毛细管电泳中影响径向电场控制电渗的主要因素

利用自制的二维电场毛细管电泳系统研究了不同因素对径向电场控制电渗能力的影响,发现缓冲液的ｐＨ值、浓度、种类以及管壁表面状态、管径等对电渗的电场调控有关键性的影响。有趣的是,添加剂不影响电场的调控能力,而杯芳烃涂层毛细管却能提高电渗对径向电场的响应能力。利用这种涂层效应有可能实现较高ｐＨ值下电渗的电场调控。     

样品堆积富集毛细管电泳测定磺化杯芳烃

利用毛细管电泳技术,建立了一种分离、测定磺化杯芳烃的方法。研究了缓冲液浓度和pH、分离电压和进样时间等因素对分离性能的影响。采用磷酸缓冲液(pH 8.7)作分离介质,分离电压15 kV时,6 min内可实现对磺化杯[4]芳烃、磺化杯[6]芳烃和磺化杯[8]芳烃的完全分离。该法充分利用了样品堆积效应,无需任何添加剂,与文献相比简单快速。磺化杯芳烃的浓度(0.001 0~1.0 mmol.L-1)与峰高呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数均优于0.999 3,检出限分别为0.43,0.25和0.32μmol.L-1。     

杯芳烃涂层毛细管的制备与电泳性能考察

通过化学键合的方法制备杯芳烃涂层毛细管,并用几种苯酚取代物对其电泳性能进行了考察。结果表明,该涂层管具有特殊的分离选择性,良好的稳定性和较高的检测灵敏度等特点。     

新型毛细管等电聚焦驱动方法的建立及其应用

毛细管等电聚焦(CIEF)在生物分离分析领域中的发展迅速．CIEF可分为两步法聚焦和一步法聚焦．电渗流(EOF)可作为一种新的驱动力．Rassi等根据串连体系中电渗流速率将被平均化的原理,将未涂层毛细管与聚乙二醇涂层的毛细管通过聚四氟乙烯管耦合起来,成功地利用毛细管区带电泳快速分离蛋白．此外,利用电渗流输液原理设计的电渗泵还可用作流动注射和微柱液相色谱的驱动系统。     

杯[4]芳烃在毛细管电泳中的应用研究

最近,杯芳烃在分离科学中的应用研究激起了人们的很大兴趣．在液相色谱中,固载化的杯芳烃被用作固定相,对金属离子和氨基酸酯的盐酸盐进行了分离[1]．在气相色谱中,钟振林等[2]评价了主链含杯芳烃的聚硅氧烷作为毛细管固定相的性能．杯芳烃在毛细管电泳中的应用仅见1篇应用杯「6］芳烃的报道[3]．本文首次报道杯卜[4]芳烃在毛细管电泳中的应用．鉴于毛细管电泳一般在水介质中进行,本文合成了水溶性的磺化杯卜[4]芳烃,并将其作为毛细管电泳添加剂来分离硝基苯酚异构体,获得满意的结果．1仪器和试剂Spectra－Phoresis1000型毛细管电泳…     

头孢克洛和δ-3-头孢克洛的毛细管区带电泳分离

建立了分离头孢克洛和δ-3-头孢克洛的毛细管区带电泳法(CZE)；在CZE中，以4-磺酸杯芳烃[6]作为异构体选择性试剂成功地分离了头孢克洛和δ-3-头孢克洛；当以4-磺酸杯芳烃[6]作为异构体选择性试剂时，背景缓冲液的pH值和4-磺酸杯芳烃[6]的浓度是影响头孢克洛和δ-3-头孢克洛分离的重要参数；同时还考察了有机溶剂和β-环糊精对分离的影响；并将该方法成功地用于测定口服头孢克洛干混悬剂中的有效成分——头孢克洛，结果令人满意。     

十八烷基改性纳米二氧化硅涂层毛细管柱在毛细管电色谱中的应用

采用液相沉积技术制备了纳米二氧化硅涂层毛细管,经十八烷基改性,将其作为开管毛细管电色谱(OTCEC)分离介质。研究了该涂层毛细管的电渗流行为,考察了烷基苯和多环芳烃的毛细管电色谱分离性能。结果表明,该涂层固定相对这些化合物表现出较强的疏水作用;增加液相沉积涂层次数有利于增加溶质的保留因子,四种多环芳烃和四种苯同系物在该柱上可实现基线分离。此外,该涂层制备简单、重现性好,并在应用中表现出较高的稳定性。     

苄基和酯基杯[4]芳烃聚硅氧烷固定液热力学性质和分离机理

合成了两种新型杯芳烃衍生物苄基杯［4］芳烃聚硅氧烷（C［4］TECM-PSO）和酯基杯［4］芳烃聚硅氧烷,并用作毛细管气相色谱固定液。通过测定6组芳香族化合物在两种固定液上的热力学参数ΔH、ΔS、ΔG、ΔS/ΔH、Δ(ΔH)、Δ(ΔS),探讨了它们对于所测化合物的分子识别和色谱分离机理。结果显示,酯基杯［4］芳烃上测得的ΔH、ΔS远高于苄基杯芳烃上所测得的热力学参数,表明其与溶质的作用力强,构型效应更明显。同时对两种杯［4］芳烃的包结作用进行了探讨。     

毛细管区带电泳中的电渗效应

对于毛细管等速电泳中的电渗,前人已有研究。但在毛细管区带电泳中电渗对分离效率的影响仍有待探讨。本工作测量了在内径0.5及0.3mm毛细管中的电渗流,试验了不同电解质浓度,不同温度和不同pH等条件,由电渗流计算的Zeta电位为-15至-35mV.提高浓度,降低pH或温度可以抑制电渗。加入0.2％HPMC则使电渗为零。在一般的优化条件下(浓度≥0.05M,加有0.2％以上的添加剂),毛细管区带电泳电渗是微不足道的,在大孔径(0.5mm内径)毛细管中尤其如此。因此,进行电泳效率的理论分析时,忽略电渗是可以允许的,这将使数学处理简化。     

杯芳烃在液相色谱、毛细管电泳和电色谱中的应用进展

利用杯芳烃的分子识别作用提高色谱分离选择性是超分子化学在分离科学中的成功应用.本文从杯芳烃分离材料的制备、分离机理和应用等,综述了近年来杯芳烃在液相色谱、毛细管电泳和电色谱中的研究进展.     

Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide as novel stationary phases via electrostatic assembly for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography

We present here the application of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (GOOH) sheet as novel stationary phases for open‐tubular CEC (OTCEC) separation based on electrostatic assembly. The inner walls of a bare capillary column was first modified by ionic assembly of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), and then negatively charged GO or GOOH was easily assembled on a positively charged interior walls of the capillary by electrostatic force. Scanning Electron Microscope images showed that GO and GOOH can still maintain sheet‐layer‐like structure when coated onto the capillary via electrostatic assembly. The chromatographic properties of the GO and GOOH coated columns were evaluated via OTCEC separations of various kinds of analytes, including three acid nitrophenol isomers, three basic nitroaniline isomers, and four neutral PAHs. Efficient separations of all the analytes were achieved with optimized buffer pH and organic additive. The reproducibility and stability of the GO or GOOH coated columns were investigated. Our results indicate the capability of application GO or GOOH sheet in OTCEC separation, which can be coated on the inner wall of fused‐silica capillary via electrostatic assembly.     

Preparation and evaluation of zirconia-coated silica monolith for capillary electrochromatography

Silica monoliths were fabricated inside fused-silica capillaries. Then the monolithic columns were coated with membrane-like zirconia. The zirconia-coated silica monoliths exhibited different EOF behavior comparing with that of bare silica monoliths. The magnitude and direction could be manipulated by changing the running buffers. Due to the amphoteric characteristic of zirconia, the silica monoliths with zirconia surface facilitate the separation of basic compounds. Aromatic amines and alkaloids were separated without obvious peak tailing. The zirconia surface was easily modified with octadecylphosphonic acid for the separation of neutral compounds. Column efficiency as high as 90,000 and 80,000 m⁻¹ was obtained for beberine and naphthalene, respectively. Furthermore, the zirconia coating increased the stability of the monolithic columns. Even after being exposed to severe condition, there was no apparently efficiency decrease for the test samples.     

Study of a monolithic silica capillary column coated with poly(octadecyl methacrylate) for the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of some polar and non-polar compounds

The performance of a monolithic silica capillary column coated with poly(octadecyl methacrylate) (ODM column) for the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of some polar and non-polar compounds was studied, and the results were compared to those obtained by using a monolithic silica capillary column modified with octadecylsilyl-(N,N-diethylamino)silane (ODS column). Benzene and naphthalene derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), steroids, alkyl phthalates, and tocopherol homologues were used as test samples. In general, compounds with aromatic character, rigid and planar structures, and lower length-to-breadth ratios (more compacted structures) seem to have more preference for the polymer coated stationary phase (ODM). Compounds with acidic character have also a higher retention on ODM columns because of the presence of ester groups in the stationary phase. The polymer coated column allowed the separation of some PAHs, alkyl phthalates, steroids, and of beta- and gamma-tocopherol isomers which cannot be separated under the same conditions on ODS columns, while keeping similar column efficiency. These results allowed to suggest ODM columns as a good alternative to conventional ODS columns for reversed-phase liquid chromatography.     

Separation efficiencies in hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is important for the separation of highly polar substances including biologically active compounds, such as pharmaceutical drugs, neurotransmitters, nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids, peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, carbohydrates, etc. In the HILIC mode separation, aqueous organic solvents are used as mobile phases on more polar stationary phases that consist of bare silica, and silica phases modified with amino, amide, zwitterionic functional group, polyols including saccharides and other polar groups. This review discusses the column efficiency of HILIC materials in relation to solute and stationary phase structures, as well as comparisons between particle-packed and monolithic columns. In addition, a literature review consisting of 2006-2007 data is included, as a follow up to the excellent review by Hemstr?m and Irgum.     

Separation of amino acids, peptides and corresponding Amadori compounds on a silica column at elevated temperature

Maillard reaction of glucose with amino acids and peptides has become a very important experimental model in the food flavor and pharmaceutical industries for better understanding the mechanism of food flavor generation and drug stability. Because of the amino acid and sugar functional groups present in their structures, most of the reaction components formed during the initial stages of Maillard reaction as well as the substrates are relatively polar. These compounds are poorly retained on a conventional reversed phase column. While polar stationary phases like HILIC column do provide better retention for these polar components, method selectivity could still be a challenge due to the structural similarity between these analytes. In this report, parameters such as pH, mobile phase composition and temperature were investigated using different brands of bare silica columns in order to separate glycine (G), diglycine (DG), triglycine (TG), and the corresponding Amadori compounds of glucose-glycine (GG), glucose-diglycine (GDG) and glucose-triglycine (GTG). An excellent separation for glycine, glycine peptides and their Amadori compounds was obtained on a bare silica column at an elevated temperature.     

Evaluation of reversed phase columns designed for polar compounds and porous graphitic carbon in "trapping" and separating neurotransmitters

Quantification of neurotransmitters as biologically active analytes in neurological samples is of high interest for studying their effect on multiple targets. This work is part of a strategy involving two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D LC) system with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The concept of the on-line LC system is the coupling of reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC, the second separation dimension) to ion-exchange chromatography (IEC, the first dimension). Our objective in this study is to find the appropriate second dimension column, ensuring that samples of neurotransmitters are refocused and separated on it. Silica-based columns designed specifically to retain polar compounds were tested in LC conditions and compared with results obtained with a porous graphitic carbon (PGC, Hypercarb) column. These polar embedded, polar endcapped, and high-density alkyl chain columns successfully separated analytes in question using mobile phase systems with high percentage of water, or even pure water. Only Hypercarb column provided efficient retention of the most polar neurotransmitters and could be used for trapping and preconcentrating the compounds without rapid breakthrough.     

Hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) as physically adsorbed coating for protein separation by CE

In this work, a novel graft copolymer, hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (HEC-g-PDMAEMA), used as physical coatings of the bare fused-silica capillaries, was synthesized by using ceric ammonium nitrate initiator in aqueous nitric acid solution. EOF measurement results showed that the synthesized HEC-g-PDMAEMA graft copolymer-coated capillary in this paper could suppress EOF effectively compared to the bare fused-silica capillary, and efficient separations of basic proteins were also achieved. The electrical charge of the coated capillary wall could be modulated by varying not only the pH of the running buffer, but also the grafting ratio of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) grafts, which makes possible the analysis of basic and acidic proteins in the same capillary. The effects of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) grafting ratio in HEC-g-PDMAEMA and buffer pH on the separation of basic proteins for capillary electrophoresis were investigated in detail. Furthermore, egg white proteins and milk powder samples were separated by the HEC-g-PDMAEMA-coated capillary. The results demonstrated that the HEC-g-PDMAEMA copolymer coatings have great potential in the field of diagnosis and proteomics.     

Selectivity differences between sol-gel coated and immobilized liquid film open-tubular columns for gas chromatography

The solvation parameter model is used to determine the system constants for two sol-gel coated open-tubular columns at five equally spaced temperatures in the range 60-140 degrees C. Differences in the system constants as a function of temperature are used to determine the affect of sol-gel structure on the selectivity of SolGel-l and SolGel-Wax columns compared with conventionally coated and immobilized poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phases. The sol-gel columns should be suitable for similar separations to those presently performed on conventional immobilized liquid film columns of the same type but selectivity differences for polar compounds, which depend on temperature, should be anticipated.     

Characterization of Column Packings in Normal-Phase Liquid Chromatography. II. Retention Behavior of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Amino- and Cyano-Propyl Bonded Silica Gel and Binary Solvent Systems

Abstract

As continuation of our study on the characterization of column packings in normal-phase HPLC analysis, the retention indices of ten fat-soluble vitamins on aminopropyl and cyanopropyl bonded silica columns were systematically estimated using binary solvents containing ethyl acetate (EtOAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 2-propanol (PrOH) in n-hexane. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the capacity ratio and that of the solvent composition was confirmed. The retentivity and selectivity for these chemically bonded packing columns were determined as follows: the amino-type column has stronger and cyano-type column weaker retentivity than the bare silica column for n-hexane-EtOAc or THF binary systems. Specific adsorption of tocopherol derivatives containing phenolic hydroxyl groups on the amino column was observed. To obtain high efficiency in the separation of fat soluble vitamins, peak sharpness and asymmetry factors were measured using three columns and three binary solvents. The bare silica and PrOH binary solvent generally gave superior peak shape for all vitamin samples.     

The preparation of non-extractable methylphenylpolysiloxane stationary phases for capillary column gas chromatography

Summary The synthesis of methylphenylpolysiloxane polymers and their use in the preparation of crosslinked, non-extractable stationary phases for fused-silica capillary columns are described. By preparing more viscous phenyl-containing polymers than are commercially available, stationary phase films of these polymers could be efficiently coated on fused-silica capillary columns and stabilized by a free radical crosslinking mechanism using peroxides. Four methylphenylpolysiloxane polymers containing different phenyl concentrations were prepared. These included three polymers containing 50% phenyl and one polymer containing 70% phenyl. Two of the 50% phenyl polymers had one phenyl and one methyl group attached to each silicon atom. One of these also had 1% vinyl incorporated. The third 50% phenyl polymer was synthesized in such a way that one half of the silicon atoms had two phenyl groups attached while the rest contained dimethyl groups. The 70% phenyl polymer also had 4% vinyl incorporated. Due to the intrinsic thermal stability of these phenyl phases and the enhanced film stability achieved by crosslinking, the 70% phenyl phase could be utilized up to 400 °C. Using the methods described in this paper, highly efficient and thermally stable fused silica capillary columns coated with crosslinked methylphenylpolysiloxane stationary phases can be successfully prepared.