重金属铊在环境介质中的分布及其迁移行为

铊是剧毒重金属元素,它在自然界中是典型的稀有分散金属。环境介质中铊的自然本底值较低,但随着铊矿床的开发和铊资源的广泛应用,岩矿石中的铊在自然力或人为作用下向环境介质中迁移。综述了铊在岩（矿）石、土壤、水体、动植物和人体中的分布,以及在上述环境介质及大气中的迁移行为。研究表明,人类活动是导致环境介质中铊含量增加的主要原因。铊在环境介质中的迁移是反复循环的复杂过程,通过风化、溶解、淋滤、吸收、沉降、固结等方式在环境介质中循环往复,从而危害环境生态和人体健康。铊污染应引起人们的普遍重视。     

环境领域铊元素的分析技术研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

铊是一种剧毒的蓄积性重金属元素。伴随着含铊矿物资源的开发利用,铊向环境中的迁移已不容忽视,环境铊污染事件时有发生。铊的分析技术对铊污染的防治具有重要意义。环境领域铊的分析技术近年来也有了新的发展。重点对环境水体、土壤、大气中铊元素分析技术的近期发展进行了综述。在电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)、石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GF-AAS)法为主流分析手段的同时,随着铊新型富集技术的应用以及仪器性能的提升,环境铊分析技术呈现出高灵敏、高稳定性的趋势。针对环境领域铊元素分析技术的发展,提出环境样品铊的化学及赋存形态分析、铊的在线监测、与铊高效富集技术的联用以及环境固体废物中铊的分析是其重要的发展方向。     

乙醚萃取-高分辨率连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定金矿石中铊的含量

正铊是一种有毒重金属,铊及其化合物在水体、土壤和植物中的增加,通过食物链进入人体,会给人体带来极大的健康隐患。在自然界中,铊属于分散元素,是亲硫元素,也具有亲石性,主要存在于金、铜、铅、砷、锌和铁等的硫化矿物中。因此,在金矿石的开采及选矿过程中,会对环境造成污染。建立准确可靠的金矿石中铊的测定方法,可对金矿石开发工艺指标控制,资源评价及选冶工艺排放提供可靠的     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定环境土壤中的痕量铊及测定干扰的消除

正铊元素虽然在地表分布稀少,但为强烈的神经毒物,对人体的肝、肾有毒害作用。土壤中的铊主要来源于硫化物矿、铅精矿、锌精矿、混合铅锌矿等矿产中,随矿山采选、加工厂废水排放及酸雨洗刷等途径可能迁移到地表水中,而《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)对地表水中铊元素含量的要求非常低,其二级标准限值为0.000 1mg·L~(-1)。因此,建立准确测定环境中痕量铊的方法显得十分有     

萃取分离-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定磷肥中铊

正近年来,有关重金属的环境污染和健康危害越来越受到社会广泛关注。铊是一种稀散的剧毒重金属元素,铊污染地区的土壤和水中铊含量较高,铊元素会在粮食作物中累积,长期食用高铊蔬菜和食物,会导致慢性铊中毒,如脱发、视神经萎缩甚至死亡~([1-4])。2014年公布的《全国土壤污染调查状况调查公报》显示:全国土壤环境状况总体不容乐观,耕地土壤环境质量堪忧,除工矿业导致部分地区重金属污染严重外,农业活动也是造成土壤污染的主要     

线性扫描伏安法测定痕量铊

铊单质及其化合物是损害人体中枢神经系统的剧毒物质,其致死剂量是 740 mg[1],监测铊对环境的污染成为人们关注的问题。线性扫描伏安法(LSV)是极其有效和灵敏度高的监测铊(Ⅰ)对环境污染的方法。线性扫描伏安法测定铊(Ⅰ)的灵敏度远比原子吸收光谱法高,本法用LSV法测定铊(Ⅰ)的下限为 7×10-7 mg·L-1,比原子吸收光谱法测定铊的下限低[2]。若待测试样中含有电活性物质(如铊),用 LSV测定时会有典型的特征曲线及其峰电流(Ip)。对可逆反应 Ip=2.69×105n3/2 AD1/2υ1/2 C, 对不可逆反应Ip=2.99×105n(αna)1/2 AD1/2υ1/2 C[3],当 …     

铊污染及其生态健康效应

对铊污染及其生态效应，包括铊的地球化学特性、环境分布状况、生理毒性和人体慢性铊中毒的症状作了简要综述，分析了铊污染的来源，提出了铊污染的防治对策。     

平台原子吸收法测定环境和生物样品中的痕量铊

铊及其化合物有剧毒。它的硫酸盐和乙酸盐已作为杀虫剂和灭鼠剂。铊在环境样品中,如土、气、水和植物等,含量很低,但在冶炼厂的回降物中,烧煤的烟道灰和水泥工业的尘埃中均发现有铊。铊可能造成污染及危害人体健康等情况,不容忽视。然而目前缺少灵敏、可靠的监测痕量铊的方法。石墨炉原子吸收法具有灵敏、取样少和操作简便等优点,目前已广泛应用于环境样品和各种材料中痕量元素的测定。但迄今为止,文献中用于测定铊的报导却很少。Welcher首先用石墨炉测定合金中的铊,指出盐酸对铊产生严重的     

可溶性有机质对污染土壤中铊迁移行为的影响

目的 为了查明可溶性有机质（DOM）对土壤中污染元素铊赋存形态的影响,方法 采用形态分级提取方法,将土壤中的铊重金属分成酸可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质结合态和残留态4组分,并采用Elan 6100型ICP-MS质谱仪测定各组分中铊的质量浓度.结果 DOM可降低酸可交换态的Tl,增加铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态Tl的百分含量,但对残留态Tl的百分含量没有明显影响.因此,DOM可降低铊在土壤中的活动性,从而改变了铊在土壤中的迁移行为.结论 可溶性有机质（DOM）自身的络合（螯合）能力及其吸附特性是改变重金属铊形态分布的主要因素.     

平台石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定地表水中的铊

铊是一种典型的分散元素,被广泛应用于国防、航天、电子、通讯、卫生等领域,作为高新技术支撑材料的必需组成部分[1],铊的市场需求量与日俱增。同时,铊作为一种高毒性的重金属元素,被世界卫生组织(WHO)列为重点限制清单中的危险废物之一,具有极强的蓄积性,其毒性远超过镉、铜、铅等[2-9]。目前,铊已被我国列入优先控制的污染物名单中,是国家集中式生活饮用水、地表水源地特定项目和生活饮用水水质的非常规监测指标。     

Biochemical studies of current environmental levels of trace elements: Cyclotron production of radiothallium and its use for metabolic investigations on laboratory animals

Carrier-free^201+202Tl have been produced in the cyclotron by (p, xn) reactions on mercury targets and used as a trcer for thallium in metallobiochemistry of heavy metal pollution. The separation of^201+202Tl radioisotopes from Hg involved a solvent extraction method leading to labelled univalent Tl(I) ions. This radioactive solution was used to prepare different^201+202Tl labelled compounds such as inorganic Tl(III) ions and organic dimethylthallium. Quality controls have been applied directly on the different radioactive solutions immediately before their administrations to rats in order to ensure that thallium had the chemical form expected. A summary of the main results concerning different aspects of the metabolic investigations on rats such as absorption, retention, excretion, transplacental transport and influence of the different chemical forms of thallium on its metabolism is also reported.     

Studies in atomic-fluorescence spectroscopy--VIII. Atomic fluorescence and atomic absorption of thallium and mercury with electrodeless discharge tubes as sources

Atomic-fluorescence measurements, with microwave-excited electrodeless discharge tubes as sources of excitation, are described for thallium and mercury. The limits of detection by atomic fluorescence are 0.12 ppm for thallium and 0.08 ppm for mercury; the corresponding limits by atomic absorption (using the same instrument and source) are 6 and 10 times as great. The preparation, operation and spectral characteristics of thallium and mercury discharge tubes are described and comparisons are made with a thallium hollow cathode lamp and thallium and mercury spectral discharge lamps.     

Simultaneous determination of lead and thallium by potentiometric stripping

A potentiometric stripping analysis procedure has been developed for the simultaneous determination of lead and thallium in chloroacetate-chloride medium. This procedure allows the determination of lead or thallium concentrations as low as 10 ng ml . The method is precise, and applicable to the determination of lead and thallium in sea-water.     

Extraction—spectrophotometric determination of traces of thallium in lead,cadmium, indium and zinc metals with tri-n-octylamine

A sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of thallium in lead, cadmium, indium and zinc metals. Optimal conditions have been established for the extraction and determination of thallium. Thallium is extracted as its bromo complex with tri-n-octylamine and then converted to an iodo complex, the absorbance of which is measured at 400 nm. As little as 1 p.p.m. of thallium in lead, cadmium and zinc metals, and 2 p.p.m. of thallium in indium metal can be determined.     

Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of thallium as [TlBr4]-rhodamine B complex

The anodic stripping voltammetric behaviour of the [TlBr₄]-rhodamine B complex is described and compared with that of thallium(I) and thallium(III) ions. The electrolyte composition, the best potential for the deposition of thallium from the complex in the selected electrolyte, the duration of the electrolysis, and the possibility of reduction of thallium in the [TlBr₄]-rhodamine B complex before the electrolysis with ascorbic acid were investigated. The results showed good reproducibility of the measurements of thallium as [TlBr₄]-rhodamine B complex and are similar to those obtained for thallium as Tl(I) and Tl(III) ions. As the [TlBr₄]-rhodamine B complex is strongly adsorbed on polyethylene, a previous preconcentration step on a column, packed with polyethylene powder, allowed the voltammetric determination of thallium as [TlBr₄]-rhodamine B complex in samples of KCl and NaCl as solid salts after the separation of the matrix. With this procedure it was possible to reach enrichment factors of 25 with recoveries from 96.7 to 107.9% for thallium concentrations from 5 to 40 μg L^–1 and RSD between 4.2 and 9.2%. The procedure was used to determine thallium traces in KCl and in sea salt. The results of these determinations were compared with the results obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.     

Thallimetric oxidations-VI Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of phosphite and analysis of binary mixtures of phosphite and oxalate

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of phosphite at mmole and mumole levels, respectively. Thallium(III) is used as an oxidant and the thallium(I) produced is determined either oxidimetrically with potassium bromate or by measurement of the absorbance of thallium(III) at 260 nm in the presence of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 1 M perchloric acid. Based on the fact that phosphite and oxalate are oxidized under different conditions, methods are described for the analysis of binary mixtures of phosphite and oxalate. A method is also described for estimation of thallium(III) with phosphite as reluctant, and is applied for analysis of mixtures of thallium(I) and thallium(III).