TiO_2反蛋白石光子晶体最新研究进展

TiO_2反蛋白石光子晶体的研究近年来受到广大科技工作者的关注。它具有TiO_2的无毒、高折射率、良好的生物相容性,并且在电化学、光催化等方面有着优良的特性,而且具有光子晶体的光子带隙、光子局域、慢光效应、超棱镜效应、负折射效应等光学特性,使其在化学传感器、太阳能电池、光催化、高效率微波电线以及光子晶体纤维等方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文总结了TiO_2反蛋白石光子晶体的制备方法、改性方法,同时介绍了其近年来在各领域的应用研究进展。     

利用局域光效应增强全光谱光催化的ZnO/PVDF反蛋白石结构薄膜

随着环境污染与能源危机的问题日益严重,利用清洁能源太阳能的光催化技术得到了研究者的广泛关注.然而,半导体光催化剂的带隙严重限制了其利用整个太阳光谱的能力.尽管通过能带工程、上转换等技术,已经有部分可见光可以被利用,但其本身的效率却并不高.太阳光谱中的近红外光有着显著的光热效应,可提高光催化反应的温度,促进光生载流子的分离,进而提升光催化的效果.光子晶体是一种周期性结构,通过调节其折射率以及孔径大小,可以对不同波段的光实现增强吸收或反射的效果.人们已制备了二氧化钛的反蛋白石结构用于光催化降解污染物,其光催化效率明显提高.但是,通过利用反蛋白石结构光子晶体增强近红外光的吸收,进而实现全光谱利用的光热协同催化目前还未有报道.本文以二氧化硅单分散微球为模板,制备了以苯胺黑-聚偏氟乙烯为基底、氧化锌为光催化剂的反蛋白石结构光子晶体薄膜,采用扫描电镜、XRD和XPS等技术表征了薄膜的结构,并通过透射光谱与镜面反射光谱验证了苯胺黑的加入可增强全光谱的利用率.结果发现,当苯胺黑掺量为0.5%时,微反应器中的薄膜温度在60 min内上升了13.6℃,而空气中的薄膜温度在2 min内升了24.5℃,表明苯胺黑在近红外光生热中起着重要作用.对比普通薄膜,Z0.5A-369在微反应器与空气中的温度分别提升了14.7和26.8℃,证实了光子晶体对于光谱吸收的增强效应.就光催化性能来看,Z0.5A-369比普通薄膜的效率提高了1.63倍,而微反应器也比普通反应器提升了5.85倍.可见,薄膜和反应器的设计实现了协同催化.光热协同光催化发现,利用近红外光的光热效应来提高光催化反应过程中的温度可有效促进光催化反应,是一种高效利用太阳光谱的方法.光子晶体因其多孔结构、高比表面积、限光效应和慢光效应而增强了对光的吸收,进一步提高了光催化效率.另外,微反应器通过其局域的热效应和缩短的传质路径有效地增加了反应速率.     

硫化镉反蛋白石光子晶体制备及光解水制氢

对硫化镉反蛋白石结构光子晶体薄膜进行了可控合成,用巯基乙酸修饰的纳米晶和P(St-MMA-SPMAP)高分子小球共组装,成功地构筑了反蛋白石结构并用于可见光光解水产氢。结果表明,在可见光(λ≥420 nm)照射下,Cd S-310反蛋白石结构薄膜的光解水产氢性能比硫化镉纳米颗粒提高了一倍。这主要是因为等级孔结构反蛋白石光子晶体特性对催化剂的光催化性能的提升:首先,反蛋白石的周期性结构增加了光子在材料中的传播,提高了催化剂对太阳光的利用率;同时,大孔孔壁是由纳米颗粒堆积而成的,在反应中提供了更多的反应活性位点;此外,孔结构有利于物质的传输和分子的吸附。     

蛋白石及反蛋白石結構光子晶體

光子晶体是由不同介电常数的材料构成的一种空间周期性结构，它能够在特定方向上禁阻、控制和操纵光子的运动。目前，已制备的光子晶体具有几种不同的结构类型，本文主要综述了蛋白石、反蛋白石结构光子晶体的制备方法及其光子带隙的影响因素。     

慢光子效应在太阳能转换燃料中的应用（英文）

随着全球性能源短缺和环境恶化问题的日益突出,能源和环境问题已成为目前人类面临和亟待解决的重大难题,研究新的替代能源和清洁环境技术备受关注.世界各国的科研工作者都在积极探索和寻找有效的对策,其中通过光催化分解水和还原CO_2将太阳能转化为有价值的氢气和碳氢燃料可有效缓解人类对可再生能源和清洁能源的需求.然而,现有催化剂的转换效率还达不到商业化的要求,主要原因是太阳光的利用率低和光生电荷的复合率高.将催化剂构造成三维有序孔状的光子晶体结构,可有效提高催化剂对光的利用率.光子晶体是一种特殊的周期性介电物质有序排列而成的微结构材料,它对光有着特殊的调控作用,可以通过光反射、光散射和慢光子效应来调控光在材料介质结构中的传播和光与介质的相互作用.三维反蛋白石结构的光子晶体不仅有光子晶体的特征还具有本身特有的结构效应,主要体现在以下两个方面:(1)光子晶体结构:光子晶体具有内部相互连接的三维框架结构和相互连通的球形孔道,三维框架结构提供大的比表面积,而有序的球形孔道有利于反应物分子的动态扩散;(2)光子晶体效应:当光波长落在光子禁带范围内,此波长的光将会被反射而不能在材料内传播;当光子晶体材料内有缺陷时可以发生多重散射,增加光的利用率;当光波长落在光子禁带红边的时候,这部分的光将会"慢下来"并且作用光子晶体的高介电物质部分;当光波长落在光子禁带蓝边的时候,这部分光也会"慢下来"并且作用于光子晶体的低介电物质部分.通过调控光子禁带的位置,可以得到不同波长的慢光子和调控作用于不同的材料物质上,增强入射光的利用率和光与材料的相互作用.基于光子晶体半导体材料既有电子能带又有光子能带的特点,利用光的反射、散射和慢光子效应来调控光在光子晶体中的传播,能显著增强光与催化剂的相互作用.尤其是光子禁带附近产生的慢光子效应对光有着特殊的调控作用,可以减慢一些特定频率的入射光在催化剂中的传输,促进催化剂对光的吸收.同时,慢光子效应还能促进光生电子-空穴对的分离,提高光解水产氢和光化学还原CO_2的活性.本文总结了光子晶体的慢光子效应促进光催化产H_2和CO_2还原的最新发展,并研究了慢光子效应在太阳能转换为燃料中的作用.基于慢光子效应对光的特殊调控作用,构造具有光子晶体结构的催化剂对促进太阳光的吸收和提高太阳能转换为燃料的效率具有重要的意义.     

二氧化钛反蛋白石薄膜的制备及其在化学传感器中的应用

用提拉成膜法将单分散295 nm聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)胶体微球自组装成蛋白石光子晶体膜. 在PMMA蛋白石光子晶体膜的空隙里填充15 nm二氧化钛纳米颗粒, 经500 ℃的处理除去PMMA膜板, 制备出大面积, 结构均一的二氧化钛反蛋白石光子晶体膜. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和X射线光电能谱(XPS)分析表明, 这种二氧化钛反蛋白石光子晶体薄膜是六方紧密堆积. 用这种二氧化钛反蛋白石光子晶体膜对溶液折射率的检测实验表明该传感膜分辨率可达0.01.     

反蛋白石光子晶体的研究进展

反蛋白石晶体是一类重要的光子晶体,由于其制备材料的广泛性以及容易实现对光子禁带的多重调制而受到广泛关注.本文介绍了目前反蛋白石晶体结构的主要制备技术和方法,详细阐述了反蛋白石晶体结构的最新研究进展.     

分子印迹光子晶体传感芯片的制备及对邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测

将光子晶体与分子印迹技术相结合,制备了一种反蛋白石结构的分子印迹光子晶体传感芯片,并将其应用于4种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测效果研究.分子印迹光子晶体传感芯片的制备过程包含3个步骤.首先,通过垂直沉降自组装方法制备SiO2蛋白石结构模版;随后,向蛋白石结构模板空隙中填充含有印迹分子邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)的预聚液,引发光聚合;最后,移除SiO2结构模版及印迹分子,得到对邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物具有特异性识别功能的分子印迹光子晶体传感芯片.结果表明,传感芯片对待测物分子的识别过程可通过布拉格方程转换为可读的光学信号,当4种待测物浓度从1×10-5 mol/L增大到1 mol/L时,最大衍射峰位置发生20～40 nm的红移,且检测过程仅需6 min.检测芯片高度交联的聚合物结构令其具有较高的稳定性和重复利用性,5次检测后,芯片仍保持较好的传感性能.     

三联噻吩衍生物功能化SiO2反蛋白石光子晶体荧光薄膜的制备及应用

将单分散聚苯乙烯微球乳液与SiO₂溶胶均匀混合后, 于恒温恒湿条件下, 竖直沉积共组装制备得到蛋白石型光子晶体薄膜, 然后利用牺牲模板法制得SiO₂反蛋白石光子晶体薄膜. 该薄膜依次经过浓硫酸与过氧化氢混合液、 3-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷的甲苯溶液、 三联噻吩的三氯甲烷溶液和硼氢化钠的甲醇溶液处理后, 得到三联噻吩衍生物功能化的SiO₂反蛋白石光子晶体. 结果表明, 制备得到的光子晶体薄膜在512 nm处有荧光发射, 经紫外辐射后荧光猝灭, 甲醛气氛下458 nm处又出现新的荧光发射峰. 在甲醛气氛下20 s即可观察到荧光发射, 空气氛围下可恢复, 10次循环仍可保持强的荧光发射, 可重复性良好. 以无反蛋白石光子晶体结构的三联噻吩衍生物的平滑膜与甲醛作用的体系作为参比, 以330和400 nm聚苯乙烯微球为模板制备的三联噻吩功能化反蛋白石光子晶体, 在甲醛气氛中发射的荧光分别增强47.5和78.6倍. 这是由于光子晶体光子禁带的红带边和蓝带边与荧光发射波长相重叠, 产生了慢光子效应, 极大地增强了发射的荧光强度.     

HCl/NH_3敏感的卟啉-二氧化硅反蛋白石光子晶体荧光传感器

将反蛋白石结构的光子晶体引入到腐蚀性气体检测体系,制备得到卟啉-二氧化硅反蛋白石光子晶体(TPP-SiO_2IOPCs)荧光传感器。相对于空白样,TPP-SiO_2IOPCs传感器实现了氯化氢(HCl)气体检测信号200倍的增强,这主要归因于反蛋白石型光子晶体的大孔结构和慢光子效应。同时,TPP-SiO_2IOPCs传感器对于HCl气体的猝灭效率可达75%,比空白样的提高了25%,而且经HCl气体处理后的传感器通入氨气(NH_3)后,初始的荧光强度几乎完全恢复。在HCl和NH_3条件下进行5个循环后,TPP-SiO_2IOPCs传感器表现出良好的可重复使用性。该研究对于发展高效的荧光传感器提供了新的思路。     

Photoswitching properties of photonic band gap material containing azo-polymer liquid crystal

A photochemically tunable photonic crystal was prepared by infiltration of the polymer liquid crystal (LC) having azo-chromophores in a SiO₂ inverse opal structure. The SiO₂ inverse opal film infiltrated with the polymer LC reflected a light corresponding to the periodicity as well as the refractive indices of the inverse opal structure. Linearly polarized light irradiation caused the shift of the reflection band to longer wavelength more than 15 nm. This is caused by the formation of uniaxially anisotropic molecular orientation of the polymer LC. The switched state was stable under interior light, and reversible switching of the reflection band can be achieved by the linearly and circularly polarized light irradiation. This photoswitching property will be suitable not only for various optical materials, but also for introduction of defects in the photonic crystals.     

Inverse opal photonic crystal of chalcogenide glass by solution processing

Chalcogenide opal and inverse opal photonic crystals were successfully fabricated by low-cost and low-temperature solution-based process, which is well developed in polymer films processing. Highly ordered silica colloidal crystal films were successfully infilled with nano-colloidal solution of the high refractive index As(30)S(70) chalcogenide glass by using spin-coating method. The silica/As-S opal film was etched in HF acid to dissolve the silica opal template and fabricate the inverse opal As-S photonic crystal. Both, the infilled silica/As-S opal film (Δn ~ 0.84 near λ=770 nm) and the inverse opal As-S photonic structure (Δn ~ 1.26 near λ=660 nm) had significantly enhanced reflectivity values and wider photonic bandgaps in comparison with the silica opal film template (Δn ~ 0.434 near λ=600 nm). The key aspects of opal film preparation by spin-coating of nano-colloidal chalcogenide glass solution are discussed. The solution fabricated "inorganic polymer" opal and the inverse opal structures exceed photonic properties of silica or any organic polymer opal film. The fabricated photonic structures are proposed for designing novel flexible colloidal crystal laser devices, photonic waveguides and chemical sensors.     

红荧烯反蛋白石的制备及其光学性质研究

通过表面浸润法制备了红荧烯的反蛋白石结构,成功观测到其结构色,并检测出相对应反射光谱.此类方法可进一步拓展制备多种具有三维有序大孔结构的有机半导体材料,得到新的光电性质.     

MESO-STRUCTURED POLYMERIC HYDROGELS

Meso-structured (opal and inverse opal) polymeric hydrogels of varied morphology and composition wereprepared by using two methods: post-modification of the template-synthesized structured polymers and template-polymerization of functional monomers. A polyacrylic acid based inverse opal hydrogel was chosen to demonstrate its fastpH response by changing color, which is important in designing tunable photonic crystals. Template effects of the hydrogelson controlling structure of the template-synthesized inorganic materials were discussed. The catalytic effect of acid groups inthe templates was emphasized for a preferential formation of TiO_2 in the region containing acid groups, which allowedduplicating inorganic colloidal crytals from colloidal crystal hydrogels (or macroporous products from macroporoushydrogels) via one step duplication.     

Fabrication and characterization of cerium-doped barium titanate inverse opal by sol-gel method

Cerium-doped barium titanate inverted opal was synthesized from barium acetate contained cerous acetate and tetrabutyl titanate in the interstitial spaces of a polystyrene (PS) opal. This procedure involves infiltration of precursors into the interstices of the PS opal template followed by hydrolytic polycondensation of the precursors to amorphous barium titanate and removal of the PS opal by calcination. The morphologies of opal and inverse opal were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pores were characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation showed the doping structure of cerium, barium and titanium. And powder X-ray diffraction allows one to observe the influence of doping degree on the grain size. The lattice parameters, crystal size and lattice strain were calculated by the Rietveld refinement method. The synthesis of cerium-doped barium titanate inverted opals provides an opportunity to electrically and optically engineer the photonic band structure and the possibility of developing tunable three-dimensional photonic crystal devices.     

Enhanced photochemical‐shift of reflection band from an inverse opal film based on larger birefringent polymer liquid crystals: Effect of tolane group on the photochemical shift behavior

Photo‐chemically tunable photonic band gap materials are prepared by infiltration of liquid crystal polymers having azobenzene groups into voids of SiO₂ inverse opal films. Linearly polarized (LP) light irradiation results in transformation from a random to an anisotropic molecular orientation of azobenzene side chains in the voids of the SiO₂ inverse opal film, leading to the reversible and stable shift of the reflection peak to longer wavelength more than 15 nm. To improve switching properties, we use copolymers of azobenzene monomer and tolane monomer, which have higher birefringence, as infiltration materials into the voids. The azobenzene‐tolane copolymers are found to show higher birefringence than azobenzene homopolymers by the LP light irradiation at higher temperature. Consequently, the reflection band of the SiO₂ inverse opal film infiltrated with the azobenzene‐tolane copolymer can be shifted to longer wavelength region more than 55 nm by the irradiation of LP light. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1981–1990, 2009     

Responsive Inverse Opal Hydrogels for the Sensing of Macromolecules

Dual responsive inverse opal hydrogels were designed as autonomous sensor systems for (bio)macromolecules, exploiting the analyte‐induced modulation of the opal’s structural color. The systems that are based on oligo(ethylene glycol) macromonomers additionally incorporate comonomers with various recognition units. They combine a coil‐to‐globule collapse transition of the LCST type with sensitivity of the transition temperature toward molecular recognition processes. This enables the specific detection of macromolecular analytes, such as glycopolymers and proteins, by simple optical methods. While the inverse opal structure assists the effective diffusion even of large analytes into the photonic crystal, the stimulus responsiveness gives rise to strong shifts of the optical Bragg peak of more than 100 nm upon analyte binding at a given temperature. The systems’ design provides a versatile platform for the development of easy‐to‐use, fast, and low‐cost sensors for pathogens.