主族元素AB4型含氧酸根的成键分析——推荐一个研究型计算化学实验

介绍了一个面向高年级本科生的研究型计算化学实验。主族元素AB4型含氧酸根是无机和结构化学理论课程中讨论化学键类型的例子,然而其结果却存在争议。本实验利用常用量子化学软件,通过计算化学方法分析化学成键,验证猜测,并得出结论。旨在通过本实验,锻炼学生对量子化学计算方法的运用,进而加深对化学基础知识的理解。     

Cu-Zn原电池标准电动势测定实验的计算化学设计

基于量子化学计算软件Gaussian 16,对“电动势的测定”这一经典物理化学实验进行了计算化学设计。用密度泛函方法计算了Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的溶剂化自由能,通过热力学循环计算得到电池反应的标准摩尔吉布斯自由能变,进而求出Cu-Zn原电池的标准电动势。该实验旨在帮助学生加深对标准摩尔吉布斯自由能、电极电势和能斯特方程等物理化学基本概念的理解,发挥学生的主观能动性,培养学生设计实验能力、动手实践能力以及科学思维。     

理论与计算化学在基础化学课程中的应用：1,2-环氧化物开环反应

1,2-环氧化物开环反应是化学类各专业有机化学课程中的重要教学内容，教材中的描述缺少定量、直观信息，学生通常采用机械记忆方式予以学习，不能完全理解相关的反应机制。本文设计了一个用理论化学方法研究化学反应的典型案例，通过量子化学计算探讨了酸、碱催化1,2-环氧化物开环反应的分子机制，揭示了反应的热力学和动力学性质，描绘了反应过程的直观物理图像，给出了理解反应区域选择性的定量信息。论文将计算量子化学与有机化学教学内容有机融合，不仅有助于学生加深对化学基本概念和基础理论的理解，而且有助于学生开阔视野、拓展思路，使学生充分认识到理论计算是开展化学研究的重要手段。     

甲醛分子的结构和性质的计算化学研究——介绍一个计算化学实验

介绍一个为化学专业本科生设计的、运用通用量子化学软件Gaussian和GaussView完成的计算化学实验.实验内容包括最基本的构型优化、频率计算和电子结构分析.旨在通过本实验,使学生初步掌握用量子化学计算方法研究分子结构和性质的基本过程,并能在将来的科研工作中学以致用.     

分子及团簇的分子动力学模拟——介绍一个计算化学实验

分子动力学方法在化学及相关学科研究中的重要地位日趋凸显,但在本科化学实验中鲜有涉及,现有计算化学实验多侧重量子化学方法对分子性质的计算。为普及分子动力学模拟这一有力工具,同时帮助学生理解分子的动态行为,本文以丙氨酸二肽模型分子为例设计了一个简单的分子动力学模拟实验。通过本实验学生能初步掌握分子动力学模拟的基本原理、流程和分析方法,同时加深对物理化学中势能面等抽象概念的理解。本实验即可作为单独设课的计算化学实验的内容,亦可在物理化学实验中作为拓展实验开设。     

应用理论化学方法预测有机分子的标准摩尔生成焓

介绍一个针对高年级本科生开设的计算化学创新性实验,采用高斯理论计算一系列有机小分子的构型和热化学性质,并通过原子化反应法计算其标准摩尔生成焓.该实验可让学生初步掌握相关计算软件的使用,了解不同计算方法的适用范围,认识理论与实验相结合的实践途径.     

分子间弱相互作用的计算——构建氢键、卤键势能面

介绍一个面向大三下学期本科生的计算化学实验。通过量子化学计算对比研究两种分子间弱相互作用——氢键和卤键的势能面,使学生对势能面的概念及两种弱相互作用的区别有一定的直观认识。通过实际上机操作,初步了解Gaussian、Gaussview及Origin等计算化学相关软件的使用,并深入理解结构化学及计算化学课程中所学的理论知识。     

计算化学和计算材料学项目式实验设计:锂离子电池有机电解液分子动力学模拟

分子动力学模拟已在化学、材料等科研领域得到广泛应用,但在本科化学、材料学实验中鲜有涉及。为培养学生化学、材料计算设计思维,同时帮助学生充分掌握分子动力学模拟方法,基于锂离子电池有机电解液研究案例设计了一个分子动力学模拟综合实验。本实验设计包括分子和溶液结构建模、结构优化、模拟退火、热浴平衡、后处理性质计算等操作步骤,帮助学生初步掌握分子动力学模拟的基本原理、流程和分析方法,实现理论方法水平和软件操作技能的双重提升。     

分子的酸碱性质与氢键强度之间关系的探讨*——介绍一个计算化学实验

介绍一个面向高年级本科生的计算化学实验。通过利用量子化学计算,确定嘧啶碱基的酸碱性质以及它们与水分子之间的相互作用能,构建氢键复合物分子间相互作用与分子酸碱性之间的定量关系,使学生对分子的酸碱性、分子间相互作用、分子识别之间的关系有一定的直观认识。该实验有助于学生梳理课堂学到的碎片化知识,提升学生逻辑分析及创新能力。     

CF3CO和CF3C（O）O自由基分解反应理论研究

利用文献结果，用统计热力学和过渡态理论计算了ＣＦ３ＣＯ和ＣＦ３Ｃ（Ｏ）Ｏ自由基分解反应的热力学和动力学数据。计算结果表明，计算值与最新实验数据甚相符合，并据此判断，ＣＦ３ＣＯ和ＣＦ３Ｃ（Ｏ）Ｏ均很不稳定，不可能参加Ｏ３分解的循环催化反应。     

Polymorphism in the Sc2Si2O7-Y2Si2O7 system

This paper examines the structural changes with temperature and composition in the Sc₂Si₂O₇-Y₂Si₂O₇ system; members of this system are expected to form in the intergranular region of Si₃N₄ and SiC structural ceramics when sintered with the aid of Y₂O₃ and Sc₂O₃ mixtures. A set of different compositions have been synthesized using the sol-gel method to obtain a xerogel, which has been calcined at temperatures between 1300 and 1750 °C during different times. The temperature-composition diagram of the system, obtained from powder XRD data, is dominated by the β-RE₂Si₂O₇ polymorph, with γ-RE₂Si₂O₇ and δ-RE₂Si₂O₇ showing very reduced stability fields. Isotherms at 1300 and 1600 °C have been analysed in detail to evaluate the solid solubility of the components. Although, the XRD data show a complete solid solubility of β-Sc₂Si₂O₇ in β-Y₂Si₂O₇ at 1300 °C, the ²⁹Si MAS-NMR spectra indicate a local structural change at x ca. 1.15 (Sc_2−xY_xSi₂O₇) related to the configuration of the Si tetrahedron, which does not affect the long-range order of the β-RE₂Si₂O₇ structure. Finally, it is interesting to note that, although Sc₂Si₂O₇ shows a unique stable polymorph (β), Sc³⁺ is able to replace Y³⁺ in γ-Y₂Si₂O₇ in the compositional range 1.86?x?2 (where x is Sc_2−xY_xSi₂O₇) as well as in δ-Y₂Si₂O₇ for compositions much closer to the pure Y₂Si₂O₇.     

Ni_xCu_(1-x)Fe_2O_4的H_2/CO_2氧化还原反应性能

完全还原的NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)可用来分解CO2。采用共沉淀法制备了NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)系列铁酸盐的纳米微粒,利用H2-TG数据分析NixCu1-xFe2O4(x=0.25,0.5,0.75)中Cu2+的还原反应动力学数据,得出表观活化能Ea并不是单纯随着Ni2+或Cu2+含量的变化而变化,当x=0.25时反应活化能具有最大值。通过CO2-TG比较不同样品经H2完全还原后分解CO2的活性,得出Ni0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4具有最低的起始反应温度和最大的分解活性,并采用XRDRietveld拟合方法对Ni0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4的完全还原产物和分解CO2产物进行物相分析。     

双胺配体[K2(L)(THF)2](L=Ph2Si(NAr)2, Ar=2, 6-iPr2C6H3) 构筑的两个低价稀土镱化合物

以双胺类配体[K₂(L)(THF)₂] (1)(L=Ph₂Si(NAr)₂, Ar=2, 6-ⁱPr₂C₆H₃)与二价稀土YbI₂(THF)₂的交换反应得到2个不同类型的化合物[Yb(L)(THF)₃] (2)和{Yb(L)₂[K(THF)₂]₂} (3)。对化合物进行X-射线单晶结构解析, 核磁共振和元素分析表征。研究结果表明：化合物2中, 通过1个双齿含氮配体和3个中性THF分子配位, 以五配位模式稳定二价镱稀土中心。而化合物3中二价稀土镱是与2个螯合胺类配体配位, 以共平面、四配位模式稳定其金属中心。K+恰好在配体的2个苯环之间, 形成独特的三明治结构, 有助于化合物的稳定。     

双胺配体[K2(L)(THF)2](L=[Ph2Si(NAr)2]2-, Ar=2,6-iPr2C6H3)构筑的两个低价稀土镱化合物

以双胺类配体[K₂(L)(THF)₂] (1)(L=[Ph₂Si(NAr)₂]^2-, Ar=2,6-ⁱPr₂C₆H₃)与二价稀土YbI₂(THF)₂的交换反应得到2个不同类型的化合物[Yb(L)(THF)₃] (2)和{Yb(L)₂[K(THF)₂]₂} (3)。对化合物进行X-射线单晶结构解析, 核磁共振和元素分析表征。研究结果表明:化合物2中, 通过1个双齿含氮配体和3个中性THF分子配位, 以五配位模式稳定二价镱稀土中心。而化合物3中二价稀土镱是与2个螯合胺类配体配位, 以共平面、四配位模式稳定其金属中心。K⁺恰好在配体的2个苯环之间, 形成独特的三明治结构, 有助于化合物的稳定。     

Crystal and Molecular Structure of trans-[Pd(Bu2S)2(NO2)2]

Single crystals of the [PdL₂(NO₂)₂] complex were obtained for the first time, where L is di-n-butylsulfide. Single crystal and powder diffraction studies provided new data on the molecular and crystal structure of this compound.     

Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of the uranyl tellurates AgUO2(HTeO5) and Pb2UO2(TeO6)

Two uranyl tellurates, AgUO₂(HTeO₅) (1) and Pb₂UO₂(TeO₆) (2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and were structurally, chemically, and spectroscopically characterized. 1 crystallizes in space group Pbca, a=7.085(2) Å, b=11.986(3) Å, c=13.913(4) Å, V=1181.5(5) Å³, Z=8; 2 is in P2(1)/c, a=5.742(1) Å, b=7.789(2) Å, c=7.928(2) Å, V=90.703(2) Å³, and Z=2. These are the first structures reported for uranyl compounds containing tellurate. The U⁶⁺ cations are present as (UO₂)²⁺ uranyl ions that are coordinated by O atoms to give pentagonal and square bipyramids in compounds 1 and 2, respectively. The structural unit in 1 is a sheet consisting of chains of edge-sharing uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that are one bipyramid wide, linked through the dimers of TeO₆ octahedra. In 2, uranyl square bipyramids share each of their equatorial vertices with different TeO₆ octahedra, giving a sheet with the autunite-type topology. Sheets in 1 and 2 are connected through the low-valence cations that are located in the interlayer region. The structures of 1 and 2 are compared to those of uranyl compounds containing octahedrally coordinated cations.     

[C6(MIm)2]2W10O32. 2H2O: A novel and powerful catalyst for the synthesis of 4-arylidene-2-phenyl-5(4)-oxazolones under ultrasonic condition

Di[1,6-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl)hexane] decatungstate dihydrate ([C₆(MIm)₂]₂W₁₀O₃₂. 2H₂O) as a new family of polyoxometalate-based dicationic ionic liquids (POM-DIL) is synthesized and employed as a novel and powerful heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of 4-arylidene-2-phenyl-5(4)-oxazolones (azlactones) under ultrasound-assisted solvent-free condition. On the basis of the results, the products were obtained in excellent yields under mild condition. Utilization of easy work-up and purification make it very interesting from an economic perspective. Moreover, a recycling study confirmed that the catalyst can be reused multiple times without significant loss of its activity.     

Polymerization of ethylene with (C5Me5)2Zr(NMe2)2 cocatalyzed by common alkyl aluminums

Polymerizations of ethylene have been carried out by using Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂ (Cp^*=C₅Me₅) compound combined with common alkyl aluminums (AlR₃) and methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalysts. The AlMe₃ cocatalyzed system showed no activity due to the formation of stable but inactive heterodinuclear [Cp₂^*2Zr(μ-Me)₂AlMe₂]⁺ cations; however, the bulkier AlR₃ [AlEt₃, Al(i-Bu)₃ and Al(i-Bu)₂H] cocatalyzed systems showed very high activities. Especially, Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂/Al(i-Bu)₃ catalyst showed higher catalytic activity and produced higher molecular weight (MW) polymer than Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂/MAO catalyst, demonstrating both MAO and bulky AlR₃ are effective cocatalysts for Cp₂^*Zr(NMe₂)₂ compound.     

Rare earth-nickel-indides Dy5Ni2In4 and RE4Ni11In20 (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy)

The new rare earth metal (RE)-nickel-indides Dy₅Ni₂In₄ and RE₄Ni₁₁In₂₀ (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy) were synthesized from the elements by arc-melting. Well-shaped single crystals were obtained by special annealing sequences. The four indides were investigated by X-ray diffraction on powders and single crystals: Lu₅Ni₂In₄ type, Pbam, Z=2, a=1784.2(8), b=787.7(3), c=359.9(1) pm, wR₂=0.0458, 891 F² values, 36 variables for Dy₅Ni₂In₄, U₄Ni₁₁Ga₂₀ type, C2/m, a=2254.0(9), b=433.8(3), c=1658.5(8) pm, β=124.59(2)°, wR₂=0.0794, 2154 F² values, 108 variables for Gd₄Ni₁₁In₂₀, a=2249.9(8), b=432.2(1), c=1657.9(5) pm, β=124.59(2)°, wR₂=0.0417, 2147 F² values, 108 variables for Tb₄Ni₁₁In₂₀, and a=2252.2(5), b=430.6(1), c=1659.7(5) pm, β=124.58(2)°, wR₂=0.0550, 2003 F² values, 109 variables for Dy₄Ni_10.80In_20.20. The 2d site in the dysprosium compound shows mixed Ni/In occupancy. Most nickel atoms in both series of compounds exhibit trigonal prismatic coordination by indium and rare earth atoms. Additionally, in the RE₄Ni₁₁In₂₀ compounds one observes one-dimensional nickel clusters (259 pm Ni₁-Ni₆ in Dy₄Ni_10.80In_20.20) that are embedded in an indium matrix. While only one short In₁-In₂ contact at 324 pm is observed in Dy₅Ni₂In₄, the more indium-rich Dy₄Ni_10.80In_20.20 structure exhibits a broader range in In-In interactions (291-364 pm). Together the nickel and indium atoms build up polyanionic networks, a two-dimensional one in Dy₅Ni₂In₄ and a complex three-dimensional network in Dy₄Ni_10.80In_20.20. These features have a clear consequence on the dysprosium coordination, i.e. a variety of short Dy-Dy contacts (338-379 pm) in Dy₅Ni₂In₄, while the dysprosium atoms are well separated (430 pm shortest Dy-Dy distance) within the distorted hexagonal channels of the [Ni_10.80In_20.20] polyanion of Dy₄Ni_10.80In_20.20. The crystal chemistry of both structure types is comparatively discussed.