Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications

Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed.     

Machine Learning towards Screening Solid-state Lithium Ion Conductors

Machine learning is an emerging method to discover new materials with specific characteristics.An unsupervised machine learning research is highlighted to discover new potential lithium ionic conductors by screening and clustering lithium compounds,providing inspirations for the development of solid-state electrolytes and practical batteries.     

Surface defect-rich ceria quantum dots anchored on sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes with enhanced charge separation for solar hydrogen production

Designing defect-engineered semiconductor heterojunctions can effectively promote the charge carrier separation.Herein,novel ceria(CeO2) quantum dots(QDs) decorated sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes(SCN NTs) were synthesized via a thermal polycondensation coupled in situ depositionprecipitation method without use of template or surfactant.The structure and morphology studies indicate that ultrafine CeO2 QDs are well distributed inside and outside of SCN NTs offering highly dispersed active sites and a large contact interface between two components.This leads to the promoted formation of rich Ce³⁺ ion and oxygen vacancies as confirmed by XPS.The photocatalytic performance can be facilely modulated by the content of CeO2 QDs introduced in SCN matrix while bare CeO2 does not show activity of hydrogen production.The optimal catalyst with 10% of CeO2 loading yields a hydrogen evolution rate of 2923.8 μmol h-1 g-1 under visible light,remarkably higher than that of bare SCN and their physical mixtures.Further studies reveal that the abundant surface defects and the created 0 D/1 D junctions play a critical role in improving the separation and transfer of charge carriers,leading to superior solar hydrogen production and good stability.     

Superfast and solvent-free core-shell assembly of sulfur/carbon active particles by hail-inspired nanostorm technology for high-energy-density Li-S batteries

The demand on low-carbon emission fabrication technologies for energy storage materials is increasing dramatically with the global interest on carbon neutrality.As a promising active material for metal-sulfur batteries,sulfur is of great interest due to its high-energy-density and abundance.However,there is a lack of industry-friendly and low-carbon fabrication strategies for high-performance sulfur-based active particles,which,however,is in critical need by their practical success.Herein,based on a hail-inspired sulfur nano-storm(HSN)technology developed in our lab,we report an energy-saving,solvent-free strategy for producing core-shell sulfur/carbon electrode particles(CNT@AC-S)in minutes.The fabrication of the CNT@AC-S electrode particles only involves low-cost sulfur blocks,commercial carbon nanotubes(CNT)and activated carbon(AC)micro-particles with high specific surface area.Based on the above core-shell CNT@AC-S particles,sulfur cathode with a high sulfur-loading of 9.2 mg cm^-2 delivers a stable area capacity of 6.6 mAh cm^-2 over 100 cycles.Furthermore,even for sulfur cathode with a super-high sulfur content(72 wt%over the whole electrode),it still delivers a high area capacity of 9 mAh cm^-2 over50 cycles in a quasi-lean electrolyte condition.In a nutshell,this study brings a green and industryfriendly fabrication strategy for cost-effective production of rationally designed S-rich electrode particles.     

Unraveling the stabilization mechanism of solid electrolyte interface on ZnSe by rGO in sodium ion battery

Transition metal selenides have been widely studied as anode materials of sodium ion batteries(SIBs),however,the investigation of solid-electrolyte-interface(SEI)on these materials,which is critical to the electrochemical performance of SIBs,remains at its infancy.Here in this paper,ZnSe@C nanoparticles were prepared from ZIF-8 and the SEI layers on these electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide(rGO)layers were examined in details by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies at varied charged/discharged states.It is observed that fast and complicated electrolyte decomposition reactions on ZnSe@C leads to quite thick SEI film and intercalation of solvated sodium ions through such thick SEI film results in slow ion diffusion kinetics and unstable electrode structure.However,the presence of rGO could efficiently suppress the decomposition of electrolyte,thus thin and stable SEI film was formed.ZnSe@C electrodes wrapped by rGO demonstrates enhanced interfacial charge transfer kinetics and high electrochemical performance,a capacity retention of 96.4%,after 1000 cycles at 5 A/g.This study might offer a simple avenue for the designing high performance anode materials through manipulation of SEI film.     

常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

CXN天然沸石的研究2: 吸附性质

采用N~2,NH~3,CO~2,乙烯,丙烯,水,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等作为吸附剂,研究了由我国CXN天然沸石改性制得的H-STI和Na-STI沸石的吸附性质,H-STI和Na-STI沸石的BET表面积及微孔孔体积约为420m^2/g和0.20m^3/g。根据NH~3和CO~2在H-STI沸石上的吸附等温线计算得到它们的吸附热分别为44.8和26.5kJ/mol。乙烯,丙烯,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等在Na-STI沸石上的吸附等温线表明该沸石对有机分子的吸附具有链长选择性。在低分压下水相对于甲醇的吸附量表明沸石具有一定的疏水性质。     

Regulation of carbon distribution to construct high-sulfur-content cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)battery is regarded as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems due to the ultra-high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg^-1.To address the insulation nature of sulfur,nanocarbon composition is essential to afford acceptable cycling capacity but inevitably sacrifices the actual energy density under working conditions.Therefore,rational structural design of the carbon/sulfur composite cathode is of great significance to realize satisfactory electrochemical performances with limited carbon content.Herein,the cathode carbon distribution is rationally regulated to construct high-sulfur-content and high-performance Li-S batteries.Concretely,a double-layer carbon(DLC)cathode is prepared by fabricating a surface carbon layer on the carbon/sulfur composite.The surface carbon layer not only provides more electrochemically active surfaces,but also blocks the polysulfide shuttle.Consequently,the DLC configuration with an increased sulfur content by nearly 10 wt%renders an initial areal capacity of 3.40 mAh cm^-2 and capacity retention of 83.8%during 50 cycles,which is about two times than that of the low-sulfur-content cathode.The strategy of carbon distribution regulation affords an effective pathway to construct advanced high-sulfur-content cathodes for practical high-energy-density Li-S batteries.     

Boost oxygen reduction reaction performance by tuning the active sites in Fe-N-P-C catalysts

Cost-effective atomically dispersed Fe-N-P-C complex catalysts are promising to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and replace Pt catalysts in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.However,it remains a challenge to increase the number of atomically dispersed active sites on these catalysts.Here we report a highly efficient impregnation-pyrolysis method to prepare effective ORR electrocatalysts with large amount of atomically dispersed Fe active sites from biomass.Two types of active catalyst centers were identified,namely atomically dispersed Fe sites and Fe_xP particles.The ORR rate of the atomically dispersed Fe sites is three orders of magnitude higher than it of Fe_xP particles.A linear correlation between the amount of the atomically dispersed Fe and the ORR activity was obtained,revealing the major contribution of the atomically dispersed Fe to the ORR activity.The number of atomically dispersed Fe increases as the Fe loading increased and reaching the maximum at 1.86 wt%Fe,resulting in the maximum ORR rate.Optimized Fe-N-P-C complex catalyst was used as the cathode catalyst in a homemade Zn-air battery and good performance of an energy density of 771 Wh kgZn^-1,a power density of 92.9 m W cm^-2 at 137 m A cm^-2 and an excellent durability were exhibited.     

Confined Ni-In intermetallic alloy nanocatalyst with excellent coking resistance for methane dry reforming

Carbon dioxide and methane are two main greenhouse gases which are contributed to serious global warming.Fortunately,dry reforming of methane(DRM),a very important reaction developed decades ago,can convert these two major greenhouse gases into value-added syngas or hydrogen.The main problem retarding its industrialization is the seriously coking formation upon the nickel-based catalysts.Herein,a series of confined indium-nickel(In-Ni)intermetallic alloy nanocatalysts(In_xNi@SiO₂)have been prepared and displayed superior coking resistance for DRM reaction.The sample containing 0.5 wt.%of In loading(In_0.5Ni@SiO₂)shows the best balance of carbon deposition resistance and DRM reactivity even after 430 h long term stability test.The boosted carbon resistance can be ascribed to the confinement of core–shell structure and to the transfer of electrons from Indium to Nickel in In-Ni intermetallic alloys due to the smaller electronegativity of In.Both the silica shell and the increase of electron cloud density on metallic Ni can weaken the ability of Ni to activate C–H bond and decrease the deep cracking process of methane.The reaction over the confined InNi intermetallic alloy nanocatalyst was conformed to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)mechanism revealed by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(in-situ DRIFTS).This work provides a guidance to design high performance coking resistance catalysts for methane dry reforming to efficiently utilize these two main greenhouse gases.     

阿司匹林的结构修饰与生物活性研究进展

阿司匹林(ASP)是第一个合成药物,主要作为一种非甾体抗炎药而被广泛使用.具有多种生物活性,如抗血栓、抗炎和抗肿瘤等,不少文献报道了其衍生物的合成及相关活性评估. ASP现有的衍生方法分为骨架衍生、前药衍生、孪药衍生及金属配位衍生四个类别.依据修饰位点的不同,骨架衍生进一步分为C(1)-COOH位修饰、C(1)-COOH位与C(2)-OAc位同时修饰、C(2)-OAc位修饰及苯环修饰.NO-ASP是制备抗血栓衍生物的主要方法,金属配位修饰则是抗癌衍生物的主要合成方案.综述了近20年来阿司匹林的结构修饰与其活性研究进展,阐述了353种阿司匹林衍生物的合成方法及部分衍生物的药理活性,为阿司匹林衍生物的进一步开发提供参考.     

气相生长碳纤维的表面改性及表征

用浓硝酸(65%~68%)对气相生长碳纤维(VGCF)进行了不同时间的表面化学改性。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明：改性使得VGCF的石墨晶型结构改变，其改变的程度随改性时间的延长而加深；BET比表面积(S_BET)测试表明：改性后的VGCF的S_BET有一定的变化，经120 min长时间的改性处理后，S_BET明显降低；傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测定得出：改性后VGCF表面上生长了不同类型的含氧基团，其总含量随改性时间的增大而增加；程序升温还原(TPR)得出：改性后VGCF表面上生成有2类以上的热稳定性不同的含氧基团，计算求得含氧基团的氧总含量为2 mmol·g^-1以上；NH₃吸附微量量热测定得出：表面酸性基团的强度和含量随改性时间增加而增大；透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明：改性没有明显破坏VGCF的外观结构；吸油值(AOV)实验给出：改性后VGCF的AOV显著降低而亲水性增强；双液法接触角测试给出：改性后VGCF的表面能(SE)明显增大；偶联剂与VGCF作用的FTIR研究表明：改性后VGCF表面含氧基团和偶联剂发生反应，增强了偶联剂在VGCF表面上的结合强度。     

超支化聚酰亚胺的改性研究

超支化聚酰亚胺(HBPI)因其独特的结构特征、优异的理化性能和广泛的应用价值而备受关注,其改性研究更是该领域的重点和热点。本文综述了HBPI近年来的改性研究以及最新进展,重点介绍了官能团改性、与无机纳米粒子杂化改性、与有机聚合物复合改性、交联改性以及引入其他特殊结构单元的改性方法,并对其表征和应用进行了相关概述。     

我国聚酯纤维改性的技术进展

综述了我国近十年来聚酯纤维改性技术的进展,主要是(1)染色改性:分散染料常压可染(EDDP),阳离子染料可染(CDP)(2)收缩改性(3)吸湿排汗改性(4)功能改性:导电,抗静电,阻燃,抗紫外,远红外,抗菌,负离子,磁性,抗凝血,芳香和消臭.     

生物塑料--聚(β-羟基丁酸酯)的物理改性和化学改性

综述了生物塑料聚(β-羟基丁酸酯)(PHB)近年来在物理改性(共混改性)和化学改性(大分子反应改性和反应性共混改性)方面工作的进展状况。在PHB共混体系中,可解体性共混物和全生物降解性共混物是两类不同的共混体系,后者从长远意义上讲是解决环境污染问题的根本途径,而其现实意义上的用途是在生物医学领域。文章主要对PHB共混体系的相容性、热行为、结晶行为、机械性能和降解性能等方面的规律进行了总结。并指出反应性共混是较佳改善非相容PHB共混体系相容性的方法,而大单体反应改性和反应性共混则是改造PHB,提供新型功能化医用材料的有效手段。这些领域方面的研究代表了PHB改性工作新的发展方向。     

面向DNA甲基化修饰分析的质谱技术

DNA甲基化作为表观遗传修饰中一种重要的调控方式,通过调控基因的表达,从而影响机体内一系列的生物学过程。色谱-质谱法是研究DNA甲基化修饰的重要研究手段。随着对哺乳动物DNA甲基化的生物学功能的深入研究,应用于研究表观遗传修饰的手段与仪器设备越来越先进。为了对DNA修饰进行定性与定量的分析检测,除了高效液相色谱整合不同种类质量分析器的质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术外,目前还开发应用了基质辅助激光解析质谱技术（MALDI-ToF-MS）和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,从而极大拓展了DNA甲基化修饰研究的手段。本文对分析表观遗传DNA甲基化修饰的质谱技术发展进行综述,希望为DNA甲基化修饰分析提供有价值的研究策略。     

CNT表面修饰对Pt/CNT在邻氯硝基苯加氢反应中催化性能的影响

用乙二醇还原法制备了碳纳米管(CNT)负载的铂催化剂(Pt/CNT).考察了CNT化学修饰与物理修饰对催化剂的影响.CNT化学修饰采用H2SO4-HNO3氧化法,物理修饰采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)吸附法.用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、电感耦合等离子发射光谱、H2程序升温脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱和元素分析对Pt/CNT催化剂进行了表征,并以邻氯硝基苯选择加氢为探针反应考察了Pt/CNT的催化性能.结果表明,化学修饰与物理修饰都能在CNT表面引入一定数量的活性位,有助于促进Pt异相成核,提高Pt的分散性,进而提高催化剂的活性.SDS在一定浓度下可形成特定结构的胶束,导致形成特定形貌的Pt纳米粒子.     

Basis of Solid-Phase Grafting of Polypropylene

Abstract

The chemical modification of polymers opens new dimensions for the development and design of materials based on plastics. The chemical modification of polymers by reactions is performed by reactions in a melt, in a solution, or in a solid phase. The modification of polymers in solid phases (powder or granular material directly from the polymerization) has great advantages compared with reactions in solution or melt. The advantages are lower costs and, most important, greater creative variability. A special advantage of solid-phase modification of polypropylene (PP) is the fact that the degradation reaction is reduced.     

Modification of poly(vinyl chloride) with new aromatic thiol compounds. Synthesis and characterization

Different thiol compounds were tested for the synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with halogen groups and the course of the modification reactions followed under different conditions by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. It is shown that PVC can be modified without side reactions using 4-fluorothiophenol, 4-chlorothiophenol, 4-bromothiophenol, 3,4-di-fluorothiophenol, penta-fluorothiophenol and penta-chlorothiophenol. The reactivities and final degrees of modification of the different nucleophiles are compared showing that, when the thiolate salt is preformed, the bromine derivative reacts quicker and higher degrees of modification are reached than with its smaller homologues. On the other hand, using the thiol compounds in combination with potassium carbonate this order is inverted and highest degrees of modification are achieved with 4-fluorothiophenol. Glass transition temperatures and thermal stabilities of the new compounds are compared.     

大豆分离蛋白改性的研究进展

首先介绍了大豆分离蛋白的基本组成与结构,然后分别从化学改性、酶改性和物理改性三个方面对大豆分离蛋白改性进行了综述.其中,在化学改性方面,针对大豆分离蛋白中含有的氨基、羧基、巯基等不同活性基团的改性原理及研究现状进行了介绍.在酶改性方面,主要介绍了谷胺酰胺转胺酶、木瓜蛋白酶等对大豆分离蛋白的改性作用.在物理改性方面,介绍了共混、加热改性等目前研究较多的方法.通过化学、物理和酶等方法等来引起分子结构的微变化,可使人们获得各种符合预期的性能优良的产品,开发其在医药、化工等领域的应用潜力.