傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪:过去、现在与未来

对傅里叶变换离子回旋共振高分辨率质谱仪的发展历程、串联质谱解离技术及最新的应用进行了详细描述,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

双光束光解离在牛泛素蛋白离子的自顶向下质谱分析中的应用研究

自顶向下(Top-down)质谱分析方法是将完整蛋白质离子碎片化,从而在分子水平上提供更加精准、丰富的与蛋白质结构相关的生物学信息。该文首次将3μm红外激光与210 nm紫外激光共同引入到傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT-ICR MS)的分析池中,获得了牛泛素蛋白离子的自顶向下质谱。通过优化两束激光被引入的时间序列,使得蛋白质碎片离子的覆盖率进一步优化。实验发现将两束激光在时间序列上以部分重叠的方式引入时,可以更有效地实现蛋白离子的解离。对于+11价的牛泛素蛋白离子,双光束解离碎片覆盖率可达73%,高于基于单独的红外多光子解离(IRMPD)或紫外光解离(UVPD)方法所获得的结果。对其它价态的牛泛素蛋白离子也得到类似的提升。实验结果显示双光束解离方式对于丰富蛋白碎片离子的种类,提高碎片覆盖率有显著作用。     

类肝素化合物的傅立叶变换离子回旋共振-电喷雾质谱研究

采用负离子模式的电喷雾傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(ESI-FTICR-MS)对3个合成的肝素类化合物DHα、THα和THβ进行了全扫描一级谱和持续非共振辐照碰撞诱导解离(SORI-CID)串联质谱分析。样品浓度10μmol/L,流动泵注射直接进样。化合物中的磺酸胺和磺酸酯结构容易在一般电喷雾条件下发生分解,失去一个或者多个SO3,一级全扫描谱图中得到的谱峰均是带有单电荷或者双电荷的准分子离子峰。在串联质谱中,部分双电荷离子发生解离时,其二级谱图中子离子由单电荷子离子和双电荷子离子共同组成。通过对谱峰的局部放大,利用同位素峰的峰间距,能直接给出子离子的带电荷情况。同时,结合FTICRMS提供的高质量精度质谱数据,能够对所选取母离子的碎裂途径进行确认。离子质荷比测量的平均误差小于3.0×10-6。为结构复杂的类肝素化合物的质谱分析提供了借鉴。     

表面增强拉曼技术及FT-拉曼的研究及应用

本文综述了拉曼光谱分析法的建立与发展、表面增强拉曼光谱（ＳＥＲＳ）法及傅立叶变换拉曼光谱（ＦＴＲａｍａｎ）法的应用进展。     

普鲁洛尼克型非离子表面活性剂的结构分檄及其同系物分子量分布…

以ＦＡＢＭＳ、ＥＩＭＳ、ＦＴＩＲ等手段鉴定了从工业产品中分离得到的一种未知表面活性剂的化学结构为聚氧丙烯／聚氧乙烯共聚物，其商品名称为普鲁洛尼克型非离子表面活性剂。用ＦＡＢＭＳ谱观察到该表面活性剂系物的各种准分子离子峰呈近似的高斯分布，根据各种准分子离子峰的相对强度得出该表面活剂同系物的分子量分布及平均分子量。     

表面残留有机沾污物的TOF－SIMS及XPS研究

飞行时间次级离子质谱（ＴＯＦ－ＳＩＭＳ）结合Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）分析了用化学方法清洗后、银片上残留的未知的有机物。结果显示，有机沾污物主要是一些含１８～３０碳原子、碳链饱和度很高的酮类和酯类化合物；个别有机物可能是硬脂酰胺。这种结构特点使有机物中的Ｃ＝Ｏ基团易于采取氧原子指向基体表面的取向，通过带部分负电荷的氧原子与金属基体镜像力的作用而增强粘附。ＴＯＦ－ＳＩＭＳ二维离子像显示有机沾污物在银片表面上呈极稀薄的均匀分布。     

离子色谱法测定高山红景天多糖硫酸酯中硫酸根含量的研究

从高山红景天、平菇、红缘层孔菌中分别分离出多糖ＲＳＡ,ＡＴ,ＦＰ用氯磺酸吡啶法对多糖进行硫酸化修饰分别得到ＲＳＡＳＬ,ＡＴＳＬ,ＦＰＳＬ,多糖硫酸酯的生物活性与硫酸根的含量密切相关,用离子色谱法测定多糖硫酸酯中硫酸根的含量,ＲＳＡＳＬ为２７．７％,ＡＴＳＬ为３６．９２％,ＦＰＳＬ为３７．５％,与紫外比浊法相比,离子色７谱法具有准确、简便、重复性好等优点。     

类水滑石[CdxMg6—xAl2（OH）16]^2＋[S.2H2O]^2—l的合成与表征

用中温水热法合成了类水滑石〔ＣｄｘＭｇ６－ｘＡｌ２（ＯＨ）１６〕＾２＋〔Ｓ．２Ｈ２Ｏ〕＾２－，探讨了ＰＨ值、投入Ｃｄ＾２＋离子的量以及硫化时间等条件对合成的影响，并用ＸＲＤ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ等手段进行了表征，找出了合成层间嵌入Ｓ＾２－离子的含Ｃｄ类水滑石的最佳条件。     

环糊精对托品烷手性识别的电喷雾傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱研究

用电喷雾傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪分别研究了以α-环糊精、β-环糊精和γ-环糊精作为手性拆分剂对手性托品烷的手性区分效应,实验结果表明β-环糊精具备较α-环糊精和γ-环糊精更强的手性区分能力,β-环糊精和托品烷的二聚体复合物离子的强度随激发能量的变化和托品烷对映体含量值呈现出一定的线性关系.     

四乙烯溴化铵—氟化物复合模板剂合β沸石（Ⅱ）：β沸石 …

采用ＦＴ－ＩＲ、ＸＲＤ，ＳＥＭ，ＴＧ，ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ等技术研究了四乙经铵－氟化物复合模板剂体系合成β沸石的晶化过程。，发现本体系β沸石的合成遵循液相转变机理，在诱导期向生长期转变的转折点存在过渡态，氟离子对过渡态的形成和转变起重要作用。在诱导期初期固是富铝的，但晶生长期固相硅铝比基本不变，表明硅铝同步进入骨架。     

Application of FT-ICR-MS for the study of proton-transfer reactions involving biomolecules

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, combined with modern ionization (fast atom bombardment , electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization), fragmentation (collision-induced dissociation, surface-induced dissociation, one-photon ultraviolet photodissociation, infrared multiphoton dissociation, blackbody infrared radiative dissociation, electron-capture dissociation), and separation (high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis) techniques is now becoming one of the most attractive and frequently used instrumental platforms for gas-phase studies of biomolecules such as amino acids, bioamines, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides, nucleic acids, saccharides, polysaccharides, etc. Since it gives the possibilities to trap the ions from a few seconds up to thousands of seconds, it is often applied to study ion/molecule reactions in the gas phase, particularly proton-transfer reactions which provide important information on acid–base properties. These properties determine in part the three-dimensional structure of biomolecules, most of their intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, and consequently their biological activity. They also indicate the form (unionized, zwitterionic, protonated, or deprotonated) which the biomolecule may take in a nonpolar environment. Figure Biomolecules in the gas-phase acidity-basicity scale     

The effective temperature of Peptide ions dissociated by sustained off-resonance irradiation collisional activation in fourier transform mass spectrometry

A method for determining the internal energy of biomolecule ions activated by collisions is demonstrated. The dissociation kinetics of protonated leucine enkephalin and doubly protonated bradykinin were measured using sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Dissociation rate constants are obtained from these kinetic data. In combination with Arrhenius parameters measured with blackbody infrared radiative dissociation, the "effective" temperatures of these ions are obtained. Effects of excitation voltage and frequency and the ion cell pressure were investigated. With typical SORI-CAD experimental conditions, the effective temperatures of these peptide ions range between 200 and 400 degrees C. Higher temperatures can be easily obtained for ions that require more internal energy to dissociate. The effective temperatures of both protonated leucine enkephalin and doubly protonated bradykinin measured with the same experimental conditions are similar. Effective temperatures for protonated leucine enkephalin can also be obtained from the branching ratio of the b(4) and (M + H - H(2)O)(+) pathways. Values obtained from this method are in good agreement with those obtained from the overall dissociation rate constants. Protonated leucine enkephalin is an excellent "thermometer" ion and should be well suited to establishing effective temperatures of ions activated by other dissociation techniques, such as infrared photodissociation, as well as ionization methods, such as matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization.     

Comparison of collision-induced dissociation and electron-induced dissociation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">singly protonated</Emphasis> aromatic amino acids,cystine and related simple peptides using a hybrid linear ion trap–FT-ICR mass spectrometer

The gas-phase fragmentation reactions of singly protonated aromatic amino acids, their simple peptides as well as simple models for intermolecular disulfide bonds have been examined using a commercially available hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) reactions within the linear ion trap are compared with electron-induced dissociation (EID) reactions within the FT-ICR cell. Dramatic differences are observed between low-energy CID (which occurs via vibrational excitation) and EID. For example, the aromatic amino acids mainly fragment via competitive losses of NH(3) and (H(2)O+CO) under CID conditions, while side-chain benzyl cations are major fragment ions under EID conditions. EID also appears to be superior in cleaving the S-S and S-C bonds of models of peptides containing an intermolecular disulfide bond. Systematic studies involving fragmentation as a function of electron energy reveal that the fragmentation efficiency for EID occurs at high electron energy (more than 10 eV) compared with the low-electron energy (less than 0.2 eV) typically observed for electron capture dissociation fragmentation. Finally, owing to similarities between the types of fragment ions observed under EID conditions and those previously reported in ultraviolet photodissociation experiments and the electron-ionization mass spectra, we propose that EID results in fragmentation via electronic excitation and vibrational excitation. EID may find applications in analyzing singly charged molecular ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.     

Photodissociation dynamics of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene

Photodissociation of nitrobenzene at 193, 248, and 266 nm and o-nitrotoluene at 193 and 248 nm was investigated separately using multimass ion imaging techniques. Fragments corresponding to NO and NO(2) elimination from both nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene were observed. The translational energy distributions for the NO elimination channel show bimodal distributions, indicating two dissociation mechanisms involved in the dissociation process. The branching ratios between NO and NO(2) elimination channels were determined to be NONO(2)=0.32+/-0.12 (193 nm), 0.26+/-0.12 (248 nm), and 0.4+/-0.12(266 nm) for nitrobenzene and 0.42+/-0.12(193 nm) and 0.3+/-0.12 (248 nm) for o-nitrotoluene. Additional dissociation channels, O atom elimination from nitrobenzene, and OH elimination from o-nitrotoluene, were observed. New dissociation mechanisms were proposed, and the results are compared with potential energy surfaces obtained from ab initio calculations. Observed absorption bands of photodissociation are assigned by the assistance of the ab initio calculations for the relative energies of the triplet excited states and the vertical excitation energies of the singlet and triplet excited states of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. Finally, the dissociation rates and lifetimes of photodissociation of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene were predicted and compared to experimental results.     

Fragmentation study of peptides using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance with infrared multiphoton dissociation: experiment and simulation

In this study, the fragmentation of gas-phase protonated Angiotensin II is investigated using electrospray ionization (ESI), Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), and mass spectrometry (MS) with a laser cleavage infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) technique. The experimental results show that the spectra peaks for the photoproducts are y2/b6- and y7-type ions, corresponding to the cleavage of His-Pro and Asp-Arg in the parent amino acid sequence. The fragmentation of the peptide under collision-free vacuum conditions is modeled using molecular dynamics simulations (MD). The binding energy for the peptide bonds (C'-N bond) of Angiotensin II is estimated from ab initio calculations. The calculations are directed at predicting experimental measurements of the product ions from the photodissociation of the peptide. The product distributions simulated by the MD dissociation trajectories include predominantly y7/b1 and y2/b6 pair ions.     

Photoionization and photodissociation dynamics of the B 1sigmau + and C 1Piu states of H2 and D2

The photoionization and photodissociation dynamics of H(2) and D(2) in selected rovibrational levels of the B (1)Sigma(u) (+) and C (1)Pi(u) states have been investigated by velocity map ion imaging. The selected rotational levels of the B (1)Sigma(u) (+) and C (1)Pi(u) states are prepared by three-photon excitation from the ground state. The absorption of fourth photon results in photoionization to produce H(2)(+) X (2)Sigma(g)(+) or photodissociation to produce a ground-state H(1s) atom and an excited H atom with n >or= 2. The H(2) (+) ion can be photodissociated by absorption of a fifth photon. The resulting H(+) or D(+) ion images provide information on the vibrational state dependence of the photodissociation angular distribution of the molecular ion. The excited H(n >or= 2) atoms produced by the neutral dissociation process can also be ionized by the absorption of a fifth photon. The resulting ion images provide insight into the excited state branching ratios and angular distributions of the neutral photodissociation process. While the experimental ion images contain information on both the ionic and neutral processes, these can be separated based on constraints imposed on the fragment translational energies. The angular distribution of the rings in the ion images indicates that the neutral dissociation of molecular hydrogen and its isotopes is quite complex, and involves coupling to both doubly excited electronic states and the dissociation continua of singly excited Rydberg states.     

Dynamics of clusters initiated by photon and surface impact

Clusters of atoms/molecules show dynamics characteristic of the method of excitation. Two contrasted processes are discussed: (1) electronic excitation via single-photon absorption and (2) impulsive excitation of nuclear motions by surface impact. Process 1 is exemplified by photodissociation dynamics of size-selected metal cluster ions. The electronic energy is converted most likely to vibrational energy of internal modes; dissociation follows via statistical mechanism to produce energetically favored fragments. Exceptionally, a silver cluster ion, Ag4(+), is shown to undergo nonstatistical dissociation along the potential-energy surface of the excited state. Energy partitioning to translational and vibrational modes of fragments is analyzed as well as bond dissociation energies. Furthermore, the spectrum of the photodissociation yield provides electronic and geometrical structures of a cluster with the aid of ab initio calculations; manganese, Mn(N)(+), and chromium, Cr(N)(+), cluster ions are discussed, where the importance of magnetic interactions is manifested. On the other hand, momentum transfer upon surface impact plays a role in process 2. An impulsive mechanical force triggers extraordinary chemical processes distinct from those initiated by atomic collision as well as photoexcitation. Experiments on aluminum, Al(N)(-), silicon, SiN(-), and solvated, I(2)(-)(CO2)(N), cluster anions provide evidence for reactions proceeding under extremely high temperatures, such as pickup of surface atoms, annealing of products, and mechanical splitting of chemical bonds. In addition, a model experiment to visualize and time-resolve the cluster impact process is performed by using a micrometer-sized liquid droplet. Multiphoton absorption initiates superheating of the droplet surface followed by a shock wave and disintegration into a number of small fragments (shattering). These studies further reveal how the nature of chemical bonds influences the dynamics of clusters.     

OH-stretch vibrational spectroscopy of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide

We report measurement and analysis of the photodissociation spectrum of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (HOCH(2)OOH) and its partially deuterated analogue, HOCD(2)OOH, in the OH-stretching region. Spectra are obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the 1nu(OH) and 2nu(OH) regions, and by laser induced fluorescence detection of the OH fragment produced from dissociation of HOCH(2)OOH initiated by excitation of the 4nu(OH) and 5nu(OH) overtone regions (action spectroscopy). A one-dimensional local-mode model of each OH chromophore is used with ab initio calculated OH-stretching potential energy and dipole moment curves at the coupled-cluster level of theory. Major features in the observed absorption and photodissociation spectra are explained by our local-mode model. In the 4nu(OH) region, explanation of the photodissocation spectrum requires a nonuniform quantum yield, which is estimated by assuming statistical energy distribution in the excited state. Based on the estimated dissociation threshold, overtone photodissociation is not expected to significantly influence the atmospheric lifetime of hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide.     

Infrared ion spectroscopy inside a mass‐selective cryogenic 2D linear ion trap

We demonstrate operation of the first cryogenic 2D linear ion trap (LIT) with mass‐selective capabilities. This trap presents a number of advantages for infrared ion “action” spectroscopy studies, particularly those employing the “tagging/messenger” spectroscopy approach. The high trapping efficiencies, trapping capacities, and low detection limits make 2D LITs a highly suitable choice for low‐concentration analytes from scarce biological samples. In our trap, ions can be cooled down to cryogenic temperatures to achieve higher‐resolution infrared spectra, and individual ions can be mass selected prior to irradiation for a background‐free photodissociation scheme. Conveniently, multiple tagged analyte ions can be mass isolated and efficiently irradiated in the same experiment, allowing their infrared spectra to be recorded in parallel. This multiplexed approach is critical in terms of increasing the duty cycle of infrared ion spectroscopy, which is currently a key weakness of the technique. The compact design of this instrument, coupled with powerful mass selection capabilities, set the stage for making cryogenic infrared ion spectroscopy viable as a bioanalytical tool in small molecule identification.