一种两性三元共聚物的合成

选用聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)为扩链剂,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-甲基-2-丙烯酰胺基丙磺酸(AMPS)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为主单体,采用水溶液聚合方法合成了两性三元共聚物AM/AMPS/DMC;测定了共聚物的性能,并利用红外光谱研究了其分子结构.结果表明,所合成的共聚物具有良好的耐酸和高温稳定性,以及高抗剪切率.     

丙烯酰胺-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵共聚合的竞聚率测定

采用溶液聚合制备了新型阳离子共聚物--聚丙烯酰胺基-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(P(AM-DAC)),采用滴定法测定了其阳离子共聚物的阳离子度.分别采用Fineman-Ross 法、Kelen-Tudos 法和Yezrielev-Brokhina-Roskin法计算出单体竞聚率.结果表明,KT法和YBR法计算较为准确,丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的竞聚率分别为rDAC=0.383 5,rAM=2.286 4.     

以PAAS为模板AM与DMC的模板共聚合反应

在水溶液中以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)为模板,进行了丙烯酰胺(AM)与2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)的共聚合反应。研究了其聚合动力学,并对模板共聚物的序列结构进行了表征,最后对其进行了絮凝性能评价。结果表明:聚合反应符合模板聚合Ⅰ型机理,聚合反应速率分别与单体浓度和引发剂浓度的1.63和1.64次方成正比,此种共聚物与无模板参与聚合的普通共聚物相比具有更长的DMC序列长度,对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝沉降速率优于普通共聚物。     

(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺反相微乳液共聚合特性研究

选用SPAN80与OP10复合乳化剂、K₂S₂O₈-Na₂SO₃氧化还原引发剂,进行(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺反相微乳液共聚合反应.研究了单体配比、电解质浓度和乳化体系的油水比对共聚物分子量及离子度的影响,考察了该共聚合体系的反应特性.     

硫酸铵水溶液中分散聚合法制备两性共聚物P(AM-co-AA-co-DAC-co-DMC)

利用分散聚合技术,在硫酸铵水溶液中以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为单体,合成了两性共聚物P(AM-co-AA-co-DAC-co-DMC).用FTIR,13C-NMR,TEM等方法表征了聚合物的结构和组成.考察了不同分散稳定剂、正负离子单体配比和pH对分散聚合的影响,并对P(AM-co-AA-co-DAC-co-DMC)水基分散聚合条件及稳定性进行了一些探讨.实验表明,在硫酸铵水溶液中制得较稳定的P(AM-co-AA-co-DAC-co-DMC)分散体系,应选用非离子型或阳离子型的分散稳定剂,如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDMC)、聚丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDAC),而其pH应在2到4之间.当选用占总质量1.5%的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散稳定剂,引发温度为40℃,正负离子单体物质的量比值大于1,pH=3时,可以制得总离子度超过25%的纳米级两性聚合物.     

阴离子疏水单体改性的P(AM-co-DMC)的合成及絮凝性能

在少量阴离子疏水单体4-(ω-丙烯酰氧乙氧基)苯甲酸(PEBA)的参与下,合成了丙烯酰胺(AM)-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)共聚物。通过表观黏度及芘探针发射谱测定了疏水改性P(AM-co-DMC)溶液的临界缔合浓度(CAC)。透射电镜观察表明:在水溶液中,当疏水改性P(AM-co-DMC)浓度高于CAC时,因静电及疏水作用可形成微球状缔合体。对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝表明,与普通P(AM-co-DMC)共聚物相比,疏水改性P(AM-co-DMC)具有较好的絮凝能力及较宽的窗体用量。pH对絮凝效果的影响表明,除疏水作用外,高分子链间的静电作用是提高絮凝效果的另一原因。     

季铵盐单体在蒙脱土中的插层原位聚合反应

通过四种结构相似的可聚合季铵盐(二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵、三甲基烯丙基氯化铵、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵), 通过蒙脱土层间构型排布的模拟及分析比较, 从分子水平上探讨了原位插层聚合反应中, 单体分子排列角度及构型对聚合反应的影响.     

AM/(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙基磺酸钠的反相微乳液共聚合动力学研究

通过实验绘制了失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯(Span20)-聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单脂酸酯(Tween80)复配乳化剂、丙烯酰胺、(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙基磺酸钠和环己烷的拟三元相图.采用过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠氧化还原引发剂,通过动力学研究,得到了聚合反应的表观活化能为68.10 kJ/mol,并分别得到了聚合速率与产物特性粘数的动力学关系式Rp∝[M]1.74[APS]0.60[E]-1.28,[η]∝[M]0.78[APS]-0.23[E]-0.71,分析了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、乳化剂浓度对共聚合反应速率Rp和共聚物特性粘数[η]作用及影响的原因,在动力学研究的基础上初步探讨了聚合机理.     

反相乳液聚合制备壳聚糖接枝共聚物及应用

以壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为原料,硝酸铈铵为引发剂,Span-20为乳化剂,通过反相乳液聚合技术,合成壳聚糖阳离子接枝共聚物。分析讨论了乳化剂用量、引发剂浓度、油水体积比、单体配比、反应时间、反应温度对共聚物接枝率的影响,并采用正交试验方法对合成条件进行了优化。研究了其对重金属离子Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 的吸附性能。结果表明,在Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 的混合离子体系中,该共聚物对Cu2 、Zn2 有选择性吸附。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺水分散液的制备及表征

通过丙烯酰胺(AM)与甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)的水相分散共聚合制得阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)水分散液.以红外光谱(FTIR),核磁共振(1H-NMR),光学显微照片(OP)证实了产物结构与形成机理;研究了引发剂类型及用量,无机盐选择及用量,分散剂用量及单体配比对CPAM转化率、分子量及分散液黏度的影响.结果表明,采用2,2’-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-代)丙烷]二氢氯化物(VA-044)和过硫酸钾(KPS)/甲醛次硫酸氢钠(SFS)复合引发剂,在硫酸铵浓度28%～32%,同时添加少量硫酸锂或氯化钠,分散剂0.5%～1.5%(所有物质用量皆对总反应体系而言)条件下,可在高转化率同时得到分子量较高、流动性良好的CPAM水分散液.     

Furyl- and thienyl-silatranes and germatranes

We review our research on the synthesis and study of the physical and biological properties of furyl- and thienylgermatranes and -silatranes.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 725–732, June, 1992.     

Review and patents and literature

The use of the insect cell/baculovirus expression system for producing recombinant proteins of bacterial, plant, insect, and mammalian origin has become widespread. The popularity of this eukaryotic expression system is due to many factors, including (1) potentially high protein expression levels, (2) ease and speed of genetic engineering, (3) ability to accommodate large DNA inserts, (4) protein processing similar to higher eukaryotic cells (e.g., mammalian cells), and (5) ease of insect cell growth (e.g., suspension growth). The following review of the literature discusses two engineering aspects of recombinant protein synthesis by insect cell cultures: bioreactor scale-up and insect cell line selection. Following this review patent abstracts and additional literature pertaining to expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture are listed.     

Ground- and excited-state aromaticity and antiaromaticity in benzene and cyclobutadiene

The aromaticity and antiaromaticity of the ground state (S 0), lowest triplet state (T 1), and first singlet excited state (S 1) of benzene, and the ground states (S 0), lowest triplet states (T 1), and the first and second singlet excited states (S 1 and S 2) of square and rectangular cyclobutadiene are assessed using various magnetic criteria including nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS), proton shieldings, and magnetic susceptibilities calculated using complete-active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wave functions constructed from gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs). These magnetic criteria strongly suggest that, in contrast to the well-known aromaticity of the S 0 state of benzene, the T 1 and S 1 states of this molecule are antiaromatic. In square cyclobutadiene, which is shown to be considerably more antiaromatic than rectangular cyclobutadiene, the magnetic properties of the T 1 and S 1 states allow these to be classified as aromatic. According to the computed magnetic criteria, the T 1 state of rectangular cyclobutadiene is still aromatic, but the S 1 state is antiaromatic, just as the S 2 state of square cyclobutadiene; the S 2 state of rectangular cyclobutadiene is nonaromatic. The results demonstrate that the well-known "triplet aromaticity" of cyclic conjugated hydrocarbons represents a particular case of a broader concept of excited-state aromaticity and antiaromaticity. It is shown that while electronic excitation may lead to increased nuclear shieldings in certain low-lying electronic states, in general its main effect can be expected to be nuclear deshielding, which can be substantial for heavier nuclei.     

Hard and soft acids and bases: structure and process

Under investigation is the structure and process that gives rise to hard-soft behavior in simple anionic atomic bases. That for simple atomic bases the chemical hardness is expected to be the only extrinsic component of acid-base strength, has been substantiated in the current study. A thermochemically based operational scale of chemical hardness was used to identify the structure within anionic atomic bases that is responsible for chemical hardness. The base's responding electrons have been identified as the structure, and the relaxation that occurs during charge transfer has been identified as the process giving rise to hard-soft behavior. This is in contrast the commonly accepted explanations that attribute hard-soft behavior to varying degrees of electrostatic and covalent contributions to the acid-base interaction. The ability of the atomic ion's responding electrons to cause hard-soft behavior has been assessed by examining the correlation of the estimated relaxation energies of the responding electrons with the operational chemical hardness. It has been demonstrated that the responding electrons are able to give rise to hard-soft behavior in simple anionic bases.     

Determination and study on residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil

A QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for the determination of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed in this study. The residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil were determined with the developed method. The half-lives of benazolin-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 3.7–5.1 days and 14.3–26.3 days, respectively. The half-lives of quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 5.0-6.1 days and 0.3–9.7 days, respectively. The residue of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rapeseed and soil were below the detection limit (i.e., 0.5?mg?kg^?1, the maximum residue level of European Union for quizalofop-p-ethyl).     

Syntheses and structures of P-anilino-P-chalcogeno- and P-anilino-P-iminodiazasilaphosphetidines and their group 12 and 13 metal compounds

The P-anilino-P-chalcogeno(imino)diazasilaphosphetidines [Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=E(NHPh)] (E = O (3), S (4), Se (5), N-p-tolyl (6)) were synthesized by oxidizing the P-anilinodiazasilaphosphetidine [Me(2)Si(N(t)Bu)(2)P(NHPh)] (2) with cumene hydroperoxide, sulfur, selenium, and p-tolyl azide, respectively. The lithium salt of 4 reacted with thallium monochloride to produce ([Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=S(NPh)-kappaN-kappaS]Tl)(7), which features a two-coordinate thallium atom. Treatment of 4-6 with AlMe(3) gave the monoligand dimethylaluminum complexes ([Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=E(NPh)-kappaN-kappaE]AlMe(2)) (E = S (8), Se (9), N-p-tolyl (10)), respectively. In these complexes the aluminum atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by one chelating ligand and two methyl groups, as a single-crystal X-ray analysis of 8 showed. A 2 equiv amount of 4-6 reacted with diethylzinc to produce the homoleptic diligand complexes ([Me(2)Si(mu-N(t)Bu)(2)P=E(NPh)-kappaN-kappaE](2)Zn)(E = S (11), Se (12), N-p-tolyl (13)). A crystal-structure analysis of 11 revealed a linear tetraspirocycle with a tetrahedrally coordinated, central zinc atom.