锂离子电池硅复合负极材料研究进展

硅基负极材料具有最高的储锂容量和较低的电压平台,是最具潜力的下一代锂离子电池负极材料之一.然而,硅负极巨大的体积效应、较低的电导率以及与常规电解液的不相容性限制了其商业化应用.目前,提高硅负极性能的措施主要包括:通过设计硅基负极材料的组成和微观结构来抑制其体积变化并改善导电性,研发适于硅负极的粘结剂和电解液添加剂,探索...     

锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂发展现状

在锂离子电池负极材料的研究中，硅材料以其高达4200 mAh·g^-1的理论比容量，成为近年来新能源电池领域的研究热点.但是在锂化/去锂化过程中，硅负极体积变化高达300%，导致快速的容量衰减和较短的循环寿命.目前硅负极改性最有效的方法之一，是通过粘结剂来保持活性物质、导电添加剂和集流体间的接触完整性，减少硅材料在充放电循环过程中体积变化引起的裂化和粉碎，保持硅负极的高容量，提升电池循环性能.基于硅材料作为锂离子电池负极的优异特性，以及目前锂离子电池粘结剂的发展，将针对锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂做出系统讨论，描述不同粘结剂对电池性能的主要影响，为锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂的开发和应用提供研究方向.     

聚酰亚胺作为锂离子电池硅基负极粘结剂的研究进展

硅基负极材料是提升锂离子电池能量密度的重要材料基础,负极粘结剂性能的优劣是影响硅基负极材料推广应用的关键因素。本文全面综述了锂离子电池负极粘结剂材料的研究及应用进展,详细阐述了粘结剂对于硅基负极材料及锂离子电池电化学性能的影响,简要介绍了目前常用的羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)、海藻酸盐(Alg)三种硅基负极粘结剂的特点,重点讨论了聚酰亚胺(PI)材料作为负极粘结剂的优势,其分子结构可设计、形变可逆、高强高模等优点有望抑制硅基负极体积膨胀并避免颗粒粉化,系统综述了目前PI在硅基负极粘结剂中的研究进展。在此基础上,为PI粘结剂后续研究提供了新的方法策略,为锂离子电池负极粘结剂的开发和应用提供了新的设计理念。     

高性能硅基负极聚合物粘结剂的研究进展

硅（Si）由于其具有超高理论比容量而成为最有前途的下一代锂离子电池的负极材料。但是,锂离子的嵌入和脱出会造成硅体积的巨大变化,进而导致Si的粉化,致使电极容量产生不可逆的衰减,严重限制了硅基材料的广泛应用。然而过去的大量报道表明,聚合物粘结剂可以有效克服由于硅微粒的体积膨胀而产生的“孤岛效应”,保持电极在充放电过程的完整性,进而提高电极的电化学性能。对聚合物粘结剂按结构分类,可以将其大致分为4类,即线型、支化型、交联网络型及共轭型。不同分子结构的粘结剂用作硅基负极粘结剂时,电极表现出不同的电化学性能。特别是设计出具有多种分子结构的聚合物粘结剂,极大地促进了硅基负极的实际应用。通过对比具有不同分子结构的聚合物粘结剂用于硅基负极取得的效果,可以清晰地得到最有效的分子结构,对未来硅基负极聚合物粘结剂的开发提供思路。最后,本文提出了下一代聚合物粘结剂的设计方向,以促进其向可大规模应用和工业化生产的方向发展。     

基于非锂金属负极的锂离子全电池

可充电锂离子电池对于电子产品特别是手持设备的发展至关重要,其关键作用同样体现在飞速发展的电动汽车领域。此外,对电力系统的调配(削峰填谷)和新能源发电的并网也是很好的选择。但是传统锂离子电池较低的能量密度常被人诟病。传统石墨负极材料的替代物(如金属氧化物、钛基、锡基、硅基、合金等材料)能有效提高锂离子电池的容量和倍率性能,但目前缺乏充分的全电池实验数据予以证实,也鲜有新型负极材料成功用于商业化的锂离子全电池。由此可见,新型负极材料在锂离子全电池中的研究现状及其商业化应用前景等问题亟需面对和斟酌,也应受到锂离子电池研究者的广泛关注。因此,本文从负极材料首圈容量可逆/不可逆的特点着手,对基于非锂金属负极(如石墨、钛酸锂、二氧化钛、氧化锗、氧化铁、锡基、硅基等)的锂离子全电池的最新研究进行了论述。     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料的最新研究进展

硅基材料因具有目前最高的理论比容量、合适的嵌锂平台、大储量等优点,引起了众多研究者的关注,成为最具潜力的下一代锂离子电池的负极材料. 但是硅在嵌锂过程中巨大的体积变化,容易破坏电极结构的稳定性,使电极循环性能迅速衰减,这对硅基材料的应用造成了很大的阻碍. 本文主要针对近年来在硅电极自身的结构（包括：多孔硅基复合材料的合成、硅粘结剂的选择,无粘结剂的纳米硅电极的制备）以及电解液添加剂的选择两大方面的最新研究进展进行总结与评述.     

硅及硅基负极材料的研究进展

硅（Si）具有极高的理论容量、 较低的电压平台和丰富的自然资源, 有成为下一代高能量密度锂离子电池负极材料的潜力. 但Si不同于石墨, 其固有电导率低, 循环过程中体积变化巨大, 不宜直接作为负极材料. 因此出现了许多从维度结构、 复合材料、 黏结剂和电解质等方面改善或适配Si基负极材料的改性方案, 以使其满足商业化的要求. 本文综合评述了近年Si基负极材料的研究进展, 总结了不同方面的设计要素, 介绍了代表性材料的性能表现, 最后, 对目前Si基材料面临的问题进行了简要分析, 并展望了其作为锂离子电池负极的研究前景.     

锂离子电池高容量合金基含锂负极材料的研究进展

现有的以石墨为负极的锂离子电池能量密度逐渐接近其理论极限. 基于合金化反应机制的高容量含锂负极材料Li_xM_y(M为能够和锂发生合金化反应的元素)是一类新兴的负极材料, 具有数倍于石墨的储锂比容量, 且可以为电池提供活性锂源. 这些特性使其能够与高容量无锂正极材料(如S, O₂, FeF₃和V₂O₅等)相匹配, 构建下一代高比能锂离子电池新体系. 本文综述了近年来高容量合金基含锂负极材料(如Li_xSi, Li_xSn, Li₃P和Li_xAl基系列材料)的研究进展, 分析了所面临的挑战, 概述了材料的合成与电极的制备方法, 并介绍了它们在常规锂离子电池、 锂离子-硫电池及锂离子-空气电池等多个全电池体系中的应用实例, 提出并举证了其电化学性能优化与调控的策略, 最后展望了未来的研究方向.     

硅材料在锂离子电池负极中的应用研究进展

硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料具有比容量大的优点，是高容量锂离子负极材料的研究热点之一。论文综述了近年来锂离子电池硅负极材料的研究进展。分别对硅和含硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的发展过程、充放电特性、储锂机理及影响其储锂的各因素进行了分析和总结，并对其存在的问题进行了分析。探讨了采用不同复合物、不同制备方法和合成硅化物等改性方法来提高其循环性能的可行性。指出纳米硅基复合物将是硅负极材料最有希望的发展方向。     

锂离子电池负极硅基材料

硅基材料由于其高电化学容量是一种非常有发展前途的锂离子电池负极材料,但其在充放电过程中体积变化大、循环寿命差、首次库仑效率低等是阻碍其商业化的主要问题.本文综述了硅在脱嵌锂时晶体结构及表/界面的变化,以及改善其电化学性能方面的研究进展,并阐述其作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究前景.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.