超临界流体萃取及GC-MS对极地现代沉积物的分析

应用超临界萃取/气相色谱-质谱技术测定南极现代沉积物中的正构烷烃、甾烷、藿烷,其分析结果与经典索氏抽提基本相符.该方法所需样品量仅为索氏抽提的1/10,且高效、快速、无污染和危险,可用于少量特殊地质样品中生物标志化合物的萃取分析.     

超声-索氏萃取-重量法测定土壤中总石油烃含量

采用正交实验设计,分别对超声萃取法(UE)和超声-索氏萃取法(USE)测定土壤中总石油烃(TPH)的影响因素进行分析,获得优化条件。采用以上两种方法及传统的索氏萃取法(SE)对新鲜石油污染土、微生物修复土和老化植物修复土进行提取。结果表明:超声萃取法的优化条件为选用15mL三氯甲烷,萃取4次;超声-索氏萃取法的优化条件为60W超声萃取10min,萃取剂用量125mL,萃取6h;超声-索氏萃取法平均回收率最高,为102.98%,且数据稳定可靠;其次是超声萃取法,为99.69%;而传统的索氏萃取法最低,为97.31%。研究证明超声-索氏分析法在缩短测定时间的同时提高了回收率,可作为不同土壤中总石油烃(TPH)含量测定的新方法。     

超声微波协同萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

研究了超声微波协同萃取-气相色谱测定土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物。考察了萃取溶剂、微波功率、萃取时间等因素对回收率的影响,得到了最佳萃取条件为:以正己烷/丙酮(1∶1)为萃取剂,溶剂用量为60 mL,微波辐射功率为100 W(超声功率固定为50 W),萃取12 min。该条件下,模拟土样中酞酸酯的平均回收率可达92.5%。方法的检出限为0.05~0.16 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)5.8%。与直接超声、开放式微波萃取法相比,此法具有明显的优势。方法用于实际土样的测定,所得结果与索氏抽提的结果相当。     

基于磁性纳米材料的固相萃取技术研究新进展

<正>由于实际样品中待测物的含量往往较低,且基质复杂,所以在进行定量分析时往往需要对样品进行前处理,以达到减小干扰组分、浓缩富集待测组分以适于特定检测分析目的的需要,因此样品前处理技术是整个分析过程中最关键的一环。传统的样品前处理方法如液液萃取、索氏抽提、振荡提取、固相萃取等存在样品需要量较大、萃取时间长、使用大量     

C18固相萃取圆盘与聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)萃取水体中二噁英的对比性研究

水体样品经玻璃纤维膜过滤富集颗粒物后使用C18膜或聚氨酯泡沫固相萃取水相中二噁英,冷冻干燥后索氏抽提,抽提液依次经多段混合硅胶柱、氧化铝柱净化后,采用13C同位素稀释法对其中的17个2,3,7,8-氯取代二噁英(PCDD/Fs)同系物进行测定.研究结果表明,用该法分析二噁英标准溶液、C18膜或聚氨酯泡沫各4次,分析结果的平均值和标准偏差都符合EPA1613规定值,回收率分别为74%～130%和61%～110%;标准参考样的分析结果(n=3)符合标准参考值范围.实验表明在大水量(大于100 L)样品前处理阶段使用聚氨酯泡沫替代C18膜是合理、可行的.     

超临界CO2在泥岩生物标志物分析中的应用与索氏抽提技术的实验对比

应用超临界萃取/气相色谱-质谱技术测定泥岩中的正构烷烃、藿烷,其有机地化参数与经典索氏抽提基本相符.该方法样品用量少,且高效、快速、无污染和危险,适用于有机地球化学研究中稀少地质样品生物标志化合物及一些分子标志物的分析检测工作.     

超声-微波协同萃取装置用于土壤中多环芳烃的分析

本研究将开放式微波和直接超声波振荡两种不同的能量方式相结合,研制出超声-微波协同萃取装置。通过萃取土壤中微量多环芳烃(PAHs),对方法和仪器的可行性进行了初步评价。结果表明,在60 mL二氯甲烷-正已烷(1∶1,V/V)的混合萃取剂,100 W微波辐射功率(超声振动功率固定为50 W),萃取9~10m in,土壤中多环芳烃回收率达86.6%,相对标准偏差约4.0%。与索氏抽提、高压密闭和开放式微波等萃取方法相比,本方法具有样品容量大,萃取时间短,萃取效率受样品中含水量和溶剂极性影响小等优点。     

SPE-GC-MS法测定饮用水源水中半挥发性有机物

测定半挥发性有机化合物因预处理方法的不同会得到不同的结果,故一直是值得研究的课题.预处理的方法:液-液萃取、超声波萃取、索氏提取、液固萃取,目前发展的预处理方法有固相萃取(SPE)方法、固相萃取圆盘法、固相微萃取(SPME)等,本次实验用SPE-GC-MS方法测定得到了较好的结果.     

聚碳酸酯/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯共混体酯交换反应机理

用DSC,FT-IR,~1H-NMR及索氏抽提等手段研究了聚碳酸酯(PC)/聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)共混体的酯交换反应。研究结果表明:PC/PET共混体在熔融处理过程中有酯交换反应发生,并有共聚产物形成,酯交换反应程度可用反应产物的FT-IR谱中特征基团的吸光度之比进行表征,酯交换反应程度不仅与熔融处理条件(反应时间、温度)有关,而且还与共混体的组成比相关。酯交换反应产物经索氏抽提后,抽提产物的FT-IR分析也证实了此结果。此外,利用抽提产物的~1H-NMR分析得出了酯交换反应中形成的共聚产物的结构式,并提出了可能的反应机理。     

超声波萃取与索氏萃取丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯中四溴双酚A的比较研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法对超声波萃取与索氏萃取丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)中四溴双酚A进行了比较研究。超声波萃取的最优试验条件:溶剂为二氯甲烷,温度为30℃,时间为60min;索氏萃取的最优试验条件:溶剂为甲苯,回流次数为每小时4次,时间为12h。四溴双酚A的质量浓度在1.00~100mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系。索氏萃取的萃取率高于超声波萃取的萃取率,索氏萃取的相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.1%,加标回收率在80.4%~85.7%之间。     

Comparison of extraction and derivatization methods for fatty acid analysis in solid environmental matrixes

This study involved comparison of different extraction and derivatization methods for determining FAs in soil and in four highly organic matrixes (cattle manure, pig slurry, compost, and vermicompost), by application of a multifactor categorical design. Although some studies have been carried out regarding the application of FA analysis to highly organic matrixes, comparison and verification are still required to test which methods of extraction and derivatization of FAs function best for these matrixes. We compared three extraction methods (one in which the same extraction mixture as used in the Folch method was employed, a modification of the Bligh and Dyer method, and a microwave-assisted extraction) and two derivatization procedures (alkaline methanolysis and derivatization with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH)). The highest yields of FAs belonging to different structural classes, and of individual FAs used as microbial biomarkers were obtained by application of the same extraction mixture as in the Folch method and use of TMSH as derivatization agent. These methods also involved a significant reduction in the complexity and time involved in sample preparation.     

Advances in the determination of degradation intermediates of personal care products in environmental matrixes: a review

In this review, recent methods developed for the determination of degradation intermediates of personal care products in environmental matrixes focusing on the extraction and determination steps are discussed. The five classes of personal care products evaluated are stimulants, fragrances, sunscreens, antimicrobials, and insect repellents. Methods are critically reviewed in terms of the analytical steps involved in the analysis, sample pretreatment, separation, and detection as well as the different confirmation strategies employed. Preconcentration from aqueous matrixes was performed by solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, or solid-phase microextraction, allowing the simultaneous extraction of parent compounds and their degradation intermediates. Following the extraction and cleanup steps, the identification and quantification of degradation intermediates of personal care products at environmental levels (i.e., parts per trillion to parts per billion range) is usually performed by using mass spectrometry techniques such as single quadrupole mass spectrometry and more recently by time-of-flight mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. The main scope of this review is to critically evaluate the current state of the art of the analytical techniques used and to identify the research needs in the determination of degradation intermediates of personal care products in environmental matrixes.     

Stereoselective determination of dufulin in watermelon under field conditions using chiral ultra high performance liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry

An effective and sensitive chiral analytical method was established to investigate the stereoselective dissipation of rac‐dufulin in watermelon using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with a superchiral S‐OD chiral column (4.6 × 150 mm i.d., 5 μm) coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry. To optimize the pretreatment method for detecting rac‐dufulin in the three matrixes, different extraction solvents, extractant volumes, extraction times, and absorbents were investigated to improve extraction efficiency. Moreover, analysis of variance was used to perform method validation for determination of the two dufulin enantiomers in the three matrixes. Using the optimized method, good linearity was obtained (determination coefficient > 0.999). The limits of detection and quantification of the two dufulin enantiomers in soil, watermelon, and pulp were 0.15 and 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the two enantiomers in the three matrixes at four spiked levels ranged from 75.0 to 107.8%, with intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations of 0.4–10.4%. In field trials, the R enantiomer was preferentially dissipated in watermelon. These method validation results confirmed that the developed method was convenient and reliable for the stereoselective determination of enantiomers of rac‐dufulin in watermelon.     

Determination of fipronil and its major metabolites in vegetables,fruit and soil using QuEChERS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A rapid, simple and selective gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneously determining fipronil and its three major metabolites in vegetables, fruit and soil. The fipronil residues were extracted using QuEChERS technique with ethyl acetate and then were purified by dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) cleanup for cabbage, cauliflower, okra, tomato, grapes and soil. The linearity of the analytical response across the studied range of concentrations (0.01–0.5?µg?mL^?1) was excellent, obtaining correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The average recoveries of the pesticide from all matrixes ranged from 86 to 112%, for fortification levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1?µg?g^?1. The precision values associated with the analytical method, expressed as RSD values, were less than 10.15% for the pesticide in all matrixes. This method can be used to evaluate environmental residues and the safety of agricultural products.     

Determination of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in selected foods by liquid chromatography: NMKL collaborative study

Results are presented from an NMKL (Nordic Committee on Food Analysis) collaborative study of a method for the determination of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in foods. The method is based on the addition of an internal standard (vitamin D2), followed by saponification and extraction with n-heptane. The fraction that contains vitamin D2/D3 is separated by preparative normal-phase liquid chromatography (LC), and the analytes are determined by reversed-phase LC with UV detection at 265 nm. The method was tested by 8 participating laboratories. In this study 6 different matrixes were analyzed for cholecalciferol content: milk, liquid infant formula (gruel), cooking oil, margarine, infant formula, and fish oil. The contents varied from 0.4 to 12 microg/100 g. Three matrixes (milk, gruel, and margarine) were fortified with vitamin D3. In the other matrixes, vitamin D3 was added at 3 different levels at the Swedish National Food Administration. The milk was analyzed as a blind duplicate, whereas the other matrixes were analyzed as split-level pairs. The recoveries from the samples with vitamin D3 added varied from 93 to 102%. The repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) values for accepted results varied between 2.2% (fish oil) and 7.4% (cooking oil), whereas the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD(R)) values varied between 6.8% (margarine) and 24% (cooking oil).     

A review of analytical methods for the determination of sulfolane and alkanolamines in environmental studies

Sulfolane and alkanolamines are used extensively in the processing of sour natural gases. Over many years of operation, there have been inadvertent leaks of these chemicals to groundwater and wetlands surrounding gas processing facilities, leading to uptake by vegetation. Because sulfolane and alkanolamines are extremely water-soluble, their analysis has presented challenges, particularly requirements for suitable extraction from biological matrixes and soil, along with sensitive detection using commonly available instrumentation. Analytical methods usually use gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with a variety of detector systems. Sample preparation techniques may include extraction with organic solvents, water, or a combination of these. In some cases, direct aqueous injections have been used. Derivatization of alkanolamines has been used to improve the chromatographic separations and detection. More recent procedures, using positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), have been useful for the confirmation of uptake of the alkanolamines and transformation products by wetland vegetation. Future developments will likely center on further MS analyses for identification of metabolites and transformation products in aquatic environments.     

The use of nitrous oxide for supercritical fluid extraction of pharmaceutical compounds from animal feed

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) coupled “off-line” with HPLC analysis has been applied to pharmaceutical analysis: two different matrixes (rodent and dog feed) were spiked with compounds under investigation in pharmacological studies in order to study the supercritical extraction of such matrixes prior to further analysis and quantification of the compounds of interest. The fluid flow-rate in the SFE system was governed by the geometric characteristics (internal diameter and length) of the linear fused silica capillaries. The changes in fluid flow-rate, between experiments, for each new restrictor, required the introduction of the term Total Gaseous Fluid Volume (TGFV), which enabled a series of extraction results to be compared. The comparative behavior of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide as supercritical extraction fluids was investigated. Results obtained using pure supercritical fluids with high solvating power (density 0.79 g ml^?1) and fluids modified with a polar liquid solvent (methanol and acetonitrile) are discussed.     

LC/MS method using cloud point extraction for the determination of permitted and illegal food colors in liquid, semiliquid, and solid food matrixes: single-laboratory validation

A cloud point extraction method is reported using LC/MS for the determination of regulated water-soluble food colors (Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, erythrosine, and tartrazine) and banned fat-soluble synthetic azo dyes (Sudan I, II, III, and IV; Red B; 7B; Black B; Red G; Metanil Yellow; and Rhodamine B). The extraction of all 14 colors was carried out with cloud point extraction using the nonionic surfactant Triton X 114. Optimized conditions for cloud point extraction were 3% Triton X 114 (w/v), 0.1 M ammonium acetate, and heating at 50 degrees C for 30 min. This approach proved effective in giving quantitative recoveries from a diverse range of food matrixes, and optimized LC gave baseline chromatographic separation for all colors including Sudan IV and Red B. Single-laboratory validation was performed with spiking into liquid matrixes (wine and homemade wine), semiliquid matrixes (sauce and homemade paprika paste), and solid matrixes (spice and homemade chili powder) using the respective blank matrixes for matrix-matched calibration. The LOQ values for water-soluble colors were in the range of 15-150 mg/kg, and for the fat-soluble colors, 0.1-1.5 mg/kg. The mean recovery values were in the range of 69.6-116.0% (except Allura Red and Sunset Yellow in wine, for which recoveries were lower). The mean RSDs for colors were in the range of 4.0-14.8%. A small survey was conducted of samples of confectionery products, dried fruits, wines, bitter sodas, juices, sauces, pastes, and spices, which demonstrated the applicability of the method to a diverse selection of real food samples. Allura Red was detected in strawberry jelly and Sunset Yellow in artificial saffron.     

不同基质中有机氯农药提取技术及发展趋势

该文根据各种基质特点及其中有机氯农药的分布特点,对不同介质中有机氯农药的提取方法进行了归纳.着重介绍了不同基质中有机氯农药提取方法,如均质法、固相萃取法、索氏提取法、基质固相分散法、加速溶剂萃取法、超临界流体提取法、超声波提取法和微波辅助提取法等.通过详细实例,总结了上述提取方法的优缺点,并对有机氯农药提取方法做了展望...     

Applications of On-Line SFE/SFC in Environmental Analysis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorinated Pesticides (OCPs) on different absorbents were extracted and analyzed by a directly coupled supercritical fluid extraction and supercritical fluid chromatography system (on-line SFE/SFC). The influence of various absorbents as sample matrixes on extraction efficiencies was evaluated. In general, the extraction efficiencies were decreased if a matrix had a larger surface area and a smaller pore size. The recoveries of PAHs and PCBs were decreased in inverse proportion to their molar mass. Recoveries of OCPs containing epoxy functional groups were greater than for OCPs lacking this functional group. In conclusion, online SFE/SFC is a rapid (1-2 h) and high recovery (70%-100%) analytical technique.