水对Ni/MgAlO催化丙酮加氢的影响

研究了H2O对Ni/MgAlO催化剂上丙酮加氢为异丙醇的催化反应的影响。结果发现,在丙酮中添加少量H2O可提高丙酮转化率,但超过5%的H2O量则会显著降低催化剂活性。吸附量热结果表明,催化剂表面吸附少量H2O会明显降低异丙醇的吸附热,但对丙酮吸附热的影响较小,这也许是反应体系中少量的H2O能促进丙酮加氢活性的原因之一。当催化剂表面吸附较多H2O后,丙酮、异丙醇和H2的吸附热都降低了,因此反而抑制了丙酮的加氢反应。此外,红外光谱结果表明,预吸附水抑制了催化剂表面异丙醇脱氢生成丙酮,并抑制吸附的丙酮在表面生成烯醇盐或异丙叉丙酮等物种,这也许是少量水能促进丙酮加氢生成异丙醇的另一个重要原因。     

水对Ni/MgAlO催化丙酮加氢的影响（英文）

研究了H2O对Ni/Mg Al O催化剂上丙酮加氢为异丙醇的催化反应的影响.结果发现,在丙酮中添加少量H2O可提高丙酮转化率,但超过5%的H2O量则会显著降低催化剂活性.吸附量热结果表明,催化剂表面吸附少量H2O会明显降低异丙醇的吸附热,但对丙酮吸附热的影响较小,这也许是反应体系中少量的H2O能促进丙酮加氢活性的原因之一.当催化剂表面吸附较多H2O后,丙酮、异丙醇和H2的吸附热都降低了,因此反而抑制了丙酮的加氢反应.此外,红外光谱结果表明,预吸附水抑制了催化剂表面异丙醇脱氢生成丙酮,并抑制吸附的丙酮在表面生成烯醇盐或异丙叉丙酮等物种,这也许是少量水能促进丙酮加氢生成异丙醇的另一个重要原因.     

Ni-Mo/Al_2O_3催化剂上硫转移反应的研究

制备了以γ-Al2O3为载体的Ni-Mo催化剂,并用于FCC汽油的加氢硫转移反应。对Ni-Mo/Al2O3催化剂上的硫转移反应机理进行了研究,考察了不同反应条件对硫转移反应的影响。实验结果表明,硫醇与烯烃的反应在催化剂表面的加氢活性位上进行,小分子的硫醇发生加氢脱硫,生成吸附态H2S,吸附态的H2S与烯烃反应,生成大分子硫醇和硫醚;另外小分子硫醇还可直接与烯烃发生反应,生成硫醚。提高反应温度、压力、氢油比或降低空速,均可提高催化剂的硫转移反应活性,轻质硫转化率得到明显提高,且单烯选择性还能维持在98%左右。     

CO加氢合成C2含氧化合物Rh-Sm-V-Li/SiO2催化剂的研究

使用加压下的CO加氢反应和程序升温还原(TPR),吸附氢的程序升温脱附(H2-TPD),以及H2和CO吸附等技术,研究了Rh-Sm-V-Li/SiO2催化剂上Sm,V和Li促进剂对合成二碳含氧化合物的促进效应.结果表明,Sm和V加入到Rh/SiO2中使催化剂的活性和生成二碳含氧化合物的选择性显著提高,催化剂上的Sm3+不易被还原,Sm的加入起着提高Rh分散度的作用,使催化剂上H2和CO吸附量提高,并促进乙酸和乙醛的生成;催化剂上的高价钒离子容易还原成低价钒离子,并迁移覆盖金属Rh的表面,使催化剂上H2和CO吸附量降低.低价钒具有良好的贮氢能力,使催化剂的加氢能力显著提高,促进乙醇的生成.     

锰助剂对F-T合成Co/Al2O3催化剂反应性能的影响

采用程序升温和原位红外技术对锰改性Co/Al2O3催化剂进行了表征，并与CO加氢反应活性和选择性进行关联.结果表明，添加适量锰能够增加反应活性，提高烃选择性，抑制甲烷及低碳烃的生成. XRD和FT IR结果表明锰助剂的添加能够促进活性相的分散，促进桥式CO吸附位数的增加. H2 TPD表明锰的加入可增加低温吸附氢量，但吸附氢量随锰含量的增加而减少.钴基催化剂的费托合成反应性能可以用锰添加导致的CO吸附态物种的变化来解释.     

乙苯脱氢与逆水煤气变换偶合反应的铁/活性炭催化剂研究

 研究了活性炭负载的Fe催化剂在乙苯脱氢与逆水煤气变换偶合反应中的催化活性,考察了催化剂中的铁物相,添加Li,Na和K等碱金属以及CO2对催化活性的影响. 实验表明, Fe3O4可能是偶合反应的活性相. 在CO2气氛中,适当还原度的、经碱金属元素调变后的Fe/AC的催化活性较好,苯乙烯的选择性明显提高. 以NH3和CO2为探针分子,运用微分吸附量热技术表征了催化剂的表面酸碱性质. 结果表明,活性炭表面具有较多的弱酸位. 担载铁后,NH3的起始吸附热为96 kJ/mol, 吸附饱和覆盖度为112 μmol/g, 说明Fe/AC表面具有酸性; CO2的起始吸附热为72 kJ/mol, 吸附饱和覆盖度为7 μmol/g, 表明催化剂表面也有少量的碱位. 碱金属元素的加入减弱了Fe/AC催化剂表面上的酸强度,同时产生了一定量的碱性位,因而显著提高了苯乙烯的选择性. CO2的作用是及时除去脱氢反应产生的H2, 促进乙苯脱氢生成苯乙烯,并抑制乙苯的加氢裂解.     

Rh基催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化合物的红外光谱研究

 用红外光谱法考察了Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂在CO加氢反应过程中表面吸附物种随压力、温度和H2/CO比的改变而变化的规律. 结果表明,高压有利于提高催化剂表面吸附的CO浓度和活性,高温有利于CO解离; 而高温、高压条件不但促进了CO吸附,而且提高并平衡了CO的解离和插入之间的相对活性,促进了C2含氧化合物的生成. H2/CO比的增大有利于CO在催化剂表面的吸附,从而促进了CO插入,尤其是CO的解离和加氢活性,但是过高的H2/CO比将导致过高的CO解离和加氢活性,引起CO插入活性的削弱而最终导致C2含氧化合物生成活性的下降. 同时,考察了助剂(Mn, Li和Ti)对Rh基催化剂表面吸附物种的影响. 结果表明,助剂的加入可提高C2含氧化合物的生成活性.     

负载型Ru基催化剂用于丙酮常压气相加氢

采用气相脉冲法，首次将非晶态Ru-B合金催化剂用于催化丙酮常压气相加氢反应．研究结果表明负载型Ru-B合金催化剂在较低的反应温度下表现出了很高的活性及生成异丙醇的选择性；负载在γ-Al2O3上的非晶态Ru-B合金与晶态的Ru相比，活性及异丙醇的产率都有很大提高；采用不同载体的非晶态Ru-B合金催化剂活性不同，在所选定的反应温度下，以膨润土为载体的Ru-B合金催化剂的活性与异丙醇的产率均高于以γ-Al2O3作载体的．用程序升温还原(TPR)，程序升温脱附(TPD)，等离子体发射光谱(ICP)等方法对催化剂表面性质及含量进行了表征．     

原位漫反射红外光谱法研究SO2对Ag/Al2O3选择性催化丙烯还原NOx反应的影响

 以Ag/Al2O3为催化剂,采用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究了SO2对C3H6选择性还原NOx反应的影响. 结果表明, SO2在催化剂表面转化为硫酸盐,并且随着硫酸盐累积量的增加,其主要红外特征吸收峰由低波数向高波数漂移. 高浓度表面硫酸盐的存在不仅抑制了催化剂表面硝酸盐的生成,而且抑制了硝酸盐与表面烯醇式物种(RCH=CH-O-)或乙酸盐物种进一步反应,生成活泼的反应中间体异氰酸酯(-NCO), 这是导致Ag/Al2O3催化剂上C3H6选择性还原NOx活性降低的主要原因.     

NiW/γ-Al2O3加氢催化剂化学吸附性质的研究

采用脉冲色谱法测定了噻吩在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上化学吸附过程中热力学函数的变化,并与噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)反应活性进行了关联.结果表明,噻吩在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上的吸附不能太强,催化剂中的Ni可以降低噻吩在催化剂表面上的吸附强度,增加HDS反应活性中心的数目.从H2在硫化态NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂上吸附后的程序升温脱附实验结果发现,H2在硫化态催化剂上有两种吸附态,高温脱附所对应的吸附态与HDS反应有关.     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

Computation of the Number of Isomers of Coordination Compounds Containing Identical Monodentate Ligands and Chelating Ligands

This paper outlines a simple method of counting the number of isomers of coordination compounds containing identical monodentate ligands and chelating ligands.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases V. Enthalpies of hydration of N-methylated adenines

Enthalpies of solution in water, H _sol ^o , and of sublimation, H _subl ^o , were determined experimentally for a number of crystalline N-methyl adenines: m⁶Ade, m ₂ ^6,6 Ade, m⁹Ade, m ₂ ^6,9 Ade, and m ₃ ^6,6,9 Ade. Derived standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o , were corrected for the calculated cavity terms H _cav ^o to yield enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells. The increments of H _int ^o per unit area of the water-accessible molecular surface S _B , H _int ^o (CH₃)/S _B (CH₃), for the particular methyl groups: is considered to be the net effect of the gain in the energy resulting from van der Waals' interactions and of the loss in the energy due to polar interactions upon methyl substitution. It proved to vary somewhat numerically in agreement with the theoretically predicted hydration schemes of adenine. Comparison of H _int ^o /S _B value for adenine with those previously determined for uracil and thymine indicates that the aminopurine moiety is less hydrated than the diketopyrimidine ring.