冷原子荧光光谱法测定含朱砂中成药中痕量汞的样品消解溶剂选择

目的为了测定紫金锭、复方牛黄消炎胶囊等含朱砂中成药样品中痕量汞的含量,方法比较并确定了高压密封消解法适用的消解溶剂体系。结果以y（王水）＋V（H2O2）=5＋1为消解溶剂,高压密封消解-冷原子荧光法测得紫金锭和复方牛黄消炎胶囊样品的总汞含量分别为7．22％和2．66％,样品的加标回收率为96．2％-97．8％,RSD小于2％（n=3）;结论实验表明,y（王水）＋y（H2O2）=5＋1混合溶剂适用于紫金锭、复方牛黄消炎胶囊等含朱砂中成药样品的消化,获得的样品汞含量测定结果令人满意。     

微波消解一氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定罐头食品中锡

为建立微波消解-氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定罐头食品中锡含量的方法。样品在HNO3＋HC1或HN03＋HCl＋H2O2体系中经微波消解处理后,以硫脲-抗坏血酸混合液作预还原剂,用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定罐头食品中锡。结果表明,在优化的条件下,锡质量浓度在0～100μg／L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0．9998,方法最低检出限为0．067mg／kg,加标回收率在99．7％～108．3％之间,方法变异系数为2．67％（n=6）。该法具有准确度高、精密度好、灵敏快速且安全环保等优点,适用于罐头食品中锡的测定。     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定头发样品中的微量汞

对微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定头发样品中微量汞的方法进行了研究。采用HNO3和H2O2作消解剂,在最佳微波消解条件和测定条件下,线性回归线方程为Y=259．7c 155.4,相关系数r=0.9996,检出限为0．01ng／mL,线性范围为0-20ng／mL。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0,4％～2．8％,回收率为94,0％-102．0％。     

高压消解-双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定女贞属苦丁茶中砷与汞

采用HNO3/H2SO4常压预消解,HNO3/H2O2高压消解,硫脲-抗坏血酸溶液预还原等手段,建立了高压消解-双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定女贞属苦丁茶中砷和汞含量的新方法。考察并优化了分析条件。该方法砷与汞的检出限分别是4.73×10-5 mg.L-1、8.7×10-6 mg.L-1;相对标准偏差(n=10)砷小于2.15%,汞小于3.47%。方法可应用于女贞属六种苦丁茶中砷和汞的测定。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定番茄不同部位中微量汞

在汞污染的土壤上种植不同品种番茄 ,采用微波溶样技术和原子荧光光谱法 ,测定番茄不同部位的汞含量 ,初步研究了汞在番茄植株各个部位的分布情况 ,同时确定了微波消解该类样品的最佳条件 ,优化了原子荧光光谱仪的工作参数。该方法具有快速、简便、准确等特点 ,汞含量在0.01～20μg/L范围内线性良好 ,相关系数r=0.9998。研究结果还表明 ,汞含量在番茄各部位中的分布规律是根 叶>茎 果实 ,只有1/10的供试番茄品种在汞胁迫下果实中汞含量超标 ,为评价番茄作为菜蔬食品在生产中受汞污染的风险以及发展新的重金属污染土壤的修复技术提供依据     

冷原子荧光法测定甲壳素中的痕量汞

研究了冷原子荧光法测定甲壳素中痕量汞的工作条件。样品风干后在2mol／L HNO3-4mol／L HCl体系中以V2O5为催化剂消解1h，上清液中的汞被SnCl2还原后于253．7nm用冷原子荧光法测定。在以10％SnCl2为还原剂时，线性范围0～2．0ng/mL，r=0．9997，检出限为0．05ng/mL，相对标准偏差2．5％，平均回收率在86．3％～110．0％，该法简便、快速、准确。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电子电气产品陶瓷和玻璃中的铅、镉、铬和汞

采用微波消解技术，将电子电气产品中陶瓷和玻璃样品用HNO3-氟硼酸-H2O2在210℃的温度下加热约Ih溶解后，用全谱直读ICP—AES同时测定电子产品中陶瓷和玻璃里的铅、镉、铬和汞，方法的检出限为0．0015～0．012μg／mL。方法的回收率和精密度分别为90．5％～97．5％和0．16％-3．74％。可用于电子电气产品中陶瓷和玻璃里铅、镉、铬和汞的日常检验。     

ICP-AES 法测定中药大黄中五种微量元素

采用HNO3-H2O2体系消解大黄生药，ICP-AES法测定消解液中的五种微量元素含量。结果表明，所测定大黄中的元素含量按Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu顺序依次递减。该法测定上述元素含量的标准偏差在1．2％～5．7％之间，回收率为93．5％～99．1％。     

低压微波消解─ICP-AES法测定聚氯乙烯塑料及其制品中的Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg

采用低压微波消解系统,以HNO3、HCl、H2O2、HClO4和HF消解样品,用H3BO3络合过量的F-,并研究了Cl-对测汞的影响、共存元素的干扰、H3BO3对各元素的影响,建立了低压微波消解─ICP-AES法测定聚氯乙烯塑料及其制品中Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg的方法。Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg的检出限(3σ)分别为:0.012、0.002、0.006、0.020μg/mL,相对标准偏差为0.5%~4.0%,回收率为95%~101%。该方法可推广应用到其它塑料中Pb、Cd、Cr和Hg的测定,已应用于实际的检测工作。     

烟用接装纸中汞的测定-流动注射-冷原子吸收光谱法

吸烟与健康问题一直受到全世界的广泛关注.本文阐述了利用流动注射冷原子吸收光谱仪测定烟用接装纸中汞含量的方法.本试验采用V(HNO3):V(HCl):V(HF):V(H2O2)=5:1:1:1消解体系对烟用接装纸样品进行密闭微波消解,在强酸环境下采用NaBH4作为还原剂,把离子状态汞还原成元素汞.此方法测汞的线性方程为y=0.0114x+0.0003,检出限0.00684 mg/kg,烟用接装纸样品加标回收率在86.7%～111.1%之间.应用于实际烟用接装纸中汞的测定,方法操作简单,具有较高的灵敏度和精密度,结果稳定可靠.     

某些含氧酸中原子净电荷与pK_a的关系

在量子化学从头算 (分别采用HF/STO 3G ,HF/STO 3G ,HF/ 3 2 1G和MP2 /STO 3G)水平下 ,对 11种含氧酸分子 (H2 O ,H2 O2 ,HNO2 ,HNO3 ,HClO ,HClO2 ,HClO3 ,HCO2 H ,CH3 CO2 H ,HBrO和HIO)进行几何构型全优化和电子结构计算 ,将获得的电子结构数据与 pKa 实验值进行逐步回归分析 ,结果发现含氧酸中羟基氢原子净电荷、含氧酸中与羟基氧相连非氢原子净电荷两项与 pKa 呈良好的二元线性关系 ,表明含氧酸中羟基氧所连原子的净电荷在决定含氧酸的酸性上起重要作用     

Collection efficiency of metallic contaminants on si wafer by vapor-phase decomposition-droplet collection.

The collection efficiency of metallic contaminants on four different types of silicon wafers was investigated. P, p+, n and n(+)-type polished silicon wafers were used for the substrate, and 14 metallic elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo and Ti) were contaminated on silicon wafer surface. Vapor-phase decomposition-droplet collection (VPD-DC) was employed as the sample preparation procedure. For the collecting solution, HNO3, HF and a mixture of HF and H2O2 were used, respectively. A liquid droplet collecting metallic contaminants during VPD-DC was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, it was found that HNO3 and HF were not suitable for collecting Cu. Copper was not collected completely in HNO3 and HF. A mixture of HF and H2O2 is the most effective to collect all of the tested metallic elements, regardless of the dopant concentration and type of substrate.     

An investigation of the reactions of H3O+ and O2+ with NO, NO2, N2O and HNO2 in support of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

A selected ion flow tube (SIFT) experimental investigation has been carried out of the reactions of H3O+, NO+ and O2+ with NO, NO2, N2O and HNO2, in order to obtain the essential kinetic data for the analyses of these compounds in air using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). These investigations show that NO+ ions do not react at a significant rate with any of these NOx compounds and that H3O+ ions react only with HNO2 (product ions H2NO2+ (75%) and NO+ (25%)). O2+ ions react with NO (product ion NO+), NO2 (product ion NO2+) and HNO2 (product ions NO+ (75%), NO2+ (25%)), but not with N2O. We conclude that both NO and NO2 can be accurately quantified in air using only O2+ precursor ions and SIFT-MS when HNO2 is not present. However, when HNO2 is present it invariably co-exists with both NO and NO2 and then both H3O+ and O2+ precursor ions are needed to determine the partial pressures of NO, NO2 and HNO2 in the air mixture. We also conclude that currently N2O cannot be analysed in air using SIFT-MS.     

n(H_2O)(n=1,2)在HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应中的催化机制研究

采用CCSD(T)/aug-cc-p VTZ//B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)方法对n(H_2O)(n=0,1,2)参与HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应的微观机理和速率常数进行了研究.结果表明,由于水分子与HO_2形成的复合物(H_2O…HO_2,HO_2…H_2O)结合NO与水分子形成的复合物(NO…H_2O,ON…H_2O)的反应方式具有较高能垒和较低有效速率,其对HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应的影响远小于双体水(H_2O)2与HO_2(或NO)形成复合物然后再与另一分子反应物NO(或HO_2)的反应方式,因此n(H_2O)(n=1,2)催化HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应主要经历了HO_2…(H_2O)_n(n=1,2)+NO和NO…(H_2O)_n(n=1,2)+HO_22种反应类型.由于HO_2…(H_2O)_n(n=1,2)+NO反应的低能垒和高速率,HO_2…(H_2O)_n(n=1,2)+NO反应优于NO…(H_2O)_n(n=1,2)+HO_2反应.与此同时,由于计算温度范围内HO_2…H_2O+NO反应的有效速率常数比HO_2…(H_2O)2+NO反应对应的有效速率常数大了10~12数量级,可推测(H_2O)_n(n=1,2)催化HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应主要来自于单个水分子.此外,在216.7~298.6 K范围内水分子对HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应起显著的正催化作用,且随温度的升高有明显增大的趋势,在298.2 K时增强因子k'RW1/ktotal达到67.93%,表明在实际大气环境中水蒸气对HO_2+NO→HNO_3反应具有显著影响.     

pH-dependent H2-activation cycle coupled to reduction of nitrate ion by CpIr complexes.

This paper reports a pH-dependent H2-activation [H2 (pH 1-4) --> H+ + H- (pH -1) --> 2H+ + 2e-] promoted by CpIr complexes [Cp = eta5-C5(CH3)5]. In a pH range of about 1-4, an aqueous HNO3 solution of [CpIr(III)(H2O)3]2+ (1) reacts with 3 equiv of H2 to yield a solution of [(CpIr(III))2(mu-H)3]+ (2) as a result of heterolytic H2-activation [2[1] + 3H2 (pH 1-4) --> [2] + 3H+ + 6H2O]. The hydrido ligands of 2 display protonic behavior and undergo H/D exchange with D+: [M-(H)3-M]+ + 3D+ <==>[M-(D)3-M]+ + 3H+ (where M = CpIr). Complex 2 is insoluble in a pH range of about -0.2 (1.6 M HNO3/H2O) to -0.8 (6.3 M HNO3/H2O). At pH -1 (10 M HNO3/H2O), a powder of 2 drastically reacts with HNO3 to give a solution of [CpIr(III)(NO3)2] (3) with evolution of H2, NO, and NO2 gases. D-labeling experiments show that the evolved H2 is derived from the hydrido ligands of 2. These results suggest that oxidation of the hydrido ligands of 2 [[2] + 4NO3- (pH -1) --> 2[3] + H2 + H+ + 4e-] couples to reduction of NO3- (NO3- --> NO2- --> NO). To complete the reaction cycle, complex 3 is transformed into 1 by increasing the pH of the solution from -1 to 1. Therefore, we are able to repeat the reaction cycle using 1, H2, and a pH gradient between 1 and -1. A conceivable mechanism for the H2-activation cycle with reduction of NO3- is proposed.     

Theoretical study of the dissociation of nitric acid at a model aqueous surface

The issue of acid dissociation of nitric acid at an aqueous surface is relevant in various portions of the atmosphere in connection with ozone depletion. This proton-transfer reaction is studied here via electronic structure calculations at the HF/SBK+(d) level of theory on the HNO(3) x (H(2)O)(3) model reaction system embedded in clusters comprising 33, 40, 45, and 50 classical, polarizable waters with an increasing degree of solvation of the nitrate group. Free energy estimates for all the cases examined favor undissociated, molecular nitric acid over the 0-300 K temperature range, including that relevant for the upper troposphere, where it is connected to the issue of the mechanism of nitric acid uptake by water ice aerosols. The presence of molecular HNO(3) at 300 K at the surface is further supported by vibrational band assignments in good agreement with a very recent surface-sensitive vibrational spectroscopy study of diluted HNO(3)/H(2)O solutions.     

Determination of lead in plant tissues: a pitfall due to wet digestion procedures in the presence of sulfuric acid.

Two wet digestion procedures for the determination of lead in plant materials by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry have been evaluated. The combination of HNO3, H2O2 and HF, though leading to incomplete digestion, yielded values corresponding well with the reference or indicative values of the vegetal tissues used. The mixture of H2SO4, HNO3 and HCIO4 gave results that were too low in some instances, owing to the formation of a mixed precipitate (Pb,Ba)SO4.     

NH自由基与臭氧反应机理的理论研究

用量子化学从头计算方法,在HF/6-31 ++ G**水平研究了臭氧与NH三线态活性自由基反应的微观机理,优化得到反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物的几何构型.用MP2/6-31++G**//HF/6-31 ++ G**方法计算能量,同时进行零点能校正.研究结果表明:NH三线态活性自由基与O3反应首先生成稳定中间体HNO3,然后中裂解生成HNO和O2.     

Infrared signatures of HNO3 and NO3(-) at a model aqueous surface. A theoretical study

The infrared signatures of nitric acid HNO3 and its conjugate anion NO3(-) at the surface of an aqueous layer are derived from electronic structure calculations at the HF/SBK+* level of theory on the HNO3 x (H2O)3 --> NO3(-) x H3O(+) x (H2O)2 model reaction system embedded in clusters comprising 33, 40, 45, and 50 classical, polarizable waters, mimicking various degrees of solvation [Bianco, R.; Wang, S.; Hynes, J. T. J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 11033]. The molecular level character of the various bands is discussed, and the solvation patterns are described in terms of hydrogen bonding and resulting polarization of the species' intramolecular bonds. Connection is made with assorted experimental results, including surface-sensitive Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopy of aqueous nitric acid solutions, infrared spectroscopy of amorphous thin films of nitric acid monohydrate (NAM) and dihydrate (NAD), and infrared and Raman spectroscopic results for bulk aqueous solutions of nitric acid and nitrate salts.     

Orthogonal array design (OAD) for the optimization of mercury extraction from soils by dilute acid with microwave heating

The use of dilute acid for mercury extraction from geological samples with microwave assisted heating was investigated. An orthogonal array design OA(16)(4(1)x2(12)) was applied to select the optimum conditions. The effects of the concentration of HNO(3), the additions of HCl and H(2)S0(4), the extraction time and their interactions were evaluated by the mixed-level orthogonal array design (OAD). The results indicated that the addition of small amount of HCl would improve significantly the extraction of mercury from soil matrices. From the study, it is seen that the mercury in the soil matrices could be extracted completely by 14% (v/v) HNO(3) with small quantity of HCl. The effects of the pressure within the digestion vessel and the sample mass were studied under the optimum conditions derived from the OAD. The extraction methods with optimum conditions were evaluated by determining mercury in NIST SRM 1645 River Sediment, NIES CRM No. 2 Pond Sediment and NRCC BCSS-1 Marine Sediment. Recoveries of 78-109% were achieved. Good mean recoveries of 95-98% were also obtained from real soil samples spiked with different species of mercury.