苯乙烯的低温原子转移自由基聚合:扩散效应导致的加速现象

研究了以苯乙烯(St)和N-[4-(2-溴丙酰氧基)苯基]马来酰亚胺(BPPM)的交替共聚物P(St-alt-BPPM)为大分子多官能度引发剂,以CuBr/2,2′-联吡啶(bpy)为催化体系,环己酮为溶剂,在60或80℃下进行St的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP).结果表明,反应呈现活性聚合的假一级反应动力学特征,聚合物分子量随着单体转化率上升而增加,降低反应温度将减低反应速率,但是所得聚合物[P(St-alt-BPPM)-g-PS]分子量分布更窄.水解实验证明该过程具有一定可控性.由于类似的单官能度引发剂无法在同等条件下顺利引发St的ATRP,因此采用大分子多官能度引发剂可以大幅度降低ATRP的反应温度.此加速现象被归因于CuBr/bpy从大分子引发剂线团外向线团内扩散,而CuBr2/bpy则从大分子引发剂线团内向线团外扩散,从而提高大分子引发剂线团中的自由基浓度和聚合反应速率.     

伯胺引发NNTA开环聚合对水的耐受性研究

研究了苄胺引发N-取代甘氨酸-N-硫代羧酸酐(NNTA)开环聚合.聚合对引发剂当量的水(100~600μg/g)具有很好的耐受性,能保持良好的可控性,聚类肽产率高(>70%),分子量可控(1600~7500),分子量分布较窄(1.13~1.25).随着水含量的增加(达到单体当量)(14000μg/g),聚合产率与产物分子量均有不同程度的下降.MALDI-To F质谱证明所得聚类肽均为苄胺引发产物,水不能引发NNTA聚合.聚合动力学实验表明该聚合体系表现出准一级动力学反应的特征,在不同单体转化率时,聚合物数均分子量与单体转化率呈线性关系,分子量分布窄,证明该聚合体系具有可控性.进一步地,使用未经除水精制处理的市售THF溶剂和未经烘烤除水的反应瓶进行NNTA聚合反应,也表现出很好的可控性.NNTA单体易合成、易储存,聚合时不受微量水的影响,极大地降低了聚类肽的合成难度,有利于聚类肽材料的推广与应用.     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯在硅片表面的RAFT接枝聚合

将3-(2-二硫代苯甲酸基丙酰氧基)丙基二甲基甲氧基硅烷化学键合于硅片表面.以甲基丙烯酸甲酯和苯乙烯为单体,在硅片表面进行可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)接枝聚合.X-射线光电子能谱仪证实聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、苯乙烯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯的共聚物(poly(MMA-co-St))都接枝到硅片表面.但3个体系表现出不同的性质,甲基丙烯酸甲酯的RAFT聚合可控性差,分子量比设计分子量大得多,分子量分布指数宽,接枝密度仅为0·03chains/nm2;苯乙烯均聚合的活性/可控性好、分子量分布窄,接枝密度提高到0·21chains/nm2;共聚合体系综合了两个均聚体系的优点,分子量分布较窄,接枝密度最高为0·31chains/nm2,聚合物膜厚随转化率、数均分子量基本呈线性增长.     

N-(对甲苯基)马来酰亚胺的自由自聚合与光敏诱导聚合及共聚合

N-烷基与N-芳基马来酰亚胺,是属于1,2-二取代乙烯结构的单体,文献[1—3]报道这类单体能进行自由基聚合与共聚合。但对于N-(对甲苯基)马来酰亚胺(PMPMI)的自由基聚合与共聚合中,溶剂对聚合物分子量的影响尚未有详细报道。至于N-烷基与N-芳基马来酰亚胺分别和丙烯酸甲酯(MA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的共聚合也有一些报道,由竞聚率的测定,计算出N-芳基马来酰亚胶的e值是2.12—2.29和1.35—1.75。表明N-芳基马来酰亚胺是一缺电子的单体,即负性单体。我们研究室曾报道N,N-二甲基-对甲苯胺(DMT)和其它芳胺能光诱导引发负性单体丙烯腈聚合。PMP-     

苯乙烯/N-苯基马来酰亚胺共聚物分子量测定和模型

从内聚能的角度建立了含共聚组成、序列不均匀性的共聚物分子量及分布理论,导出其计算式.将凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)与紫外吸收光谱(UV)和示差折光仪(DR)串接,测定苯乙烯(St)/N-苯基马来酰亚胺(PMI)共聚物的分子量.根据St/PMI共聚合原理,对St-PMI共聚物的分子量进行模型化,该模型能较好地预测引发剂、单体配比、转化率对共聚物分子量的影响.     

乙烯基单体/N-取代马来酰亚胺共聚合动力学

详细研究了聚合温度、引发剂用量、单体配比对苯乙烯(St)/N-苯基马来酰亚胺(PMI)共聚合动力学的影响.对St、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯腈(AN)等单一或混合单体与PMI、N-环己基马来酰亚胺(ChMI)和N-邻氯苯基马来酰亚胺(o-CPMI)的共聚合进行了研究,并讨论了单体结构的影响.     

氯乙烯/N-取代马来酰亚胺共聚竞聚率及共聚物组成

研究了氯乙烯(VC)与多种N-取代马来酰亚胺的溶液共聚合,求得各对单体的竞聚率.结果表明,各种马来酰亚胺的竞聚率都远高于VC的竞聚率,即N-取代马来酰亚胺单体的活性均比VC单体活性高.计算得到N-取代马来酰亚胺Q和e值.由于苯环的共轭效应,N-苯基及N-取代苯基马来酰亚胺具有较大的Q值.各对单体的e值差别较大,表明有形成交替共聚物的倾向.此外,还考察了聚合过程中共聚物组成的变化,用递推法预测了这类体系共聚物瞬时和累积组成随转化率的变化.     

聚[N-(4-二甲氨联苯基)马来酰亚胺]单体的合成及其聚合

N-取代的马来酰亚胺是缺电子的负性单体[1],它很容易进行自由基聚合或共聚合[2,3],特别是能够与负性单体如丙烯腈共聚合[4].如果在缺电子的N-取代马来酰亚胺单体中引入给电子生色基团,即给电子生色基团与受电子基团于一体,能够表现出较好的光化学性能[5].本文中报道了聚[N-(4-二甲氨联苯基)马来酰亚胺]及其单体的合成,聚合物的光化学性能将在另文报道.     

N-取代基马来酰亚胺均聚合研究进展

N-取代基马来酰亚胺聚合物具有良好的热性能,近些年来随着材料性能的要求提高,对这类单体的研究也越来越多,本论文综述了N-取代基马来酰亚胺在自由基、阴离子聚合、配位聚合等方面的均聚合研究进展。     

两种耐高温紫外正型光刻胶成膜树脂的制备及性能

分别通过N-(p-羟基苯基)甲基丙烯酰胺与N-苯基马来酰亚胺、N-苯基甲基丙烯酰胺与N-(p-羟基苯基)马来酰亚胺的共聚合,制备了两种聚合物树脂聚N-(p-羟基苯基)甲基丙烯酰胺共N-苯基马来酰亚胺(poly(HPMA-co-PMI))和聚N-苯基甲基丙烯酰胺共N-(p-羟基苯基)马来酰亚胺(poly(MPA-co-HPMI)).结果表明,这两种聚合物都是按1∶1的摩尔比交替共聚的,它们都具有良好的溶解性、成膜性和亲水性,并且它们的玻璃化温度Tg都在280℃以上.将它们分别与感光剂2,1,5-磺酰氯的衍生物、助剂二苯甲酮等复配成两种紫外正型光刻胶,初步光刻实验表明,其最大分辨率都可以达到1μm,并且都可以耐270℃的高温.     

Ternary Molecular Complex in the Alternating Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Styrene Using Stannic Chloride

The equimolar alternating copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with styrene (St) in the presence of stannic chloride in toluene (Tl) is investigated kinetically. The concentrations of the ternary molecular complexes, [SnCl₄-MMA … St] and [SnCl₄-MMA … T1], are calculated by use of the formation constants of the ternary molecular complexes. The rates of copolymerization under photo-irradiation and with tri-n-butyl boron-benzoyl peroxide as an initiator are proportional to the 1.5th order and 1. Oth order, respectively, of the concentration of the ternary molecular complex [SnCl₄ · MMA … St]. The alternating copolymerization precedes the homopolymerization of the methyl methacrylate charged in excess. The alternating regulation of the copolymerization is ascribed to the homopolymerization of the ternary molecular complex from the kinetic results. The magnitudes of the shifts for     

Free‐radical copolymerization of ethyl α‐hydroxymethylacrylate with methyl methacrylate by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer

The controlled free‐radical homopolymerization of ethyl α‐hydroxymethylacrylate and copolymerization with methyl methacrylate were performed in chlorobenzene at 70 °C by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization technique with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. 2‐Phenylprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate and 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate were used as chain‐transfer agents in the homopolymerization, whereas only the former was used in the copolymerization. All reactions presented pseudolinear kinetics. The effect of the monomer feed ratio on the copolymerization kinetics was examined. The conversion level decreased when the proportion of ethyl α‐hydroxymethylacrylate in the monomer feed was larger. Kinetic studies indicated that the radical polymerizations proceeded with apparent living character according to experiments, demonstrating an increase in the molar mass with the monomer conversion and a relatively narrow molar mass distribution. All copolymers were statistical in chain structure, as confirmed by determinations of the monomer reactivity ratios. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined, and the Mayo–Lewis terminal model provided excellent predictions for the variations of the intermolecular structure over the entire conversion range. Additionally, the chemical modification of poly(ethyl α‐hydroxymethylacrylate) was carried out to introduce glucose pendant groups into the structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5618–5629, 2006     

Kinetics of pseudoliving free-radical copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate by the reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer mechanism

The kinetics of copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate in the presence of tert-butyl dithiobenzoate as a reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer agent has been studied. Formation of radical intermediates has been investigated. In a wide range of monomer mixture compositions, the kinetic features of pseudoliving radical copolymerization of this monomer pair in the presence of both a low-molecular-mass reversible addition fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) agent and a polymer RAFT agent being formed are close to the corresponding features of the homopolymerization of styrene.     

苯甲酸乙烯酯与受电子的可逆加成－断链链转移共聚合

采用二硫代苯甲酸苄酯和偶氮二异丁腈组成的引发体系,以可逆加成－断链链 转移聚合方法合成了苯甲酸乙烯酯与马来酸酐及N－取代马来酰亚胺的交替共聚物 。结果表明,所行聚合物具有预期分子量,分子量分布在1.1～1.3之间。在较低转 化率下所得的聚合物均为交替结构,而与摩尔设料比无关。     

CONTROLLED RADICAL COPOLYMERIZATION OF STYRENE AND MALEIC ANHYDRIDE UNDER GAMMA RADIATION IN THE PRESENCE OF BENZYL DITHIOBENZOATE

The copolymerization of styrene (St) with maleic anhydride (MAh) under gamma radiation at room temperature inthe presence of benzyl dithiobenzoate (BDTB) was found to display "living" nature evidenced by constant concentration ofchain radicals during the copolymerization, linear evolution of molecular weights with conversion and narrow molecularweight distribution (M_w/M_n = 1.23-1.35). The compositional analysis and the sequence structural information of thecopolymers obtained from DEPT (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) experiments demonstrate that thecopolymers obtained also possess strictly alternating structure.     

异丁烯聚合催化体系研究 Ⅰ.均聚与共聚反应

用苯甲酰氯(BC)／TiCl4引发异丁烯(IB)聚合及与苯乙烯(St)的共聚反应，得到分子量高、分布窄的聚异丁烯及其共聚物，并控制了BC的高活性。对IB均聚及其与ST共聚反应影响因素(体系浓度、残余水、第3组分三乙胺(TEA))进行优化，得到最佳条件为：[BC]=2．6mmol／L、[TEA]／[BC]=1.0(均聚)和n(TiCl4)／n(BC)=80、[TEA]／[BC=4．0(共聚)，BC／TiCl4／TEA是最佳体系，对水不敏感，可以制备分子量高及分子量分布(MWD)为1．5(均聚)和2．0(共聚)的窄分布聚合物(GPC曲线均为单峰)。     

Synthesis of comb‐shaped poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(polytetrahydrofuran acrylate) under 60Co γ‐ray irradiation

Comb‐shaped graft copolymers with poly(methyl methacrylate) as a handle were synthesized by the macromonomer technique in two steps. First, polytetrahydrofuran acrylate (A‐PTHF), prepared by the living cationic ring‐opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran, underwent homopolymerization with 1‐(ethoxycarbonyl)prop‐1‐yl dithiobenzoate as an initiator under ⁶⁰Co γ irradiation at room temperature; Second, the handle of the comb‐shaped copolymers was prepared by the block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with P(A‐PTHF) as a macroinitiator under ⁶⁰Co γ irradiation. The two‐step polymerizations were proved to be controlled with the following evidence: the straight line of ln[M]₀/[M] versus the polymerization time, the linear increase in the number‐average molecular weight with the conversion, and the relatively narrow molecular weight distribution. The structures of the P(A‐PTHF) and final comb‐shaped copolymers were characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3367–3378, 2002     

Block copolymers of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate by RAFT miniemulsion polymerization

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) was carried out with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as chain transfer agent (CTA). Concentration effects of RAFT agent and initiator on kinetics and molecular weight were investigated. No obvious red oil layer (phase's separation) and coagulation was observed in the first stage of homopolymerization of BMA. The polymer molecular weights increased linearly with the monomer conversion with polydispersities lower than 1.2. At 75 °C, the monomer conversion could achieve above 96% in 3 h with [momomer]:[RAFT]:[KPS] = 620:4:1 (mole ratio). The results showed excellent controlled/living polymerization characteristics and a very fast polymerization rate. Furthermore, the synthesis of poly(BMA‐b‐DFMA) diblock copolymers with a regular structure (PDI < 1.30, PMMA calibration) was performed by adding the monomer of DFMA at the end of the RAFT miniemulsion polymerization of BMA. The success of diblock copolymerization was showed by the molecular weight curves shifting toward higher molar mass, recorded by gel permeation chromatography before and after block copolymerization. Compositions of block copolymers were further confirmed by ¹H NMR, FTIR, and DSC analysis. The copolymers exhibited a phase‐separated morphology and possessed distinct glass transition temperatures associated with fluoropolymer PDFMA and PBMA domains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1585–1594, 2007     

Aqueous RAFT polymerization of 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate to produce well‐defined,primary amine functional homo‐ and copolymers

We report the direct homopolymerization and block copolymerization of 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) via aqueous reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The controlled “living” polymerization of AEMA was carried out directly in aqueous buffer using 4‐cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as the chain transfer agent (CTA), and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐imidazolinylpropane) dihydrochloride (VA‐044) as the initiator at 50 °C. The controlled “living” character of the polymerization was verified with pseudo‐first order kinetic plots, a linear increase of the molecular weight with conversion, and low polydispersities (PDIs) (<1.2). In addition, well‐defined copolymers of poly(AEMA‐b‐HPMA) have been prepared through chain extension of poly(AEMA) macroCTA with N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) in water. It is shown that the macroCTA can be extended in a controlled fashion resulting in near monodisperse block copolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5405–5415, 2009     

Controlled radical (co)polymerization of (meth)acrylic esters via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer mechanism

The homopolymerization of acrylic and fluoroacrylic esters mediated by benzyl dithiobenzoate and dibenzyl trithiocarbonate proceeds in the controlled mode via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer mechanism, while the controlled radical polymerization of methacrylic esters is not effected under these conditions. The molecular-mass characteristics of the copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters may be satisfactorily controlled by benzyl dithiobenzoate-mediated copolymerization when the content of acrylic esters is no less than 50 mol %. If a reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer agent active with respect to only one of the monomers is used, compositionally homogeneous narrowly dispersed copolymers are formed via the azeotropic copolymerization of the monomers up to high conversions. The controlled copolymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone and fluoroacrylates allows the synthesis of alternating narrowly dispersed amphiphilic copolymers with properties different from those of alternating copolymers with a broad molecular-mass distribution.