酶催化合成酰胺类化合物的研究进展

酰胺官能团具有重要的药理作用，是许多生物活性物质的关键结构单元。据报道，超过25%的已知药物中含有酰胺键结构。研究与发展酰胺类化合物的高效合成方法始终是制药行业的重要任务之一。近年来，生物催化技术的发展为酰胺键的构建提供了一种较为经济绿色的合成方法，丰富了酰胺类化合物的合成策略。本文综述了生物酶催化合成酰胺类化合物的相关研究进展。      

钯催化的烯烃与三嗪烷氢胺羰基化反应研究

酰胺类化合物广泛应用于医药、农药、材料、合成化学等领域,因此,新型且高效合成酰胺的方法一直具有很高的关注度.我们首次使用环状脂肪三级胺类化合物—1,3,5-三嗪烷作胺源,成功解决了钯催化的烯烃氢胺羰基化反应领域中脂肪胺对钯催化剂的毒化问题,合成了多种烷基支链酰胺化合物,并提出了可能的反应机理.     

不同催化体系下腈的水合反应研究进展

腈可用于构建新的碳-碳、碳-杂原子键,所得产物丰富多样.酰胺基团广泛存在于医药、农药和天然产物中,此外,酰胺还是有机合成反应中重要的中间体.在目前报道的酰胺类化合物的合成方法中,腈的水合反应已成为学术界和工业界最广泛使用的获得初级酰胺类化合物的方法之一.早期腈的水合反应中通常涉及强酸、强碱的使用,但在该类反应体系下,往往存在产率低及反应选择性差等问题,且所得酰胺容易过度水解成羧酸.为了克服这一局限实现腈的高效水合,且满足绿色化学的要求,近年来,不同的催化体系相继被开发,如过渡金属配合物催化剂、金属阳离子催化剂、金属纳米粒子催化剂、离子液体催化剂及其它类型催化剂.对这些催化体系下腈的水合反应研究进行阐述和总结,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

单电子还是双电子?反应底物决定的铁催化未活化烷基卤代物与胺、酰胺和吲哚的酰胺化反应机理（英文）

铁廉价,储量丰富,铁基催化剂具有独特的催化活性,其催化的羰基化反应备受化学家关注.烷基溴类化合物具有较高的解离能,酰胺和吲哚类化合物具有弱亲核性,上述性质使其发生羰基化转化具有一定的挑战性.本文发展了一种铁催化的酰胺化反应,使用羰基铁催化剂前体,在反应体系中原位生成低价态的活性铁催化中心,并对烷基类底物进行活化.随后发生一氧化碳对碳铁键的插入、酰基铁的生成、亲核试剂的进攻等反应,最后生成目标产品.在该催化体系作用下,未活化的烷基卤代物可以与胺、酰胺和吲哚发生反应,得到较高收率的酰胺、酰亚胺和N-酰基吲哚等化合物,并表现出较好的官能团兼容性.实验发现,含有天然产物骨架的原料也能够高效转化.在反应机理方面,本文进行了分子内、分子间自由基捕捉等研究,结合已报道的谱学研究结果,推断出低价态铁催化中心的存在.结合实验数据以及反应机理研究结果认为,该反应的反应历程是由底物决定的:当以烷基碘类化合物为原料时,经历的是单电子转移(自由基)过程;当以烷基溴类化合物时,经历的是双电子转移过程.综上,本文发展了一种铁催化的烷基卤代物的酰胺化反应,为烷基酰胺合成提供一定参考.     

过渡金属催化醇与胺有氧脱水反应及相关研究进展

与其他胺和酰胺衍生物的合成方法相比,过渡金属催化醇与各类胺和酰胺的脱水N-烷基化反应是一种相对绿色、原子经济性较高的方法,一般被称为"借氢"或"氢自动转移"反应及其方法学.近年来,在空气氛围下过渡金属催化醇与胺和酰胺的有氧脱水N-烷基化反应,可使用更稳定的金属催化剂、可在无配体、空气等更温和简单的条件下进行,也引起了人们的极大关注.主要介绍近年来过渡金属催化下醇与胺和酰胺在空气或者氧化剂作用下构建C—N,C=N键合成胺和酰胺衍生物以及亚胺类化合物的有氧脱水反应进展情况,同时也对相关有氧脱水C-烷基化反应进行简单介绍.相关反应的机理研究也将作适当讨论.     

过渡金属催化的芳环磺酰胺化反应研究进展

N-芳基磺酰胺骨架广泛存在于具有生物活性的分子中,在医药领域有十分重要的应用.因此研究N-芳基磺酰胺类化合物的合成方法受到了人们的广泛关注.近年来过渡金属催化的卤代芳烃、芳基硼酸和CAr—H键的磺酰胺化反应得到了快速发展,为N-芳基磺酰胺类化合物的合成提供了高效、绿色的方法.按照芳基源、过渡金属催化剂、配体和磺酰胺化试剂进行分类,综述了过渡金属催化的芳环磺酰胺化反应的最新研究进展,并对此类反应的研究方向进行了展望.     

IPrAuCl/AgOTf催化下合成N-磺酰基四氢吡咯类化合物

在IPrAuCl和AgOTf催化体系作用下,通过一系列磺酰胺和四氢呋喃类化合物反应,合成了N-磺酰基四氢吡咯类化合物,实现了五元氧杂环到氮杂环类化合物的转换.     

通过不对称多组分反应高效构建手性磺酰胺类化合物

手性磺酰胺类化合物在新型药物方面研究中占据越来越重要的地位.我们成功地实现了磺酰胺、芳基重氮乙酸酯以及亚胺的不对称三组分反应.此反应给出了高达85%产率,以及优异的非对映选择性（d.r.>20：1）和对映选择性（最高可达99%ee）,为高效构建具有两个手性碳的光学纯磺酰胺类化合物提供了一种快速合成方法.我们将反应放大到了克级规模,并对三组分产物进一步衍生得到一种具有三个手性中心的光学纯含亚砜亚胺骨架的五元环化合物.反应的选择性通过过渡金属与手性磷酸协同催化控制.     

手性磷酰胺类化合物不对称催化合成α-芳基丙醇类化合物

对一系列磷酰胺类化合物进行了考察,发现以芳香醛类化合物与二乙基锌作为底物,手性磷酰胺类化合物4a(N-(1R,2R)-2-(异丙基氨基)-1,2-二苯基乙基)-P,P-二苯基次膦酰胺)作为催化剂,通过发生不对称还原反应合成具有生理活性的α-芳基丙醇类化合物.手性磷酰胺类化合物合成所使用的起始物料不仅廉价易得,而且催化效...     

2-取代苯并噁唑类化合物合成研究进展

2-取代苯并噁唑类化合物在医药、农药以及配位催化等领域有广阔的应用前景,因而其合成方法备受关注.近年来,微波促进、水为介质、无溶剂合成、组合化学以及过渡金属催化等一系列高效、绿色的合成方法在2-取代苯并噁唑类化合物的合成中得到广泛的应用.按照不同的合成原料和合成方法进行分类,综述了近年来2-取代苯并噁唑类化合物合成研究的新进展.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.