基于聚多巴胺的磁性纳米生物催化剂高效催化二氢杨梅素酰化（英文）

脂肪酶是一种三酰基甘油水解酶,目前广泛用于油脂化学、食品、有机合成和生物医药等领域.但是,游离脂肪酶在有机反应体系中容易失活,难以从反应体系中回收,导致其循环利用困难和生产成本增加.因此,需要对游离脂肪酶进行固定化,提高酶的稳定性和重复使用性,使其能够大规模用于工业生产.磁性四氧化三铁纳米粒子(MNPs)具有其超顺磁性和大比表面积等性质,但MNPs需表面修饰才能进一步应用.近年来,仿生矿化法制备的聚多巴胺纳米材料受到人们关注.在仿生矿化过程中,单体多巴胺经自聚合作用后形成聚多巴胺,该反应活性高,能对各类有机和无机纳米材料进行表面修饰.而且,聚多巴胺表层中的活性基团能与含有氨基和巯基的生物大分子发生迈克尔加成或席夫碱反应,从而将生物大分子固定在材料表面.本文利用聚多巴胺表面修饰MNPs,对所得聚多巴胺表面修饰的四氧化三铁纳米粒子(PD-MNPs)进行了结构表征.结果表明,PD-MNPs尺寸在14 nm左右.同时,成功将黑曲霉脂肪酶(ANL)固定在PD-MNPs上,结果显示在pH=8、固定化时间为12 h条件下,酶负载量为138 mg/g,酶活回收率达到83.6%,而且固定化酶的pH稳定性及热稳定性、储藏稳定性都优于游离酶.动力学研究表明,固定化酶Km值(63.2 mmol/L)低于游离酶(74.5 mmol/L),固定化酶的底物亲和性增强.进一步研究了固定化酶和游离酶在乙腈、二甲基亚砜、乙醇和[HMIm]BF_4这四种溶剂中的溶剂耐受性,结果显示固定化酶的耐受性均强于游离酶.采用红外光谱对游离酶和固定化酶二级结构的分析表明,游离黑曲霉脂肪酶经固定化后,α-螺旋和β-折叠含量分别增加了0.84%和2.74%,使得固定化后α-螺旋和β-折叠中存在的氢键能够更好地保持酶结构刚性,避免因结构改变而引起酶失活,增强了固定化酶在溶剂中的耐受性.二氢杨梅素是一种具有类黄酮结构的天然产物,具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤和保护肝脏等作用,但其脂溶性很差,很难透过细胞膜被人体吸收.本课题组曾首次以乙酸乙烯酯为酰基供体,采用游离脂肪酶生物催化方法成功将二氢杨梅素酰化.本文考察了PD-MNPs固定化脂肪酶在二氢杨梅素酰化反应中的应用.结果表明,与游离酶相比,固定化酶在反应介质二甲基亚砜中的耐受性更强,反应48 h后其催化二氢杨梅素酰化的转化率接近80%,明显好于游离酶(69%).固定化酶催化二氢杨梅素酰化的最适底物摩尔比、温度和酶量分别为10:1(乙酸乙烯酯:二氢杨梅素)、45 ℃,和40 U.此外,固定化酶在外界磁场作用下能迅速从反应混合物中分离,从而可回收利用,在重复使用10次后,其活性仍保持在初始活性的55%以上,具有良好的工业应用前景.     

PDA/SiO2大孔复合材料固定化荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶

以具有三维骨架结构的大孔聚合物为模板制备SiO_2大孔材料,通过多巴胺在SiO_2大孔材料孔道表面的原位聚合制得聚多巴胺表面功能化修饰的二氧化硅大孔材料(PDA/SiO_2)。应用SEM、EDX、MIP、BET、TG-DTA和FTIR等技术对修饰前后的材料进行表征。以PDA/SiO_2为载体固定荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶(PFL),优化固定化条件并对比游离脂肪酶和固定化脂肪酶的性质。结果表明SiO_2大孔材料具有三维连续贯通的孔道结构,孔径分布在300~500 nm,聚多巴胺修饰后形成聚多巴胺/二氧化硅复合纳米薄膜构筑的大孔材料。在固定化时间为14 h、p H值为8、初始脂肪酶浓度为0.4 mg·m L-1时,固定化效果最佳,酶活回收率达246%。与游离脂肪酶相比,固定化脂肪酶有更宽的温度和p H适用范围、热稳定性显著提高,并展现出良好的储存稳定性和操作稳定性,固定化脂肪酶的Km低于游离脂肪酶的,酶与底物的亲和性较好。     

混合溶剂系统中固定化脂肪酶对酮基布洛芬的催化酯化反应

以硅藻土吸附的脂肪酶为催化剂,对外消旋酮基布洛芬[2-(3-苯甲酰苯基)丙酸]进行对映选择性酯化反应;考察了不同的脂肪酶制剂,固定化时所加缓冲液的体积与pH值,酰基受体(醇)的种类以及混合溶剂系统的组成等因素对酶活性的影响.结果表明,在所考察的7种脂肪酶中,以LipaseOF的酪化活性最高;用硅藻土吸附固定化酶时,缓冲溶液的最适pH为7.0左右,每克酶粉加1.0mL缓冲溶液为最佳;固定化酶催化酯化的活性比游离的脂肪酶高.在酮基布洛芬与不同酰基受体(醇)的酶促酯化反应中,以丙醇的反应速度为最快.在由一种主溶剂与一种助溶剂组成的混合溶剂系统中,酶促酯化的速度要比在单一的主溶剂或助溶剂系统中快.当以1gP值较大的环己烷或异辛烷等为主溶剂,甲苯为助溶剂时,脂肪酶催化酮基布洛芬酯化反应的活性最高.     

中空纤维膜固定化甲酸脱氢酶催化CO_2合成甲酸

以紫外光表面接枝改性的聚乙烯(PE)中空纤维膜为载体,采用共价结合的方式固定化甲酸脱氢酶(FDH),考察了CO2通入方式、溶液pH值、缓冲液种类和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)的浓度对酶催化CO2合成甲酸反应的影响.结果表明,与加压法相比,CO2鼓泡法更有利于甲酸的生成;磷酸盐缓冲液优于Tris-HCl和盐酸三乙醇胺缓冲液;体系pH值对反应的影响较大,固定化FDH的最佳pH值仍为6.0,但pH耐受性增强;随着辅酶NADH浓度的增加,反应初速度加快,收率下降;游离酶和固定化酶的最大酶活分别为0.246和0.138mmol/(L.h);固定化FDH在4℃贮存两周后活性仅下降4%,而游离酶活性下降50%.FDH催化膜重复利用10次后,活性没有明显降低.     

聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯载体固定化酵母脂肪酸在有机溶剂中催化酯合成反应的研究

用悬浮聚合法合成了一系列聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯载体，考察了它们固定化酵母脂肪酶活力与载体的交联度和致孔剂用量之间的关系。研究了这些固定化酵母脂肪酶在有机溶剂中催化酯合成反应的活性。脂肪酶的固定化使之活力表达更为充分，对亲水性较强的有机溶剂有更强的耐受性，并能为其在有机溶剂中催化酯合成反应提供必需水。考察了ｐＨ值，底物种类对固定化酵母脂肪酶催化酯合成反应的影响。     

有机相中固定化脂肪酶催化合成植物甾醇酯

酶法合成植物甾醇酯具有反应条件温和、产物纯度和产量高等优点,但非水相酶催化的活性和稳定性普遍较低.本文以大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶为催化剂,并在催化过程中添加乳糖的类似物,构建了有机相高效合成植物甾醇酯的工艺过程.以酯化率为考察指标,对脂肪酶和反应溶剂进行筛选,对酯化条件进行优化,同时考察了糖的种类及添加量对酶催化性能的影响.结果表明,大孔树脂NKA吸附固定化的褶皱假丝酵母(Candida rugosa)脂肪酶(NKA-CRL)为最适宜的催化剂,以正己烷为反应介质,在酸醇摩尔比为2和添加酶蛋白质量7.5%的海藻糖的条件下,40°C反应10 h,酯化率达到96.6%.连续6次催化后,植物甾醇的酯化率仍维持在85.0%以上.     

碳酸钙固定化猪胰脂肪酶的稳定性及催化PDO开环聚合研究

本文研究了不同温度、pH值和储存时间下,游离猪胰脂肪酶与自制碳酸钙固定化猪胰脂肪酶的稳定性,并将固定化猪胰脂肪酶用于催化对二氧环己酮开环聚合。研究结果显示,固定化酶的热稳定性、pH稳定性以及储存稳定性均优于游离酶。当固定化酶用量为单体质量30%,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为72 h时可获得数均分子量为2024 g·mol-1的聚合物。     

脂肪酶催化缩聚法合成可完全降解的聚羟基丙酸酯(英文)

以3-羟基丙酸甲酯为聚合单体,建立了以固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435为催化剂的酶催化缩聚反应体系,合成可完全降解的高分子聚酯聚羟基丙酸酯,考察了反应条件和介质对反应性能的影响,结果表明,纯度大于95%的单体即可在温和条件下合成聚羟基羧酸酯;降低反应压力可有效提升产物产率和分子量.通过选择合适的有机溶剂介质和表面活性剂,可使产物分子量提升至13000(Mw)以上.脂肪酶催化剂重复利用能力优异,经6批次反应后,其相对活性保持在95%以上.     

PEI接枝纳米二氧化硅载体的构建及碳酸酐酶的固定化

碳酸酐酶(CarbonicAnhydrase,CA)是生物催化法转化CO2的关键酶类,游离状态下易失活变性。一般通过固定化修饰提高其稳定性,但现有的固定方法往往会对CA的活性造成较大的抑制。为了克服上述问题,本研究在商品化纳米二氧化硅表面接枝聚乙烯亚胺(Polyethyleneimine,PEI)得到载体SNPs-PEI,并通过静电相互作用对CA进行吸附固定,在此基础上探究了固定化酶(SNPs-PEI@CA)和游离酶的活性、稳定性及循环利用性。结果显示,固定化酶的活性可达游离酶的76%且热稳定性、酸碱耐受性及储藏稳定性均显著增强。经过8次循环使用后,固定化酶仍能够保持初始活性的70%左右。通过CaCO_3沉淀法进一步考察了固定化酶及游离酶的CO_2水合活性,固定化酶生成的沉淀量[(149.8±2.1)mg]与游离酶生成的沉淀量[(164.3±2.3)mg]几乎相等。以上实验结果表明本研究构建的SNPs-PEI@CA是一种能够高效捕获并转化CO_2的纳米生物催化剂。     

固定化扩展青霉脂肪酶的制备及其在玉米油转酯反应中的应用

采用吸附法对来源于扩展青霉Penicillium expansum的脂肪酶进行了固定化.从20种不同来源的树脂中筛选出固定化效率高且价格低廉的D4020树脂作为载体,系统研究了固定化条件对固定化效率及固定化酶转酯活力的影响.结果表明,最适加酶量、缓冲液pH和吸附时间分别为0.7 g/g、9.4和4 h.冻干时添加0.5%的半乳糖有助于提高固定化酶的转酯活力.在上述优化条件下,固定化酶的转酯活力为404.0 U/g,而所用的游离酶不能催化该转酯反应.利用该固定化酶催化玉米油转酯反应生产生物柴油时,叔戊醇为适宜的反应介质,其最适添加量为0.5 ml/g;适宜的酶量、加水量和反应温度分别为60.6 U/g、油重的1.2%和35℃.按醇/油摩尔比为1的比例分别在反应0、2和6 h时加入甲醇,在优化反应条件下,反应24 h后甲酯产率达85.0%;固定化脂肪酶具有较好的操作稳定性,反应10批次时,相对酶活力为62.8%.     

Precise characterization method of antibody‐conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for pathogen detection using stuffer‐free multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification

Antibody‐conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (Ab‐MNPs) have potential in pathogen detection because they allow target cells to be easily separated from complex sample matrices. However, the sensitivity and specificity of pathogen capture by Ab‐MNPs generally vary according to the types of MNPs, antibodies, and sample matrices, as well as preparation methods, including immobilization. Therefore, achieving a reproducible analysis utilizing Ab‐MNPs as a pathogen detection method requires accurate characterization of Ab‐MNP capture ability and standardization of all handling processes. In this study, we used high‐resolution CE‐single strand conformational polymorphism coupled with a stuffer‐free multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification system to characterize Ab‐MNPs. The capture ability of Ab‐MNPs targeting Salmonella enteritidis and nine pathogens, including S. enteritidis, was analyzed in phosphate buffer and milk. The effect of storage conditions on the stability of Ab‐MNPs was also assessed. The results showed that the stuffer‐free multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification system has the potential to serve as a standard characterization method for Ab‐MNPs. Moreover, the precise characterization of Ab‐MNPs facilitated robust pathogen detection in various applications.     

Protease Immobilization on γ‐Fe2O3/Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Synthesis of Oligopeptides in Organic Solvents

The use of nanobiocatalysts, with the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, is considered as an exciting and rapidly emerging area. The use of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, as enzyme immobilization carriers, has drawn great attention because of their unique properties, such as controllable particle size, large surface area, modifiable surface, and easy recovery. In this study, various γ‐Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles with immobilized proteases were successfully prepared by three different immobilization strategies including A) direct binding, B) with thiophene as a linker, and C) with triazole as a linker. The oligopeptides syntheses catalyzed by these magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with immobilized proteases were systematically studied. Our results show that i) for magnetic nanoparticles immobilized α‐chymotrypsin, both immobilization strategies A and B furnished good reusability for the Z‐Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐OEt synthesis, the MNPs enzymes can be readily used at least five times without significant loss of its catalytic performance: ii) In the case of Z‐Asp‐Phe‐OMe synthesis catalyzed by magnetic nanoparticles immobilized thermolysin, immobilization Strategy B provided the best recyclability: iii) For the immobilized papain, although Strategy A or B afforded an immobilized enzyme for the first cycle of Z‐Ala‐Leu‐NHNHPh synthesis in good yield, their subsequent catalytic activity decreased rapidly. In general, the γ‐Fe₂O₃ MNPs were better for use as an immobilization matrix, rather than the Fe₃O₄ MNPs, owing to their smaller particle size and higher surface area.     

共价固定亲和素的磁性纳米粒子用于快速测定蛋白A含量

采用溶剂热法制备了Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子(MNPs), 以戊二醛为交联剂, 将亲和素共价固定于MNPs表面. 用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱等手段对蛋白固定过程进行了监控和表征. 采用荧光光谱法评价了固定亲和素的磁性纳米粒子(Avi-MNPs)的活性, 并将Avi-MNPs应用于分光光度法测定蛋白A的含量. TEM结果表明, 功能化前后MNPs的粒度分布均匀, 粒径大小分别约为30和50 nm. XRD分析结果表明, MNPs与Fe₃O₄的特征衍射峰完全一致, 晶体纯度良好. UV-Vis, FTIR和荧光光谱结果表明, 亲和素已固定在MNPs表面. Avi-MNPs活性评价结果表明, 其结合生物素的活力为4.706 U/mg Avi-MNPs, 低于游离的亲和素活力(14.1 U/mg D-biotin). 该方法用于检测蛋白A含量比传统酶联免疫法省时、 省力, 且对检测仪器要求低.     

Calcium Carbonate Mineralized Nanoparticles as an Intracellular Transporter of Cytochrome c for Cancer Therapy

A new intracellular delivery system based on an apoptotic protein‐loaded calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) mineralized nanoparticle (MNP) is described. Apoptosis‐inducing cytochrome c (Cyt c) loaded CaCO₃ MNPs (Cyt c MNPs) were prepared by block copolymer mediated in situ CaCO₃ mineralization in the presence of Cyt c. The resulting Cyt c MNPs had a vaterite polymorph of CaCO₃ with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 360.5 nm and exhibited 60 % efficiency for Cyt c loading. The Cyt c MNPs were stable at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and effectively prohibited the release of Cyt c, whereas, at intracellular endosomal pH (pH 5.0), Cyt c release was facilitated. The MNPs enable the endosomal escape of Cyt c for effective localization of Cyt c in the cytosols of MCF‐7 cells. Flow cytometry showed that the Cyt c MNPs effectively induced apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells. These findings indicate that the CaCO₃ MNPs can meet the prerequisites for delivery of cell‐impermeable therapeutic proteins for cancer therapy.     

α-Glucosidase immobilization on functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for screening of enzyme inhibitors

α-Glucosidase was stereoscopically immobilized on the surface of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles, which was modified with APTES, using GA as a cross-linker. This established method had a broad application prospect for screening of enzyme inhibitors.     

γ‐Fe2O3@Cu3Al‐LDH‐TUD as a new Amphoteric,Highly Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Solvent‐free Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]pyrazoles and dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]chromens

Thiourea dioxide was immobilized on γ‐Fe₂O₃@Cu₃Al‐LDH magnetic nanoparticles to prepare the γ‐Fe₂O₃@Cu₃Al‐LDH‐TUD MNPs. The structure and properties of these magnetic nanoparticles were established by FT‐IR, EDX, SEM, XRD, and hystogram of particle size analytical methods. The results obtained from these analytical methods confirmed the successful immobilization of the thiourea dioxide onto the magnetic support. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibited high catalytic activity in one‐pot three‐component reactions under mild and solvent‐free conditions for the synthesis of diverse ranges of dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]pyrazoles and dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]chromens. All the reactions proceeded smoothly to furnish the respective products in excellent yields. Simple isolation of the products, avoidance of harmful organic solvents, versatility of the catalyst and its easy magnetic separation and reusability with no significant loss of activity are the main advantages of the present method.     

Highly Efficient Method Towards In Situ Immobilization of Invertase Using Cryogelation

A novel method was developed for the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae invertase within supermacroporous polyacrylamide cryogel and was used to produce invert sugar. First, the cross-linking of invertase with soluble polyglutaraldehyde (PGA) was carried out prior to immobilization in order to increase the bulkiness of invertase and thus preventing the leakage of the cross-linked enzyme after immobilization by entrapment. And then, in situ immobilization of PGA cross-linked invertase within cryogel synthesis was achieved by free radical polymerization in semi-frozen state. The method resulted in 100 % immobilization and 74 % activity yields. The immobilized invertase retained all the initial activity for 30 days and 30 batch reactions. Immobilization had no effect on optimum temperature and it was 60 °C for both free and immobilized enzyme. However, optimum pH was affected upon immobilization. Optimum pH values for free and immobilized enzyme were 4.5 and 5.0, respectively. The immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free enzyme at high pH and temperatures. The kinetic parameters for free and immobilized invertase were also determined. The newly developed method is simple yet effective and could be used for the immobilization of some other enzymes and microorganisms.     

Methods and Supports for Immobilization and Stabilization of Cyclomaltodextrin Glucanotransferase from Thermoanaerobacter

Thermoanaerobacter cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was immobilized using different supports and immobilization methods to study the effect on activity recovery. The enzyme covalently attached into glyoxyl-silica showed low activity recovery of 1.5%. The hydrophobic adsorption of the enzyme on Octadecyl-Sepabeads yielded also low activity recovery, 3.83%, and the enzyme could easily leak from the support at low ionic strength, although the immobilization yield was satisfactory, approximately 76%. The CGTase encapsulated in a sol–gel matrix gave an activity recovery of 6.94% and maximum cyclization activity at 60 °C, at pH 6.0. The half-time life at 60 °C, pH 6.0, in the presence of substrate was 100 min, which was lower than that of the free enzyme. The best activity recovery in this work (6.94%) is approximately five times smaller than that obtained previously using glyoxyl-agarose as support and covalent immobilization. Thus, the best support and method we tested so far for immobilization of CGTase is covalent attachment on glyoxyl-agarose.     

Immobilization of glucose oxidase on nylon membranes and its application in a flow-through glucose reactor

The immobilization of glucose oxidase on hydrolyzed nylon-6,6 was studied. Various spacers were introduced on the support before the coupling of the enzyme. Best results were obtained when the membrane was covered with denatured bovine serum albumin (BSA) before spacer coupling and immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD). The influence of various factors (pH, ionic strength, etc.) on the activity of the free and immobilized enzyme was investigated. It was found that the behavior of the fixed glucose oxidase and the free enzyme is very similar. The covalently immobilized enzyme had a lifetime of around 2 months (50% of initial activity).     

Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on magnetic methionine‐functionalized chitosan: A versatile catalyst for Suzuki and copper‐free Sonogashira reactions of aryl halides at room temperature in water as only solvent

The preparation of an efficient heterogeneous catalyst system based on the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles on a magnetic nanoparticle core (ImmPd(0)‐MNPs) is described. The new catalytic system was characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry and inductively coupled plasma analysis. We have demonstrated that ImmPd(0)‐MNPs is an efficient and reusable catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira coupling reactions of various types of aryl halides in water as a green and environmentally acceptable solvent. Moreover, the reactions were carried out efficiently at room temperature. The catalyst was easily separated using an external magnet from the reaction mixture and recycled ten times without significant loss of activity.