用苯氧基亚胺型ⅣB族催化剂制备高附加值聚烯烃材料

苯氧基亚胺型前过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂是近年来发展起来的一种非茂前过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂。该类催化剂由于具有催化烯烃聚合活性高、结构可调性强、制备的聚合物可控性好等特点,受到了广泛的关注。本文综述了此类催化剂的设计合成,介绍了FI主催化剂上不同取代基对催化剂活性、分子量的影响以及采用不同助催化剂条件时催化剂表现出来的特殊性能,重点介绍通过调节配体上取代基、助催化剂以制备不同种类的高附加值聚烯烃材料。     

负载型茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂有机载体研究进展

综述了近年来各种有机载体负载茂金属催化剂的负载方法,介绍了有机载体型茂金属催化剂的特点、负载方式、负载化对催化烯烃聚合性能和聚合物性能的影响。目前还不能完全解释清楚有机载体对聚烯烃形态以及聚合活性的影响效果。在有机载体合成方面,可以通过高分子工程,进行有机载体的设计,将茂金属催化剂负载到有机载体上,进一步提高有机载体型茂金属催化剂的活性、改善有机载体的形态和结构,将会推进有机载体负载型茂金属催化剂的工业化开发。     

第ⅣB族非茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂

烯烃聚合催化剂技术的发展关系着聚烯烃工业的命脉,而第ⅣB族非茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂作为目前催化剂研究的热点之一,不仅具有催化活性高、共聚单体范围广以及聚合物结构可控等优点,并且相比于茂金属催化剂而言,合成简单、成本低廉,有利于丰富烯烃聚合催化剂的种类和开发新型聚烯烃产品。本文按照配体的价齿类型综述了近十年来第ⅣB族非茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂的结构特点,及其在烯烃均聚和共聚反应中的催化性能,讨论了配体的电子效应和位阻效应对于配合物催化活性以及所得聚合物的结构、分子量等性质的影响,并对相关领域的未来发展提出了建议。     

ⅣB金属配合物催化烯烃聚合与共聚

在大品种聚烯烃材料中,高附加值聚烯烃通常由乙烯与α-烯烃共聚制备。ⅣB金属配合物能够为烯烃聚合和共聚提供许多催化剂模型;不仅如此,在烯烃聚合机理研究中还可以帮助理解反应中间体和活性物种。针对聚烯烃产业的实用催化剂体系,催化剂不仅满足高的催化活性,而且能够满足升温操作的稳定性。企业的利润需要高附加值聚烯烃,要求催化剂体系能够通过条件变化制得不同性能的聚烯烃材料,而且可以实现乙烯与α-烯烃的共聚。这些对配合物催化剂的需求,在ⅣB金属配合物催化剂中获得了良好地体现;能够在烯烃聚合中获得分子量从低到高的聚合物,也可以进行乙烯与（甚至含有官能团的）α-烯烃共聚制备功能聚烯烃。按照取代基团的分类,本文综述了近年来ⅣB金属配合物催化烯烃聚合与共聚研究的新进展,特别是重点讨论了具有良好热稳定性的配合物催化剂结构变化对于催化活性和聚合性能的影响。     

烯烃配位聚合催化剂的研究进展

较全面地综述了配位聚合催化剂和聚合机理的研究进展:高效Ziegler-Natta催化剂催化丙烯、乙烯等烯烃高效聚合,可合成多种高性能聚烯烃,等规聚丙烯的等规度大于98.5%,不同结构和性能的聚乙烯包括线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、超低密度聚乙烯(VLDPE)、中密度聚乙烯(MDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、双/宽峰分布聚乙烯、超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和超低密度双/宽峰分布聚乙烯等;茂金属催化剂催化苯乙烯、乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯等烯烃的均聚合和共聚合,并概括了其聚合机理;非茂金属催化剂合成多组分、多立体结构嵌段的聚烯烃,极性聚烯烃及超支化聚烯烃等,介绍了链行走和链穿梭机理。展望了配位聚合的发展趋势,认为聚合过程的环境友好、产品使用过程的环境友好、聚烯烃的高性能化和功能化是从事配位聚合工作的全体人员努力的方向。     

我国茂金属催化剂及其聚烯烃研究开发过程

本文在简述茂金属催化剂特性和预测国内外茂金属聚烯生产能力,需求的基础上,报道了我国近年来茂金属催化剂及其聚烯烃的开发进程,包括藏金属催化剂的开发,茂金属催化烯烃聚合的研究以及茂金属基烯烃树脂的结构表征及品牌开发。     

后过渡金属催化烯烃可控/活性聚合的研究进展

烯烃活性聚合由于可以制备出预定分子量的窄分布聚合物,以及各种嵌段共聚物、末端功能化聚合物等而受到广泛关注.过渡金属催化的烯烃配位聚合反应活性高,催化剂性能可通过配体结构的修饰进行调节,聚合物微观结构易于调控,其活性聚合进一步拓展了对烯烃聚合物分子设计的手段,具有重要的意义.除了以钛、锆、钒等为金属中心的前过渡系催化剂之...     

受限空间下的烯烃聚合研究

近些年来,随着纳米技术的发展,出现了很多微纳米反应器,该反应器能够提供具有纳米尺寸的反应环境,使得在该环境下进行的反应受到纳米空间的影响,生成具有纳米效应或特殊结构的产物。在聚烯烃催化聚合中,也出现很多具有受限空间的微纳米反应器载体,这些载体不仅能够负载烯烃催化剂,还能为烯烃聚合反应提供受限空间环境。在纳米尺度效应的影响下,催化烯烃聚合进程发生变化,可以得到一些具有特殊结构与性能(比如高熔点、超高分子量、纤维状)的聚烯烃产物。本文总结现阶段受限空间下烯烃聚合研究的最新成果,主要根据聚合物的不同结构进行分类,分别介绍了受限空间对聚烯烃产物的形貌、反应动力学及活性、初级结构、二级结构和凝聚态结构及性能的影响,并对受限聚合研究的发展趋势进行了展望。     

三齿配位钛配合物催化烯烃聚合

钛基聚烯烃催化剂不仅满足了价廉和性质优良的聚烯烃生产,而且有望进一步提升聚烯烃品质和发展新型聚烯烃树脂,因而结构可控钛配合物催化剂设计合成与催化性能提升是聚烯烃研究的核心课题之一。在茂金属催化剂之外,多齿配体的钛配合物成为研究的热点,其中,三齿配体良好地稳定了钛配合物。与此同时,配位原子的多样化极大地丰富了配合物合成与催化活性调控,在控制聚合活性的同时改善了所得聚合物的微观结构和宏观性能。本综述集中讨论了近年来在烯烃聚合催化体系中三齿配位钛配合物新研究的进展,讨论了取代基对于配合物中电子效应和立体效应的影响,以及配合物结构变化对于烯烃聚合活性及所得聚合物性能的影响关系,相关结果有助于指导钛配合物设计合成和催化聚合规律的研究。     

烯烃聚合催化剂和聚合反应

简要叙述了传统齐格勒－－纳塔催化剂的发展和演变,介绍了茂金属催化睡聚烯烃工业的新发展,并对新一代后过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂的研究进展作了综合评述。     

Synthesis of polyolefin composition in the presence of supported catalysts

Polyolefins are basic materials in the plastics. Their application is limited by their low thermostability, adhesion, hardness and other physico-mechanical properties. The following treatments are known to improve and modify polyolefin properties: the incorporation of inorganic or organic fillers with a greater hardness and rigidity into the polyolefin matrix, the grafting of functional groups to polyolefins, and crosslinking with the formation of a network structure in the polyolefin matrix. In the case of polymers and inorganic materials, the activation of their surface by the functionalizing and fixing of transition metals allows one to perform polymerization of monomers on a surface to obtain a polymer–polymer composites and a highly filled polymer–inorganic composites.     

A Self-Supporting Strategy for Gas-Phase and Slurry-Phase Ethylene Polymerization using Late-Transition-Metal Catalysts

The polyolefin industry is dominated by gas-phase and slurry-phase polymerization using heterogeneous catalysts. In contrast, academic research is focused on homogeneous systems, especially for late-transition-metal catalysts. The heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts is a general strategy to provide catalyst solutions for existing industrial polyolefin synthesis. Herein, we report an alternative, potentially general strategy for using homogeneous late-transition-metal catalysts in gas-phase and slurry-phase polymerization. In this self-supporting strategy, catalysts with moderate chain-walking capabilities produced porous polymer supports during gas-phase ethylene polymerization. Chain walking, in which the metal center can move up and down the polymer chain during polymerization, ensures that the metal center can travel along the polymer chain to find suitable sites for ethylene enchainment. This strategy enables simple heterogenization of catalysts on solid supports for slurry-phase polymerization. Most importantly, various branched ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylenes can be prepared under various polymerization conditions with proper catalyst selection.     

Immobilized organometallic catalysts in the catalytic polymerization of olefins

Studies in the field of supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts employed for the polymerization of olefins that were begun by works performed under the guidance of Prof. Chirkov are reviewed in brief. The development of immobilization procedure for metallocene catalysts including the synthesis of alkylaluminoxanes heterogenized on the support surface via the partial hydrolysis of AlR₃ by water contained in the support and subsequent supporting of a metallocene is described. It is revealed how the immobilization of various metallocenes on the solid surface affects the activity of the catalysts and the structure and molecular mass of the polymers. The use of immobilized organometallic catalysts for the polymerization filling of polyolefin matrices aimed at the design of new polymer composites with special characteristics and preparation of polyolefin nanocomposites is considered.     

A Self‐Supporting Strategy for Gas‐Phase and Slurry‐Phase Ethylene Polymerization using Late‐Transition‐Metal Catalysts

The polyolefin industry is dominated by gas‐phase and slurry‐phase polymerization using heterogeneous catalysts. In contrast, academic research is focused on homogeneous systems, especially for late‐transition‐metal catalysts. The heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts is a general strategy to provide catalyst solutions for existing industrial polyolefin synthesis. Herein, we report an alternative, potentially general strategy for using homogeneous late‐transition‐metal catalysts in gas‐phase and slurry‐phase polymerization. In this self‐supporting strategy, catalysts with moderate chain‐walking capabilities produced porous polymer supports during gas‐phase ethylene polymerization. Chain walking, in which the metal center can move up and down the polymer chain during polymerization, ensures that the metal center can travel along the polymer chain to find suitable sites for ethylene enchainment. This strategy enables simple heterogenization of catalysts on solid supports for slurry‐phase polymerization. Most importantly, various branched ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylenes can be prepared under various polymerization conditions with proper catalyst selection.     

有机金属烯烃配位聚合催化剂

有机金属烯烃配位聚合催化剂具有高催化活性和良好的分子剪裁性,通过调节催化剂的微结构,如配体的取代基?配位原子以及配位中心的电子与立体环境等,可以在分子层次上实现烯烃聚合物的分子设计与组装;实现聚合物物理性质的调控,从而得到各种具有新型功能和立体异构的聚合物。本文综述了金属烯烃聚合催化剂研究进展,并展望该领域的发展趋势。     

稀土催化剂在高分子合成中的开拓应用

综述了40多年来我国在高分子合成领域中开拓应用稀土催化剂,在双烯烃、炔烃、环氧烷烃、环硫烷烃、二氧化碳共聚、丙交酯、己内酯和环碳酸酯等聚合方面取得的主要进展。     

国外聚烯烃树脂工艺进展及新产品开发

从生产技术和新品种开发方面介绍了国外烯烃树脂最新进展情况，指出茂金属催化剂技术，Ｃａｔａｌｌｏｙ技术，Ｓｐｈｅｒｉｌｅｎｅ技术是人们开发研究的重点，特别是茂金属催化剂技术能按照用户的要求“定制”不同结构的聚合物，茂金属催化剂技术为开发更多的高性能聚烯树脂提供了可能。     

PREFACE

The great discoveries of olefin polymerization catalysts by Karl Ziegler and Gulio Natta in 1953 founded the base of modem polyolefin industry, one of the most important fields of polymer materials. In recent years, polyolefin industry and applications of polyolefin in Asian regions have experienced a faster growth than the other parts of the world.Meanwhile,polyolefin related scientifc researches and technical innovation are also     

Morphology Evolution in the Early Stages of Olefin Polymerization

The olefin polymerizations were carried out by using silica supported metallocene/MAO catalysts and MgCl₂ supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts under mild reaction conditions and stopped at very low yield. The surface and cross sectional morphology of the polymer particles were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogeneous distribution of (co)catalyst on the support material is a prerequisite condition to get a homogeneous fragmentation and uniform polymer particle morphology. In the present work the catalysts show two different fragmentation behaviors. They can gradually fragment from the outer to the inner surface of the catalyst particle, or instantaneously break up into a large amount of small sub-particles at the beginning of the polymerization. The incorporation of comonomer does not change the general catalyst fragmentation scheme but delays the catalysts break-up progress.     

A Monte Carlo Method to Quantify the Effect of Reactor Residence Time Distribution on Polyolefins Made with Heterogeneous Catalysts: Part I—Catalyst/Polymer Particle Size Distribution Effects

Polyolefins are commercially produced in continuous reactors that have a broad residence time distribution (RTD). Most of these polymers are made with heterogeneous catalysts that also have a particle size distribution (PSD). These are totally segregated systems, in which the catalyst/polymer particle can be seen as a microreactor operated in semibatch mode, where the reagents (olefins, hydrogen, etc.) are fed continuously to the catalyst/polymer particle, but no polymer particle can leave. The reactor RTD has a large influence on the PSD of the polymer particles leaving the reactor, as well as in polymer microstructure and properties, polymerization yield, and composition of reactor blends. This article proposes a Monte Carlo model that can describe how particle RTD in a single or a series of reactors can affect the PSD of polymer particles made under a variety of operation conditions. It is believed that this is the most flexible model ever proposed to model this phenomenon, and can be easily modified to track all properties of interest during polyolefin production in continuous reactors with heterogeneous catalysts.