芳胺转化为酰芳胺的方法

按照形成酰胺键所用原料分类,可将芳胺酰基化分为羧酸衍生物法、羧酸法和其他方法。羧酸衍生物法主要有酰氯法和酸酐法;羧酸法主要有偶联法、TAPC研磨法、P(OMe)3/I2催化法、纳米MgO催化法;其他方法主要是乙腈法、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺法、Au/HAP催化下的羟基合成法。     

气相色谱中多种死时间测定方法的比较

由烷烃同系物的保留时间计算死时间的方法有多种,常用的并得到认可的有Grobler-Balizs法(G-B法)、Guaradino法(G法)、Peterson-Hirsch法(P．H法)和Ambms法(A法)等。文献[5]已证明A法和G-B法是同一的。本文是文献[5]的继续,将证明A法、P-H法和G法也是同一的。     

不同方法制备的Cu-Cr/γ-Al2O3的结构及其对糠醛加氢制2-甲基呋喃反应的催化性能

 利用普通浸渍法、共沉淀法和溶剂化金属原子浸渍法制备了一系列Cu－Cr／γ－Al2O3催化剂，并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱等技术对这些催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，不同方法制备的催化剂的金属粒度的顺序为溶剂化金属原子浸渍法＜共沉淀法＜普通浸渍法；金属还原程度的顺序为溶剂化金属原子浸渍法＞普通浸渍法≈共沉淀法．糠醛加氢反应实验结果表明，催化活性顺序为溶剂化金属原子浸渍法＞普通浸渍法＞共沉淀法；生成2－甲基呋喃选择性顺序为共沉淀法＞普通浸渍法＞溶剂化金属原子浸渍法．     

废弃油脂生产生物柴油的研究进展

简单介绍了生物柴油的生产原料,综述了用废弃油脂生产生物柴油的现状和方法。废弃油脂生产生物柴油的方法主要有物理法和化学法,物理法主要有掺和法和微乳法,化学法主要有热裂解法和酯交换法。目前生产中采用化学法的酯交换法、以酸碱两步催化法的工艺为主,而生物酶法和超临界法是研究热点。     

电子气体中水分检测方法

介绍冷镜式露点法、阻容法、电解法、转化法、卡尔·费休库仑法、光学法、石英晶体振荡法的检测原理、特点和应用。冷镜式露点法适用于大多数无特殊性质的气体中水分的检测；阻容法响应快，适合在线检测；电解法操作简便、精度高、成本低；转化法针对性强，样品量小；卡尔·费休库仑法检测限低、精度高；光学法检测限低，且适合腐蚀性、有毒气体中的水分检测；石英晶体振荡法具有量程宽的优势，应用广泛。     

不同方法制备的CoMo/Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂的表征

 采用干混法、湿混法和浸渍法制备了CoMo/Al2O3加氢脱硫催化剂. 物理性质分析、X射线光电子能谱、X射线能量色散谱和程序升温硫化表征结果表明,干混法和湿混法催化剂的孔容和比表面积相当,均大于浸渍法催化剂. 浸渍法催化剂的表面粒子明显大于两种混捏法. 两种混捏法催化剂可以在低温区硫化,浸渍法催化剂的硫化可分别在低温区和高温区进行. 干混法催化剂中Co和Mo在微区内分布不均匀,浸渍法催化剂中Co和Mo在催化剂表面的分散量明显高于催化剂内部,湿混法催化剂中Co和Mo在微区内呈均匀分布. 湿混法催化剂的Co和Mo在催化剂表面的分散状态好于干混法和浸渍法,制备方法对催化剂中Co和Mo的存在环境及价态没有影响. 石脑油加氢脱硫反应评价结果表明,湿混法催化剂的加氢脱硫活性高于浸渍法和干混法催化剂.     

AES法和AAS法测定食品、药物中微量元素的进展

综述了80年代以来原子发射光谱（AES）法和原子吸收光谱（AAS）法在食品和药物中微量元素分析的应用进展，内容包括，样品的预处理和进样技术，ICP-AES法和其他AES法。FAAS法，GFAAS法，HG-AAS法和冷蒸气AAS法等方面的应用及发展状况。     

遗忘因子法与其它计算方法在分光光度法中的应用研究

本文考查了常规最小二乘法、Ｐ－矩阵法、主成份回归法、偏最小二乘法、线性规划法、卡尔曼滤波以及遗忘因子法对安痛定注射液模拟样品的分析结果。从所得结果来看，遗忘因子法有一定的优点。     

化妆品车间空气消毒方法效果比较

评价几种消毒方法对化妆品车间空气的消毒效果。分别使用紫外线照射消毒法、甲醛蒸熏消毒法、戊二醛消毒液气溶胶雾化消毒法、臭氧气体发生器消毒法4种方法进行消毒,然后用平皿沉降法进行采样评价分析,试验结果表明,戊二醛消毒法和臭氧消毒法可以代替紫外线消毒法和甲醛消毒法进行化妆品车间空气常规消毒。     

杜马斯燃烧法与连续流动法测定再造烟叶中总氮量的比较

为提高检测再造烟叶中总氮含量的检测效率,对杜马斯燃烧法(简称D法)和连续流动法(简称L法)进行了对比研究,并初步探索了转换D法结果来代替L法结果的方法。结果表明:杜马斯燃烧法结果普遍高于连续流动法结果,两种方法均具有良好的精密度和准确度。在提高检测效率、降低人员劳动强度和环境污染方面,杜马斯燃烧法优势明显。杜马斯燃烧法结果应用比值系数K(K=DN/LN)进行换算即可代替连续流动法结果。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of degree of crystallinity of drawn polymers by means of density measurements

The well known procedure of determining the degree of crystallinity by means of measuring the density presupposes the knowledge of both the densities ρ_c and ρ_a of the crystalline and of the noncrystalline regions. By combination of small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering and of density measurements it can be shown that this method is not justified in the case of drawn polyethylene if the values of ρ_c and ρ_a known from isotropic material are used. Both ρ_c and ρ_a depend considerably on annealing and drawing conditions. In addition the effective density ρ_c^* of the more densely packed phase in a two-phase structure is much lower than the value ρ_c calculated from the positions of the x-ray reflections due to a large number of lattice defects. This conclusion is based on the results of three independent sets of experiments: determination of the mean-square fluctuation of density 〈η²〉 by means of x-ray small-angle scattering; x-ray wide-angle measurements of the positions of the crystal reflections and of the halo arising from the noncrystalline regions; and comparison of densities and long periods of samples treated at various annealing temperatures.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

Study of methods of preparation of 1,4-diglycidyltetrazolone. New synthesis of triglycidylisocyanurate

1,4-Digtycidyltetrazolone was synthesized for the first time by the reaction of tetrazolone and epichlorohydrin with subsequent treatment of the products of addition with a base. The basic directions of the reaction of carbamoyl azide with epichlorohydrin, which yields triglycidylisocyanurate and diglycidylcarbamoyl dude, were investigated. The features of the synthesis and properties of the substances obtained were described.     

Mechanism of reactions of photocatalytic synthesis of chlorohydrins

A mechanism of photocatalytic synthesis of chlorohydrins from olefins and peroxo complexes of titanium (IV) is proposed. It consists of formation of radical-containing complexes, their reactions with olefins, and decomposition of the α-oxides obtained by hydrogen chlorides. L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 31 Prosp. Nauki, 252039 Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 17–21, January–February, 1997.     

Gas-chromatographic determination of the composition of the volatile components of the oleoresins of some species of conifers

Using the method of analytical GLC in a glass capillary column, the compositions have been studied of the volatile fractions of the oleoresins of five species of conifers:Larix decidua,Pinus strobus,Pinus mugo,Picea excelsa, andPinus abies. In the oleoresins 21 monoterpene and 22 sesquiterpene compounds were identified from their relative retention times and with the aid of additives. The main components of the volatile fractions of the oleoresins were - and -pinenes and 3-carene among the monoterpenes, and longifolene caryophyllene, - and -cadinenes and -murolene among the sesquiterpene compounds. The quantitative analysis of the fractions was carried out by the method of internal normalization from averaged correlation coefficients.Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 629–632, September–October, 1990.     

Methods of calculations of the energy of chemical bonds

Mean bond energies, bond dissociation energies, and other characteristics were considered for certain classes of organic (and other) compounds. The state of numerical data was discussed, and these data were ordered in series of related molecules. A methodology for calculating bond energies was developed. Numerical calculations were performed. Certain rules were considered.