Hydroisomerization of n-heptane over bimetal-bearing H3PW12O40 catalysts supported on dealuminated USY zeolite

The bimetal-bearing (CePt or LaPt) 12-tungstophosphoric acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (PW)) catalysts supported on dealuminated USY zeolite (DUSY) were prepared by impregnation and characterized by XRD, BET, IR, and H₂-chemisorption. Their catalytic activities were tested in the hydroisomerization of n-heptane with a continuous atmospheric fixed-bed reactor. After the steam treatment combined with the acid leaching, as well as the supporting with PW and the bimetals, the DUSY support retains the Y zeolite porosity and the PW well keeps its Keggin structure in catalysts. The doping of Ce into the catalysts enhances the dispersion of Pt on the catalyst surface. The Pt-bearing PW catalysts doped with Ce or La, especially Ce, exhibit much higher catalytic activity and selectivity than the catalysts without dopants at lowered reaction temperatures. At the optimal reaction conditions, i.e., the reaction temperature of 250°C and WHSV of 1.4 h^?1, the catalyst with a Pt loading of 0.4%, PW loading of 10% and a molar ratio of Ce to Pt of 15:1 shows a conversion of n-heptane of 70.3% with a high selectivity for isomerization products of 94.1%.     

不同链长正构烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢转化规律研究

采用SAPO-11分子筛制备的双功能催化剂,以碳链长度为10-14的正构烷烃为模型化合物,探索了不同碳数的长链正构烷烃临氢转化反应规律。结果表明,低温下不同碳数的正构烃都表现出较高的异构化选择性,改变反应温度使反应转化率控制在85%以下时,正构烷烃的异构化选择性可以达到90%左右;随着碳数和温度升高,正构烷烃由于发生明显的裂化反应导致转化率提高和异构化选择性降低。采用SAPO-11分子筛催化材料的双功能催化剂具有明显的产物择形异构效应,异构化产物以甲基位于端位和碳链中心的单侧链异构体为主,双(多)支链产物较少。长链正构烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的裂化反应在低转化率以加氢裂化为主,裂化产物的碳数呈均匀分布;在高转化率下以酸催化裂化为主,裂化产物的碳数分布呈现明显的不对称分布特征。     

乙醇对Pt/SAPO-11和Pt/ZSM-22催化剂烷烃异构化性能的影响

选用SAPO-11、ZSM-22两种分子筛为载体,浸渍Pt制备了Pt/SAPO-11和Pt/ZSM-22催化剂,以正庚烷为模型化合物,考察乙醇对催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。并通过BET、XRD、C₂H₅OH-TPD和C₂H₅OH-FTIR等表征手段对催化剂的物化性能以及吸附反应性能和不同活性酸性位点进行了研究考察。结果表明,乙醇在临氢异构转化过程优先生成H₂O,并以H₂O的形式影响催化剂的异构化性能,催化剂异构活性与选择性随乙醇含量的增加而降低。与Pt/ZSM-22催化剂相比,Pt/SAPO-11催化剂由于有P-OH基团,表现出一定的抗含氧化物乙醇的性能。     

Pt/SAPO-11临氢异构化催化剂反应特性的研究

以正庚烷为模型化合物，在10 mL连续流动固定床反应装置上，考察了温度、压力、空速与氢烃摩尔比对0.4%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂临氢异构化反应性能的影响。结果表明，催化反应以烷烃异构化为主，正庚烷转化率达70%时异构产物选择性保持在90%以上，压力和氢烃摩尔比较小时，产物的选择性较高；压力太高裂解产物生成量增多对异构化选择性不利。获得了正庚烷在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上临氢异构化的优化反应条件为，360 ℃～380 ℃，0.5 MPa～1.0 MPa，2.1 h-1～4.1 h-1，H2/CH(摩尔比)2～6；烷烃临氢异构化反应的一个条件变化，需要其他条件的改变来达到最佳的匹配。     

Pt/SAPO-11催化剂载体的改性对正十四烷临氢转化性能的影响

以Pt/SAPO-11双功能催化剂为基础,对催化剂载体进行柠檬酸、炭黑改性,以正十四烷为模型化合物,通过催化剂表征和反应评价,探索了催化剂载体的改性对正十四烷临氢转化性能的影响。结果表明,异构化产物以单甲基异构物为主,改性没有改变催化剂的酸强度,但使得酸浓度有所下降。通过柠檬酸调变催化剂的酸性使得催化剂的低温催化活性显著提高,采用炭黑扩孔改性,有效改善了催化剂的传质性能,提高了催化剂的单甲基异构体选择性。柠檬酸和炭黑改性的催化剂裂化产物均以C6为主,改性并没有改变SAPO-11分子筛的孔道限制效应,裂化产物呈现一定的择型效应,裂化产物分布呈现出不对称分布的特点。     

Hydroisomerization of n-heptane over bimetal-bearing H3PW12O40 catalysts supported on dealuminated USY zeolite

The bimetal-bearing (CePt or LaPt) 12-tungstophosphoric acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (PW)) catalysts supported on dealuminated USY zeolite (DUSY) were prepared by impregnation and characterized by XRD, BET, IR, and H₂-chemisorption. Their catalytic activities were tested in the hydroisomerization of n-heptane with a continuous atmospheric fixed-bed reactor. After the steam treatment combined with the acid leaching, as well as the supporting with PW and the bimetals, the DUSY support retains the Y zeolite porosity and the PW well keeps its Keggin structure in catalysts. The doping of Ce into the catalysts enhances the dispersion of Pt on the catalyst surface. The Pt-bearing PW catalysts doped with Ce or La, especially Ce, exhibit much higher catalytic activity and selectivity than the catalysts without dopants at lowered reaction temperatures. At the optimal reaction conditions, i.e., the reaction temperature of 250°C and WHSV of 1.4 h⁻¹, the catalyst with a Pt loading of 0.4%, PW loading of 10% and a molar ratio of Ce to Pt of 15:1 shows a conversion of n-heptane of 70.3% with a high selectivity for isomerization products of 94.1%. Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 20306011 and 20476046), the Ph. D. Program Foundation of Chinese University (20040291002), and the Ph. D. innovation Program Foundation of Nanjing University of Technology (BSCX200506)     

正庚烷在Ni-Sn/SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢异构化反应

分别以浸渍法和分步浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-11催化剂和Ni-Sn/SAPO-11双金属催化剂,利用XRD、F T-IR、NH_3-TPD、Py-IR、SEM等手段对其进行了表征,考察了Sn含量对分子筛结构和酸性的影响,并以正庚烷临氢异构化为探针反应,考察了Sn含量及反应条件对催化剂临氢异构化性能的影响.结果表明,在我们所考察的Sn含量范围(加入锡含量)内,所制备的催化剂均能保持SAPO-11分子筛晶相,金属Sn均可调节催化剂酸性.加入Sn可以明显提高正庚烷的转化率和异庚烷的选择性,其中,在氢烃比n(H_2)/n(n-C_7H_(16))为14、H_2流速为30m L/min、还原温度为430℃、还原时间为5 h、反应温度为300℃、反应时间为5 h、重时空速(WHSV)为6.8 h-1、反应压力为常压条件下,5%Ni-4%Sn/SAPO-11催化剂的催化性能较佳,其正庚烷转化率可达43%,异庚烷的选择性可达71%.     

金属前躯体溶剂对Pt/ZSM-22催化剂临氢异构性能的影响

将Pt前驱体分别溶解于水、乙醇、丙酮、乙酸中,采用浸渍法制备了一系列成型Pt/ZSM-22催化剂。通过XRD、BET、TEM、CO-chemisorption、CO-FTIR和Py-FTIR等表征手段对催化剂的物相结构、织构性质、金属性质和酸性进行了系统地考察并以正十二烷为模型化合物,研究了前躯体溶剂对临氢异构反应性能的影响。结果表明,溶剂极性是造成Pt分散差异的主要原因;以乙醇、丙酮和乙酸为浸渍溶剂制备的催化剂,Pt多分布于ZSM-22分子筛上,并与酸性位相互作用造成Pt缺电子;而以水为溶剂则造成Pt多分布于氧化铝黏结剂上,对Pt的电子性质影响较小。在临氢异构反应中,与Pt落位于氧化铝相比,Pt分布于ZSM-22分子筛上表现出更高的活性和异构选择性,表明缩短酸性位与金属位间距可使反应物和异构中间体迅速扩散至金属位上发生脱氢和加氢反应。     

Comparison ofn-decane hydroconversion with Pt/SAPO-5 and Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts

The product distributions from bifunctional conversion ofn-decane over Pt/SAPO-5 and Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts are compared in detail. Selectivities in decane reaction vary largely with the catalyst employed: Pt/SAPO-11 produces high yields of feed isomers, whereas Pt/SAPO-5 gives high yields of cracked products and only under mild reaction conditions are isodecanes the main products obtained. These selectivities seem to be determined by the structure of the catalyst.     

In-situ Synthesis of Gallium-Containing SAPO-11 Molecular Sieves and Superior Catalytic Performance of Their NiWS Supported Catalysts for Hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane

In order to prepare a high-performance SAPO-11 (silicoaluminophosphate-11) based non-noble metal supported catalyst for the hydroisomerization of long-chain n-alkanes, gallium-modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve was successfully synthesized by the in-situ synthesis method, and the NiWS supported catalyst was prepared for the hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane. The effects of Ga-modification on the physicochemical properties of SAPO-11 molecular sieve, the active phase properties, and the catalytic performance of the catalyst were studied. Through a series of physicochemical characterizations, it was found that the introduction of Ga increased the mesoporous volume of SAPO-11 molecular sieve, reduced their acid density and strength, but improved the amount of medium-strong Brønsted acid. The Ga-modification weakened the interaction between the active metals and the support, increased the sulfidation degree of active metals, and increased the stacking number and dispersion of active phase. The results of catalytic performance evaluation showed that the catalytic activity and isomerization selectivity of the Ga-modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve based catalysts were improved, and the yield of i-hexadecane of NiW/2Ga-SAPO-11 was the highest, which was 40.30 % higher than that of NiW/SAPO-11. By analyzing the distribution of isomeric products, it was found that the Ga-modified SAPO-11 molecular sieve was helpful in improving the hydroisomerization depth of n-hexadecane over the catalyst.     

Isomerization of n-Hexane over Chlorinated Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts

Chlorided 0.57 wt. % Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ is a moderately active and highly selective catalyst for the isomerization of n-hexane at 300 °C when an excess of H₂ is present. Chlorine, which is continuously lost from the catalyst, may be replaced by adding a small amount of chloroform to the reactant stream. The catalyst exhibits activity and high isomerization selectivity even at 150 °C. Under the conditions of these lower temperature experiments, the equilibrium concentration of C₆ alkenes would be only 8 × 10^?7 Torr. This suggests that the classical mechanism, which involves the formation of n-hexene on the Pt, is not applicable. Rather, it is proposed that isomerization of the alkane occurs at acid sites on the catalyst, and the role of Pt is to catalyze the hydrogenation of any alkenes that might be formed as a result of cracking reactions. At temperatures ≤ 300 °C Brönsted acid sites are present in the catalyst, and presumably are responsible for the isomerization and cracking activity, but at higher temperatures Lewis acid sites play a dominant role.     

Hydroisomerization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-Stilbene into <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-Stilbene on Supported Heterogeneous Metal Catalysts (Rh,Pd, Pt,Ru, Ir/α-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>)

The hydroisomerization of a cis-isomer to produce a trans-isomer on Rh, Pd, Pt, Ru, and Ir/α-Al₂O₃ catalysts is studied. It is shown that Rh and Ru catalysts on which the hydroisomerization reaction mostly takes place exhibit the most favorable characteristics, whereas on the other metals, the main route is the hydrogenation reaction. Rh/α-Al₂O₃ is the optimum catalyst, since it has much higher activity than Ru/α-Al₂O₃. It is found that the increased selectivity of the trans-isomer formation is facilitated by a decrease in the hydrogen pressure and by an increase in the substrate concentration. The maximum selectivity is achieved when the reaction is carried out in nonpolar n-hexane and toluene, whereas in the case of the more polar tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMFA), and methanol both the reaction rate and the selectivity of the trans-isomer formation decline.     

Hydroisomerization of n -hexane over Mo-loaded Pt/H-Mor catalysts

Three Mo-Pt/H-Mor catalysts, HM-2, HM-3 and HM-4 were prepared by loading 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 wt.% of Mo, respectively, on the Pt/H-Mor (HM-1) support. Effect of the Mo loading on the n-hexane hydroisomerization reaction was studied by comparing the products obtained on the parent Pt/H-Mor support and the three Mo-loaded catalysts. The n-hexane conversions were increased with a Mo loading up to 0.10 wt.% Mo (HM-2), and a further increase of the Mo content to 0.15 wt.% (HM-3) caused a decrease in the conversion. Among the catalysts, HM-3 prepared by 0.10 wt.% Mo loading on Pt-HM provided the highest isomer yield of 57.4 wt.%, with the highest di-branched isomer selectivity of 11.7 wt.%. The catalytic activity of Mo-loaded catalysts was greatly influenced by the reaction temperature, i.e., the catalysts exhibited an increase in the isomer yields with increasing reaction temperatures, i.e. from 250°C to 310°C.     

Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上正十四烷临氢异构化: Ⅰ 反应条件对催化性能及稳定性的影响

以正十四烷为原料，在连续流动的固定床反应装置上，通过改变温度、压力、空速以及氢烃摩尔比等参数，考察了0.6%Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的异构化性能。结果表明，反应压力与氢烃摩尔比较低时，该催化剂仍具有良好的异构化选择性和催化稳定性。正十四烷反应的转化率高达95%时，异构化选择性仍保持在90%左右。正十四烷的转化率随温度的升高，压力、进料空速和氢烃摩尔比的降低而增大；异构化选择性呈现复杂的变化规律，反应压力和温度过高、进料空速和氢烃摩尔比太小都不利于异构体的生成。各反应参数不是单独起作用，它们之间存在相互作用；即一个参数变化时，需要其他参数的调整来获得最大的异构体收率。获得了正十四烷临氢异构的最佳条件为 300℃～330℃， 0.5MPa～2.0MPa，WHSV<10 h－1，H2/CH摩尔比1.1～8.7。     

Acidic functionalized ionic liquids as catalyst for the isomerization of α-pinene to camphene

An acidic functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) [HSO₃-(CH₂)₃-NEt₃]Cl-ZnCl₂ was synthesized and used to catalyze the isomerization of α-pinene in a homogeneous system. The optimum conditions for isomerization were obtained as follows: n(α-pinene):n(ILs) = 9:1, reaction temperature 140 °C, and reaction time 4 h, α-pinene 0.04 mol. Under the optimal conditions, the conversion of α-pinene was 97.6 % and the selectivity for camphene could reach 64.8 %. In addition, the catalyst could be easily separated by centrifugation after the isomerization completely finished. When the ILs were repeatedly used for four times, the conversion of α-pinene and the selectivity for camphene were still excellent, indicating the superb recycle ability of the acidic functionalized ILs catalyst.     

以SBA-15为硅源合成多级孔SAPO-11分子筛及其在正十二烷临氢异构化中的应用

以脱除模板剂后的SBA-15为硅源和间接模板剂,在水热条件下制备多级孔SAPO-11分子筛,并通过XRD、SEM、红外光谱、氮气物理吸附-脱附等表征手段对样品的晶相、形貌、酸性和织构性质进行表征。结果表明,以焙烧后的SBA-15为硅源合成出纯相的SAPO-11分子筛,且SBA-15已完全转化。合成的SAPO-11样品呈空心的近方柱体形貌,由宽度为100 nm左右的细条聚集而成,晶粒粒径为1-3 μm。与白炭黑、硅溶胶合成的常规SAPO-11分子筛对比发现,添加SBA-15可在SAPO-11中引入介孔孔道,孔径为5-10 nm,且样品以中强度的Brønsted酸为主,弱Brønsted酸相对较少。以正十二烷为探针分子,考察Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的临氢异构化反应性能。结果表明,多级孔Pt/SAPO-11催化剂具有优良的异构化反应性能。催化剂的高活性和选择性与SAPO-11分子筛的酸性质和孔道结构密切相关,中强度的Brønsted酸量的增加有助于活性提高,同时介孔孔道有利于产物扩散,异构产物的选择性明显提高。     

Transformation of n-hexane on Al2O3and SiO2supported Pt, Pt+Ga and Ir+Pt+Ga catalysts prepared by anchoring methods

Summary Transformation of n-hexane over Al₂O₃and SiO₂supported Pt, Pt+Ga and Ir+Pt+Ga catalysts was studied in a continuous-flow reactor operated under slug-pulse mode at 520°C. Bimetallic catalysts were prepared by introducing first Ga(OEt)₃and then diallylplatinum as precursor compounds. Iridium was then introduced viadecomposition of Ir₄(CO)₁₂adsorbed onto Pt+Ga catalysts. The addition of Ga to Pt/SiO₂catalyst decreased hydrogenation, aromatization and hydrogenolysis selectivity. Over Pt/Al₂O₃catalyst Ga increased hydrogenolysis selectivity and decreased isomerization and C₅-cyclization. The main effect of Ir was to increase hydrogenolysis selectivity and the stability of catalysts.</o:p>     

Ce促进Ni/SAPO-11催化剂上正庚烷的临氢异构化

通过浸渍法制备了Ni/SAPO-11催化剂, 并进一步通过分步浸渍法制备了Ni-Ce /SAPO-11双金属催化剂, 对其晶相结构和表面酸性进行了表征. 实验结果表明, Ce的引入导致比表面积和孔容增大, 总酸量升高而酸强度降低, 金属Ni在载体SAPO-11表面的分散度提高. 通过对正庚烷的临氢异构化反应研究发现, 引入Ce可以显著提高异庚烷的选择性. 在n(H₂)/n(n-C₇H₁₆)=12, MHSV=3.52 h^-1, 催化剂量0.3 g, 反应温度300 ℃条件下, Ni-2%Ce/SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率可达25.4%, 异庚烷的选择性可达90.4%.     

Hydroisomerization of benzene-containing gasoline fractions on a Pt/SO 42? -ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst: II. Effect of chemical composition on acidic and hydrogenating and the occurrence of model isomerization reactions

The acidic and hydrogenating of Pt/SO₄²⁻-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ samples containing from 18.8 to 67.8 wt % Al₂O₃ as a support constituent were studied by the IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and pyridine, and the model reactions of n-heptane and cyclohexane isomerization on these catalysts were examined. The total catalyst activity in the conversion of n-heptane decreased with the concentration of Al₂O₃; this manifested itself in an increase in the temperature of 50% n-heptane conversion from 112 to 266°C and in an increase in the selectivity of isomerization to 94.2%. In this case, the maximum yield of isoheptanes was 47.1 wt %, which was reached on a sample whose support contained 67.8 wt % Al₂O₃. A maximum yield (69.6 wt %) and selectivity (93.7%) for methylcyclopentane formation from cyclohexane were also reached on the above catalyst sample. This can be explained by lower concentrations of Lewis and Br?nsted acid sites in the Pt/SO₄²⁻-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ system, as compared with those in Pt/SO₄²⁻-ZrO₂. The experimental results allowed us to make a preliminary conclusion that the Pt/SO₄²⁻-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ catalyst whose support contains 67.8 wt % Al₂O₃ is promising for use in the selective hydroisomerization of benzene-containing gasoline fractions in the thermodynamically favorable process temperature range of 250–300°C.     

Isomerization ofn-pentane andn-hexane on modified zeolites

The activity and selectivity of catalysts based on TsVM (an analog of ZSM-5), Beta, and La-H-Beta zoelites modified by Pt, Pt−Fe, and Pt−Ga were studied in the isomerization of C₅ and C₆ linear alkanes. The Pt/HTsVM, Pt/H-Beta, and Pt/La-H-Beta catalysts are efficient inn-pentane isomerization, whereas the Pt/H-Beta and Pt/La-H-Beta are most active inn-hexane isomerization. Nearly equilibirum isoparaffin yield at a selectivity of at least 95–96% is reached on these catalysts unlike other zeolite systems. The overall yield of 2,2-and 2,3-dimethylbutanes is 22 wt.%. The hexane isomers are not formed over the Pt/HTsVM catalyst due to the molecular-sieve properties of this type of zcolites. Published inIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya No. 11, pp. 1866–1869, November, 2000.