活性炭载体的超声波处理对钌/活性炭氨合成催化剂催化性能的影响

 利用超声波处理活性炭,并采用场发射扫描电镜、X射线能谱、N2物理吸附和CO化学吸附等表征手段,考察了超声波处理对活性炭表面形貌、化学组成、表面织构和催化剂钌分散度的影响. 以超声波处理的活性炭为载体,以钡和钾为助剂制备了一系列钌基氨合成催化剂,在10.0 MPa,10000 h-1和400 ℃的条件下进行了氨合成活性评价. 结果表明,超声波处理可有效除去活性炭表面的杂质,提高中孔比表面积占BET比表面积的比例. 超声波处理50 min的活性炭表面的杂质含量较低,中孔比表面积适中,以其为载体制备的钌基催化剂的活性较高,催化氨合成反应速率可达94.8 mmol/(g·h).     

氧化镁载体和氧化钡助剂对钌基氨合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用不同来源氧化镁(市售MgO-1,合成MgO-2)作为钌基氨合成催化剂载体,浸渍法制备了添加不同BaO助剂含量的Ba-Ru/MgO催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重-量热扫描分析(TG/DSC)、N2-低温物理吸附、透射电镜(TEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等手段对其进行了表征,考察了不同来源的MgO和BaO助剂含量对负载型钌基氨合成催化剂的物相结构、织构性质、微观形貌、Ru物种的还原性质和体系酸碱性质以及催化剂的氨合成活性等方面的影响。结果表明,MgO的理化性质对所制备的钌基氨合成催化剂的结构以及氨合成活性有较大影响。MgO-2比表面较大,总碱性位数量较多,负载在其表面的Ru粒子粒径在2 nm左右,nBa∶nRu为1.0时,Ba-Ru(1∶1)/MgO-2催化剂表面的Ru物种易于还原,表面存在的弱碱性位极大地促进了氨合成活性,在400°C时活性达到15.40 L.g-1Ru.h-1(3.0 MPa,5 000 h-1),在相同反应条件下比Ba-Ru/MgO-1催化剂活性更高。     

氯化钌氨作前驱体制备高活性的氨合成催化剂

以氯化钌和水合肼反应制备了新型的氧化钌氨前驱体Ru(NH3)5Cl3.透射电镜和CO化学吸附结果表明,由Ru(NH3)5Cl3前驱体制备的活性炭(AC)负载的RuN/AC催化剂中.钌纳米粒子分散度高,粒径分布均匀.与以氯化钌为前驱体制备的Ru/AC催化剂相比,RuN/AC催化剂具有更高的氨合成活性,在10 MPa和10 000 h-1条件下活性增幅超过10%.     

超声法制备掺钡纳米氧化镁及其负载钌基氨合成催化剂的催化性能

采用超声技术制备掺钡纳米氧化镁,并以其为载体,以Ru3(CO)12 为前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列钌基氨合成催化剂. 采用场发射扫描电镜、 X射线衍射和N2物理吸附等表征手段,考察了催化剂的表面形貌、物相和表面织构性质. 在400～450 ℃的条件下评价了催化剂对氨合成的催化活性. 结果表明,以超声技术制备的掺钡纳米氧化镁有较大的比表面积和较规则的孔道结构,并增强了钡、镁之间的相互作用,使钡更均匀地分散于载体中,极大地提高了钡的促进作用,从而使其负载的钌基催化剂的活性大幅度提高. 当超声作用为时间30 min时,在10 MPa, 425 ℃和空速 10 000 h-1 的条件下, 4%Ru/Ba-MgO催化剂上的氨合成反应速率达到61.02 mmol/(g·h).     

K对Ru/Sep负载型氨合成催化剂性能的影响

用水溶液浸渍法制备了海泡石负载钌基氨合成催化剂，研究了钾助剂对催化剂性能的影响。通过N2物理吸附、H2化学吸附、SEM、XRD和XPS等手段表征了钾对催化剂比表面积、孔容、金属分散度、载体热稳定性能和电子效应等的影响。实验结果表明，钾助剂对海泡石负载钌基氨合成催化剂性能有较大的影响，加入适量的钾可抑制催化剂比表面积和孔容的降低，提高其热稳定性能，钌金属分散度随着K／Ru摩尔比的增加而增大，XPS表征结果表明，有电子从助剂向钌转移，随着钾含量的提高，电子结合能逐渐减小，至K／Ru摩尔比为10时最小，对催化剂活性评价结果表明，催化活性与催化剂电子授予能力有很好的一致性关系。     

超声频率对活性炭结构及钌/活性炭氨合成催化剂催化活性的影响

 采用超声波处理活性炭,运用场发射扫描电镜、 N2物理吸附和程序升温脱附-质谱等表征手段,考察了超声处理对活性炭的表面形貌、孔结构以及表面基团的影响. 以不同超声频率处理后的活性炭为载体,以钡和钾为助剂制备了一系列钌基氨合成催化剂,并考察了其性能. 结果表明,随着超声频率的提高,活性炭的杂质含量明显降低,中孔比表面积增加,表面不稳定基团的数量减少. 当采用功率100 W, 频率39.0 kHz的超声探头处理30 min时,活性炭表面的杂质含量较低,中孔比表面积适中,以其为载体制备的钌基氨合成催化剂的活性较高,在GHSV=10000 h-1, 10.0 MPa和425 ℃的反应条件下,反应速率达到101.0 mmol/(g·h).     

钌基氨合成催化剂的制备方法

与铁催化剂相比较,钌基氨合成催化剂具有低温、低压、高活性的特点。对于不同的载体、制备方法和制备条件对催化剂性能影响较大。本文从载体的前处理、活性组分钌和助剂的加入方式等方面简要阐述了钌基氨合成催化剂制备方法的研究进展,介绍了熔融法、升华法、离子交换法、超声法、沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、浸渍法、微波辅助法等钌基氨合成催化剂制备方法,指出了一些制备方法的不足之处,并展望了钌基氨合成催化剂制备方法的研究方向。     

氯对钌基氨合成催化剂的影响

氯离子的脱除是制备高性能钌催化剂的一个重要步骤。本文综述了新型钌基氨合成催化剂制备过程中的脱氯环节。介绍了以RuCl₃·3H₂O作为活性前驱体的钌催化剂中氯离子的来源、氯在催化剂中的存在方式、它对催化剂的毒害作用以及去除氯离子的方法。     

氧化铈负载钌催化剂中钌表面密度对氨合成活性和氢中毒的影响（英文）

氨是关系国计民生的大宗化学品,也是氢能源的重要载体.目前,世界合成氨工业每年消耗约2%的世界总能源,并排放超过1%的CO_2,节能降耗需求十分迫切,其中的关键在于高性能氨合成催化剂的开发.传统观点认为,B_5活性位是钌催化剂上氮解离和氨合成的活性位,当钌粒子尺寸在1.8～2.5 nm时催化剂的B_5活性位数量最多,而钌尺寸较小(0.7～0.8 nm)的催化剂几乎没有氨合成活性.本文通过改变钌负载量调变了氧化铈负载钌催化剂的钌表面浓度,证实钌粒子尺寸低于2.0 nm时,氧化铈负载钌催化剂也具有较高的氨合成活性.XPS等表征结果证实:钌表面密度低于0.68 Ru nm~(-2)时,钌主要以层状形式存在于氧化铈表面,层状钌与氧化铈紧密接触,电子从氧化铈的缺陷位传递给钌物种,在这种情况下,Ru 3d_(5/2)的结合能有所下降,氮解离能力增强,这有利于提高催化剂的氨合成活性;当钌表面密度约为0.68 Ru nm~(-2)时,钌金属传递电子给氧化铈,此时Ru 3d_(5/2)结合能有所增加;当钌表面密度高于1.4 Ru nm~(-2)后,钌物种优先在层状钌表面聚集成大尺寸钌纳米粒子,此时催化剂中同时存在钌团簇和钌纳米粒子,氧化铈载体对钌粒子电子性质的影响减弱,因此大尺寸钌金属颗粒Ru 3d_(5/2)结合能又有所下降.另一方面,氢分子会在氧化铈表面形成均裂产物(两个OH基团)或异裂产物(Ce-H和OH).同时氢分子还会在0价钌金属表面解离形成氢原子,并进一步溢流到氧化铈表面与氧原子作用形成羟基.钌活性位上的氢物种比氧化铈中的氢更容易脱附,因此氧化铈中钌的存在不仅可以增强其氢吸附量,还降低了氢物种的吸附强度.当钌表面密度低时,氧化铈与钌的相互作用较强,催化剂中的氢物种容易溢流到氧化铈中形成羟基基团,此时催化剂的氢吸附能力增强,氢中毒问题较显著.当钌表面密度较高时,氢原子在大尺寸钌颗粒上移动、反应和脱附,因此催化剂的氢中毒问题也得到显著缓解.总之,对于氧化铈负载钌催化剂,氧化铈与钌金属之间的电子相互作用以及其吸附性质都会影响催化剂的氨合成活性,因此钌表面密度低于0.31 Ru nm~(-2)以及约为2.1 Ru nm~(-2)时,催化剂都展现出了较高的氨合成活性.本文将为设计制备高性能钌基氨合成催化剂提供理论指导.     

活性炭负载钌基氨合成催化剂炭甲烷化反应的抑制

本文利用等体积浸渍法制备了系列活性炭负载的钌基氨合成催化剂，考察了助剂Sm2O3、Ba、K对活性炭负载的钌基氨合成催化剂稳定性和催化活性的影响，探讨了其抑制炭的甲烷化反应和改善活性的调变规律。用TPD技术研究了氢在系列催化剂上的脱附行为，并对助剂对催化剂稳定性的调变作用和钌基氨合成催化剂高性能的原因作了探讨。结果表明，助剂Sm2O3、Ba、K对活性炭负载的钌基氨合成催化剂的稳定性和催化活性均有很好的效果，而且多助剂改善的催化剂稳定性和催化活性明显优于单助剂催化剂。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.