至极低值以代替市售的镍篮、镍屑等助熔剂。钛合金粉末微注射成形脱脂坯采用振动磨形式加工至80目以下,镍粒的加入量为1.5 g,分析功率为5300 W时,可以获得稳定准确的结果。采用实验方法对脱脂坯实际样品进行测定,其相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为0.08%~0.47%、0.2 %~1.32%和1.6 %~2.02%;采用加入钛合金标准样品进行加标回收试验,氧氮氢回收率分别在 99%~10%、97%~99%及 97%~ 103%之间。方法满足脱脂坯中的氧氮氢快速检测要求的同时极大降低了分析成本。     

Study on corrosion resistance of electroplating zinc–nickel alloy coatings

Electrodeposited zinc–nickel alloy coatings have been widely adopted for surface treatment of automobile body steel sheet for high corrosion resistance. The corrosion behavior of the coatings has been related with the components of nickel, and the zinc–nickel alloy passive coatings have much higher corrosion resistance than that of zinc–nickel alloy coatings. In the present paper, the corrosion resistance behavior of the zinc–nickel alloy coatings obtained by new process and formulation has been studied by means of the electrochemistry test and neutral salt spray test. And it is discovered that the properties of corrosion resistance of zinc–nickel alloy passive coatings were better than that of zinc passive coatings, Cadmium passive coatings and alloys of electrodeposited cadmium–titanium. The components of corrosion productions, in terms of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), are mainly ZnO, ZnCl₂ · 4Zn(OH)₂ and small quantity of 2ZnCO₃· 3Zn(OH)₂. The component of zinc–nickel alloy coatings has been investigated with Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GDA‐750). And it is found that as the thickness of zinc–nickel alloy coatings increases, the component of zinc increases from beginning to end, but the peak value of nickel appears and an enrichment of nickel in the coatings comes into being. Because the electrodeposited zinc–nickel alloy coatings exhibit different alloy phases as a function of their alloy composition, in this paper, the crystal structure changing with the different component of nickel has been studied in terms of XRD. The result shows that electrodeposited zinc–nickel alloy has different phases: α‐phase, a solid solution of zinc in nickel with an equilibrium solubility of about more than 79% nickel; γ‐phase, an intermediate phase with a composition Ni₅Zn₂₁; η‐phase, a solid solution of nickel in zinc with less than 5% nickel; and δ‐phase (Ni₃Zn₂₂) appeared from η‐phase to α‐phase with increasing content of nickel. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石墨烯对镍钛形状记忆合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

利用化学气相沉积法在镍钛形状记忆合金表面原位生长出石墨烯,拟提高镍钛形状记忆合金的抗腐蚀性能。通过X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱与扫描电镜等手段对其表征,分析石墨烯修饰后的合金表面结构和形貌。在人工唾液环境中探究了石墨烯对镍钛形状记忆合金的腐蚀速率、细胞毒性和金属释放的影响。结果表明,石墨烯在金属基体和腐蚀介质之间可以起到物理屏蔽作用,可明显地降低金属基体发生腐蚀的速率,对镍钛合金具有较强的保护能力。     

脉冲电沉积Pd-Ni合金纳米颗粒及其甲酸电催化氧化

采用方波脉冲方法,在钯镍合金电解液中成功地电化学沉积出镍原子含量分别为12.0%、16.4%和22.6%的钯镍合金纳米颗粒. 钯镍合金纳米颗粒为球状,粒径50 ~ 80 nm. 随钯镍合金生长电位负移,合金的镍含量提高,其纳米颗粒大小基本相似但纳米颗粒数目增多,交联度提高和真实活性面积增大. 钯镍合金纳米颗粒镍含量提高,在硫酸溶液中其氢弱吸附峰电流增大. 钯镍合金纳米颗粒电极的甲酸电催化氧化活性较好,随合金纳米颗粒的镍含量提高和交联度增加,合金纳米颗粒电极的甲酸电催化氧化稳定性更高.     

Influence of electroless nickel plating of hydrogen-absorbing alloys on cycle characteristics of nickel-metal hydride batteries

The effects of electroless nickel plating of a hydrogen-absorbing alloy on the cycle characteristics of a nickel-metal hydride battery were investigated. The cycle life was improved by employing an electroless nickel-plated hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the negative electrode, which retained the same high-rate level and low-temperature characteristics compared to a cell using a non-plated hydrogen-absorbing alloy. The electroless nickel-plated hydrogen-absorbing alloy provided better electrochemical characteristics when its surface was partly and tightly covered by nickel particles under optimal electroless plating conditions.