水系锌离子电池负极集流体关键问题及设计策略

水系锌离子电池具有成本低廉、环境友好、安全、能量密度较高等特点,有望应用于大规模电化学储能装置.然而,目前使用的商业化锌箔负极相对正极活性材料大大过量,显著降低了电池的能量密度,且存在严重的穿孔和极耳脱落等问题.使用集流体负载锌作为负极可有效提高放电深度,同时避免电极穿孔失效.但是,集流体界面易产生锌枝晶与副反应,严重影响电池的循环寿命.本综述首先分析了锌枝晶与副反应的产生原因及其对锌负极电化学性能的影响,并从集流体材料成分选择与结构构建两方面总结了锌负极集流体的设计思路,包括选择亲锌性材料、设计择优取向基底与构建三维集流体结构.设计合适的集流体可有效调控锌金属的沉积与剥离行为,从而推进水系锌离子电池的实用化.     

阳极型缓蚀剂在锌－锰干电池中的应用

锌锰干电池存放时容量下降主要是锌负极腐蚀(自放电)引起的.为保证电池一定的工作性能和储存寿命,长期以来沿用的办法是在电液中加入适量汞盐,通过锌表面的汞齐化使析氢过电位提高,以抑制锌的腐蚀.     

锂离子电池负极材料铜锌锡硫纳米颗粒的制备及其电化学性能

以金属氯化物为金属源,硫脲为硫源,聚乙二醇和乙二醇为混合溶剂,采用溶剂热法一步合成了球形的铜锌锡硫纳米颗粒.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了铜锌锡硫纳米颗粒的物相、结构、形貌;利用电池测试系统对以铜锌锡硫纳米颗粒为锂离子电池负极材料组装的锂离子电池的电化学性能进行了测试.结果表明:所得到的产物为具有锌黄锡矿结构的纯相铜锌锡硫,颗粒直径在300～500nm.铜锌锡硫纳米颗粒作为锂离子电池的负极材料具有较好的稳定性,有望在锂离子电池研究和应用中得到推广.     

中性或弱酸性体系下锌基水系电池负极材料研究进展

锌具有原料丰富、质量轻便、金属导电性与延展性好以及理论比容量高等优势,可以作为绿色可充电电池的理想电极材料。其中,以中性或弱酸性水溶液为电解质、锌为负极的锌基水系电池具有安全性高、电池材料廉价无毒、制备工艺简单、环境友好等特点,在储能和动力电池领域具有极高的应用价值和发展前景。但电池充放电过程中伴随的锌枝晶、析氢、腐蚀、钝化等问题限制了其实际应用。本文综述了锌基水系电池负极存在的问题及当前的解决策略,并对其负极研究发展方向进行了展望。     

锌酸钙负极材料的水热法制备及其性能研究

采用水热法,合成了锌酸钙电极材料,制备成电极并组装成模拟锌镍电池．采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、粒度分析、红外光谱以及模拟电池的充放电等方法,对制备出的样品进行了表征．结果表明该方法制备的锌酸钙具有不规则的晶形、较小的粒径和较少的结晶水．模拟锌镍电池的充放电实验表明该样品材料具有良好的电极材料性能：以该锌酸钙为负极活性物质的模拟锌镍电池具有较低的充电电压、较高的放电平台和优良的循环性能．     

添加剂对干荷电式锌空气电池锌电极电性能的影响

1．引言 锌空气电池具有容量大、比能量高、成本低、放电电压平稳等优点，是一种具有巨大市场前景的化学电源。目前锌空气电池大多使用多孔气体扩散电极作为正极，传统锌膏作为负极，因而都存在着自放电率高、电解液碳酸化、失水或者吸潮、爬碱漏夜等技术难题。这些技术难题制约着锌空气电池的实用化和发展。而实际使用前才加电解液的干荷电式锌空气电池可有望解决上述难题。     

电解液组分对锌镍电池负极自放电的影响

随着石油资源的日益紧张及燃油汽车对环境污染的日趋严重，用电池作动力的电动汽车受到各国政府的高度重视。锌镍电池以其优异^11的电气性能、原材料丰富、成本低等特点，是未来电动车车辆主要的候选电池。但锌负极充放电循环过程中存在枝晶、形变、钝化、自放电（腐蚀析氢）等问题，解决前两者的关键是抑制放电产物锌酸盐在电解液中的溶解。为此，人们提出了两种有效的电解液体系。     

水系锌离子二次电池锌负极的研究进展

锌离子二次电池具有优异的充放电性能、高功率密度和能量密度、低成本、高安全性和环境友好的特点,极具发展前景。金属锌,因优异的导电性、低的平衡电势、高的理论比容量和低成本等因素,是水系二次电池中理想的负极材料,然而也存在着枝晶生长、腐蚀和钝化等问题,限制了锌离子二次电池的可逆容量和循环寿命,通过优化调节锌负极的形貌与表面修饰等方法可以提高电池性能。本文综述了水系锌离子二次电池负极材料的研究进展,涵盖了金属锌负极、复合锌负极和锌合金,且展望了锌负极的发展前景。     

单液流锌镍电池锌负极性能及电池性能初步研究

对单液流锌镍电池锌电极在电解液流动状态下,电沉积锌形貌随电流密度的变化进行表征,结果表明,随充电电流密度的增大电沉积锌层逐渐致密化,没有枝晶生成.组装了容量为2Ah的电池,并进行长时间充放电性能研究.测试结果该电池的平均充电电压为1.84 V,平均放电电压1.65 V,平均库仑效率达到96%,能量效率达到了86%.     

圆柱型锌空气电池研究

锌空电池具有高比能量和低价格的优势 ,受到人们普遍关注 .然而目前锌空电池的结构方式 ,只有方形和扣式 ,其应用领域受到一定限制 .本文报道了一种设计新颖的圆柱型锌空电池 .并在不同实验条件下 ,对电池性能进行了测试 .结果表明AA和AAA型电池在常温以 40mA电流放电时 ,容量分别达到 40 0 0mAh和 1 40 0mAh ,比能量达到 2 80Wh/kg ,并具有优良的综合电性能 .     

ZnO纳米电缆的制备、结构和生长机理

以混合的锌粉和锡粉作为原料, 通过热蒸发的方法在沉积有金膜的硅基片上制备出具有“芯线-壳层”同轴结构的ZnO/SiO_x纳米电缆. 扫描和透射电镜的研究表明, 这种纳米电缆的产量很高, 长度达到数个微米, 并且确认了其“芯线-壳层”的独特结构. 不同于以往ZnO一维纳米材料的三个快速生长方向〈0001〉、〈0110〉及〈2110〉, 其ZnO芯线的生长方向为[2021]. 本实验中锡粉和金膜分别作为抑制剂和催化剂, 通过控制锌粉的蒸发速率以及金硅共熔反应使ZnO纳米电缆在硅基片上得到一维生长. 这种纳米电缆可望在纳米尺度的电路、电器以及力学和光学信号的耦合和转换方面得到应用.     

纳米氧化镍氢氧化镍复合电极材料的制备及其电化学性能

氧化镍纳米粒子;固相反应;纳米氧化镍氢氧化镍复合电极材料的制备及其电化学性能     

Optical and gas sensing properties of mesoporous hollow ZnO microspheres fabricated via a solvothermal method

Mesoporous,hollow Zn O microspheres were synthesized via a hydrothermal method,using glycerol and zinc acetate as the starting materials.XRD and FESEM analysis showed that the surface morphology of the spheres with a Wurtzite structure could be reasonably adjusted by varying the weight ratio(Rw) of Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O:H2O:C3H8O3.The responses of the gas sensor based on the spheres to 100 ppm ethanol and 100 ppm acetone are 18.9 and 10.4,respectively.The response and recovery times of the sensor to ethanol and acetone are 2 s and 3 s,3 s and 5 s,respectively.The hollow spheres show an intense UV emission at 392 nm and a broad blue-green emission at 488 nm.Interestingly,a light trapping phenomenon is revealed by UV emission and scattering measurements on the microspheres,which can be attributed to the mesoporous shell and hollow structure of the microsphere.     

超声喷雾共沉淀法制备纳米氧化锡粉体及其气敏性研究

采用超声波喷雾技术,以SnCl4·5H2O和CO(NH2)2为前驱体原料制备了氧化锡以及Ce稀土离子掺杂纳米粉体.详细地研究了超声喷雾条件、反应时间以及化学组分对纳米SnO2粉体的形貌和尺寸的影响规律,以及前驱体沉淀物脱水化学处理的条件.用XRD,TEM研究了所获纳米粒子的晶相和形貌.结果表明,制备的SnO2纳米粒子呈球状,尺寸在10～20 nm,纳米颗粒均匀,分散性好.以该粉体为基础制备了相应的气敏元件,测定了气体灵敏度与温度和稀土元素掺杂的关系.研究测试表明,纳米SnO2半导体气敏元件对NO2气体有着良好的响应-恢复特性,并且具有较高的灵敏度和较低的工作温度.稀土元素铈的掺杂能明显提高纳米SnO2粉体的气敏性能.     

Flexible transparent conducting single-wall carbon nanotube film with network bridging method

Hollow ZrO(2) microspheres with mesoporous shells have been synthesized by a novel hydrothermal reaction of zirconium oxychloride in the presence of urea, hydrochloric acid, and ethanol. The morphology and shell thickness of the hollow microspheres can be controlled by varying synthesis conditions. After calcination at high temperature, the morphologies of the hollow microspheres are essentially preserved. Pt catalyst supported on the hollow calcined ZrO(2) microspheres exhibits more excellent catalytic performance in CO oxidation than those on ZrO(2) powders derived from conventional precipitation methods.     

Preparation and Electromagnetic Properties of Composites of Hollow Glass Microspheres Coated with NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles

"The composites of hollow glass microspheres coated with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared using polyacrylamide gel method. The structural characteristics, morphology and electromagnetic properties of the composite powders with different weight percent of glass microspheres (15%, 40%, and 65%) were obtained by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy and HP8510 network analyzer. The results indicated that the phase structure of composite powders was the mixtures of nickel ferrite, quartz, and mullite. The peak intensity for nickel ferrite decreased rapidly and for mullite increased remarkably with the increasing amount of microspheres. A pure spinel structure of NiFe2O4 formed on the glass microspheres at 600 oC. A uniform and continuous NiFe2O4-coating was obtained when the content of microspheres was 40%. A great amount of NiFe2O4 particle size is less than 80 nm. The composite with a content of 40% microspheres exhibits better dielectric and magnetic loss properties which are useful to absorb more electromagnetic wave. It can be a kind of good and light electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the X-band."     

A facile synthesis of luminescent YVO4:Eu3+ hollow microspheres in virtue of template function of the SDS–PEG soft clusters

Hollow europium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (YVO₄:Eu³⁺) microspheres were fabricated via a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–polyethylene glycol (PEG)-assisted hydrothermal technique. The as-synthesized hollow YVO₄:Eu³⁺ microspheres were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The obtained results showed that the morphology and size of the hollow microspheres have a strong dependence on the hydrothermal reaction time of the YVO₄:Eu³⁺ powders. It is believed that the SDS–PEG clusters perform a function of dual soft-template that results in a unique template-induced secondary assembly in the one-pot synthesis of hollow YVO₄:Eu³⁺ microspheres. The photoluminescence measurement revealed that the YVO₄:Eu³⁺ powders with a spherical hollow shape have better red luminescence compared to the YVO₄:Eu³⁺ solid microspheres. As a result, the controlled synthesis of hollow YVO₄:Eu³⁺ microspheres not only has a great theoretical significance in studying the three-dimensional control and selective synthesis of inorganic materials but also benefits the potential applications based on hollow YVO₄:Eu³⁺ microspheres owing to reducing the usage of expensive rare-earth elements.     

Studies on Monodispersed Microspheres of Zinc Sulfide Doped with Mn^2＋

In this paper,zinc acetate,manganese acetate and thiacetamide are used as raw materials to successfully synthesize monodispersed ZnS:Mn2+ microspheres by using hydrothermal method and taking P123 surfactant as a template. The products were characterized by XRD,STEM,FT-IR and N2 adsorption-desorption. And the results show that the diameter of this microsphere is 1.0 μm or so,which is larger than that of ZnS microsphere without Mn2+ doping,and it has monodispersion,smooth surface and uniform size. The doping of Mn2+ does not obviously change the structure of monodispersed ZnS microsphere. The photoluminescence peak lies in a wide band ranging from 450 to 650 nm,and the microspheres emit orange light; with the increase of Mn2+ concentration,fluorescence intensity of ZnS:Mn2+ microsphere changes,and when the mole ratio of Mn2+:Zn2+ is 0.3:1,the fluorescence intensity is the strongest.     

Stepwise Stress-Induced Transformations of Metal-Organic Polyhedral Cluster-Based Assemblies: Where Conformational and Supramolecular Features Meet

Understanding the factors governing the formation of supramolecular structures and phase transitions between various forms of molecular crystals is pivotal for developing dynamic, stimuli-responsive materials and polymorph-controlled syntheses. Here, we investigate the pressure-induced dynamic of both the intrinsic molecular structure and the supramolecular network of a predesigned polyhedral oxo-centered zinc cluster incorporating monoanionic N,N’-diphenylformamidinate and featuring N-bonded phenyl groups in close proximity to the primary coordination sphere. We demonstrate that the model oxo cluster is prone to undergoing pressure-induced conformational transformations of the secondary coordination sphere and simultaneous stepwise (initially every second polyhedral molecule undergoes the conformational transformations) and reversible transitions from an ambient phase α to high-pressure phases β and γ, as single-crystal-to-single-crystal events. The observed phase transitions illustrate the key role of an interplay between the low-energy conformation perturbations and cooperative intra- and intermolecular noncovalent interactions.     

Polycarbonate microspheres containing mitomycin C and magnetic powders as potential hepatic carcinoma therapeutics

The polycarbonate copolymer poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-5,5-dimethyl trimethylene carbonate) (P(TMC-co-DTC)) was synthesized by the polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and 5,5-dimethyl trimethylene carbonate (DTC) using tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate [Sn(Oct)(2)] as a catalyst. In vitro degradation tests indicated this polycarbonate copolymer degraded slowly in phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS, 0.1 mol/L, at 37°C). Magnetic polymer microspheres (MMC-PC-M) generated from the P(TMC-co-DTC) copolymer and containing Fe(3)O(4) magnetic ultrafine powders and an anticancer drug, mitomycin C (MMC) were prepared by a solvent evaporation technique. These anticancer magnetic polycarbonate microspheres showed strong magnetic responsiveness and high MMC loading capacity. In vitro drug release studies indicated that these microspheres sustained steady release rates of MMC in PBS. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the microspheres were strongly inhibitory to human hepatic carcinoma (Bel-7204) cells. In vivo site-specific therapy in nude mice with human hepatic carcinoma indicated that the microspheres possessed markedly high antitumor activity against human hepatic carcinoma (Bel-7204).