Identification of estrogenic/anti-estrogenic compounds in diesel exhaust particulate extract

Diesel exhaust particulate extract (DEPE) was obtained from diesel exhaust particulates with Soxhlet extraction using dichloromethane. After separating DEPE into 11 fractions by liquid-liquid extraction, the neutral fraction (N) showed anti-estrogenic activity and the weak acid (phenol) fraction (WA(P)) showed estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities by a yeast two-hybrid assay system expressing human estrogen receptor alpha. Both fractions were thoroughly fractionated by silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. In the WA(P) fraction, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol were identified by LC-MS/MS as estrogenic compounds. This is the first study to identify 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol in DEPE and the first study to show that it is an estrogenic compound. In the N fraction, 1-hydroxypyrene was also identified by LC-MS/MS as an anti-estrogenic compound.     

Deep extractive desulfurization of diesel fuels by FeCl3/ionic liquids

The extractive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene（DBT）,benzothiophene（BT）,and 4,6-dimethyldi-benzothiophene （4,6-DMDBT） in model oil was carried out using anhydrous FeCl₃ and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride system（[Omim|Cl·2FeCl₃）.This new system exhibited high extractive efficiency and the sulfur removal of DBT in model oil(V_IL/V_oil=1/20) could reach 99.4%at room temperature for 30 min,which was obviously superior to single[Omim]Cl as extractant（22.9%）.When the[Omim|CI·2FeCl₃ was used,the S-removal of 4,6-DMDBT and BT could also be up to 99.3%and 96.2%, respectively.Moreover,the ionic liquid could be recycled five times without a significant decrease in extractive ability.     

Analysis of biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) is used to analyze petroleum diesel, biodiesel, and biodiesel/petroleum diesel blends. The GCxGC instrument is assembled from a conventional gas chromatograph fitted with a simple, in-line fluidic modulator. A 5% phenyl polydimethylsiloxane primary column is coupled to a polyethylene glycol secondary column. This column combination generates chromatograms where the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) found in biodiesel occupy a region that is also populated by numerous cyclic alkanes and monoaromatics found in petroleum. Fortunately, the intensities of the petroleum hydrocarbon peaks are far lower than the intensities of the FAME peaks, even for blends with low biodiesel content. This allows the FAMEs to be accurately quantitated by direct integration. The method is calibrated by analyzing standard mixtures of soybean biodiesel in petroleum diesel with concentrations ranging from 1 to 20% v/v. The resulting calibration curve displays excellent linearity. This curve is used to determine the concentration of a B20 biodiesel/petroleum diesel blend obtained from a local retailer. Excellent precision and accuracy are obtained.     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅（mesoporous HPW/SiO₂）催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能。通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO₂,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的。模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性。采用N₂ 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag⁺形式存在。真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO₂催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10^-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10^-6,脱硫率为87.3%。介孔Ag₂-HPW/SiO₂催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%。     

柴油/渣油多重乳液延缓铬溶胶交联体系的制备及稳定性研究

多重乳液因为具有独特的"两膜三相"的多隔室结构,使得交联剂和聚合物溶解在不同相中,起到延缓交联的作用,可用于油田采油后期深部调剖堵水作业,以提高原油采收率。本文采用用两步法制备了一种稳定的W/O/W型多重乳状液延缓交联体系,并对其在大庆地层条件下成胶性能进行室内静态评价。通过正交试验得到多重乳化最佳工艺条件:W/O乳液在WSpan80=2.8%,Wresidual=5%,VOil∶VWater=3∶7,T=2.5min条件下制备;W/O/W乳液在VW/O∶VHPAM=7∶3,WTween80=1.5%,R=4000r·min-1,T=3.0min条件下制备。在pH=8时所合成的柴油/渣油多重乳液延缓铬溶胶交联体系成胶时间为480h,冻胶强度为28354m Pa·s。     

Surface characterization of Co,K/La2O3 catalysts used for the catalytic combustion of diesel soot

Catalysts of Co,K/La₂O₃ have been prepared by wet impregnation. The samples have been calcined at 400°C and 700°C and have been characterized for phase composition using x‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XPS analysis of the samples has been obtained by examination of the O 1s, K 2p, C 1s and La 3d spectral regions. The XPS data are discussed with respect to the calcination temperatures and the soot combustion performed in the spectrometer reaction chamber. Analysis of the XPS data indicates considerable carbonation of the surfaces of all samples, even after burning the soot. The K/La₂O₃ solid presents the highest content of surface carbonated species, showing the highest catalytic activity for soot combustion. Interaction of the catalysts with CO₂ is studied by temperature‐programmed desorption and microbalance experiments. Kinetic studies and surface characterization of the potassium‐containing samples suggest that an appropriate surface potassium concentration is necessary for a synergetic action between potassium and lanthanum. In the cobalt‐containing catalysts calcined at 700°C, an increase is observed in the concentration of the outer‐layer perovskite species when the potassium content increases, following the same tendency observed in the bulk. Such LaCoO₃ species would limit the reaction of lanthanum with CO₂. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银离子修饰的介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅催化剂氧化脱硫性能研究(英文)

采用银修饰介孔磷钨酸/二氧化硅(mesoporous HPW/SiO2)催化剂,并研究了其在模拟柴油和真实柴油氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能.通过银修饰介孔HPW/SiO2,结合银离子对有机硫化物的选择吸附性和HPW对有机硫化物的催化氧化活性,以达到选择氧化脱硫的目的.模拟柴油分别采用石油醚、苯、1-辛烯和二苯并噻吩配制,当银离子与HPW的摩尔比为2时,催化剂具有最高的选择催化氧化活性.采用N2 吸附-脱附、XRD、UV-vis和EDS表征了银修饰的介孔HPW/SiO2催化剂,结果表明,银物种分散均匀且以Ag+形式存在.真实柴油的脱硫研究表明,相比介孔HPW/SiO2催化剂,修饰的催化剂介孔Ag2-HPW/SiO2脱硫率提高了4.6%,初始硫含量为1800×10-6的直馏柴油能被脱除至228×10-6,脱硫率为87.3%.介孔Ag2-HPW/SiO2催化剂具有良好的再生性能,经再生处理后,Ag的损失量极少,其三次脱硫率达到84.8%.     

NH3选择性还原NOx技术在重型柴油车尾气净化中的应用

基于实验室对柴油车用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂配方以及涂覆成型技术的大量研究,设计了一条产量为6000只/月的NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x （NH₃-SCR）催化剂中试生产线,并对生产的催化剂产品进行了发动机台架测试. 结果表明,实验室制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂粉体催化剂和生产线产品,在空速为50000 h^-1和200-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率均可达80%以上;采用大尺寸堇青石载体涂覆后制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂整体催化剂经实验室小样测试,在空速为10000-30000 h^-1和250-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率也为80%以上. 发动机台架测试结果表明,该催化剂产品可使重型柴油机NO_x排放达到国IV标准中欧洲稳态循环（ESC）和欧洲瞬态循环（ETC）排放限值的要求. 该生产线经适当调整后也可用于生产非钒基NH₃-SCR整体催化剂,以满足未来钒基NH₃-SCR催化剂更新换代的需求.     

Performance,emission, energy and exergy analyses of gasoline fumigated DI diesel engine

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In this paper, the effect of gasoline fumigation on the performance, emission, energy and exergy balance of a direct injection diesel engine is...     

Catalytic diesel particulate filters reduce the in vitro estrogenic activity of diesel exhaust

An in vitro reporter gene assay based on human breast cancer T47D cells (ER-CALUX) was applied to examine the ability of diesel exhaust to induce or inhibit estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated gene expression. Exhaust from a heavy-duty diesel engine was either treated by iron- or copper/iron-catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPFs) or studied as unfiltered exhaust. Collected samples included particle-bound and semivolatile constituents of diesel exhaust. Our findings show that all of the samples contained compounds that were able to induce ER-mediated gene expression as well as compounds that suppressed the activity of the endogenous hormone 17beta-estradiol (E2). Estrogenic activity prevailed over antiestrogenic activity. We found an overall ER-mediated activity of 1.63 +/- 0.31 ng E2 CALUX equivalents (E2-CEQs) per m(3) of unfiltered exhaust. In filtered exhaust, we measured 0.74 +/- 0.07 (iron-catalyzed DPF) and 0.55 +/- 0.09 ng E2-CEQ m(-3) (copper/iron-catalyzed DPF), corresponding to reductions in estrogenic activity of 55 and 66%, respectively. Our study demonstrates that both catalytic DPFs lowered the ER-mediated endocrine-disrupting potential of diesel exhaust.     

柴油机尾气碳颗粒燃烧中La-Mn-Fe-Cu/HZSM-5的催化性能

采用柠檬酸络合浸渍法制备分子筛负载钙钛矿型金属复合氧化物催化剂。采用XRD、SEM、XPS和H₂-TPR等手段对催化剂性能进行表征,并在微型固定床反应器中对催化剂进行活性评价。结果表明,B位离子由多种金属离子组成的催化剂,可使碳颗粒燃烧温度降低,生成CO₂的选择性高。B位离子种类及配比直接影响催化剂性能,Cu离子加入可提高生成CO₂的选择性,Co离子加入可降低碳颗粒燃烧温度,调节Fe/Mn离子摩尔比可以改善碳颗粒燃烧温度和生成CO₂的选择性。其中,LaMn_0.2Fe_0.7Cu_0.1O₃/HZSM-5催化剂性能较好,碳颗粒燃烧温度较低,T_ig、T_m和T_f分别为236.6、419.0和458.7 ℃,生成CO₂选择性较高,为88.3%。     

The analysis of diesel particulate

Summary Methods developed for the analysis of the organic compounds adsorbed on diesel particulate are reviewed with special emphasis on the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitro PAH and oxy PAH.

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Analyse von Dieselpartikeln. Eine Übersicht

     

柴油尾气DOC催化剂Pt-Pd/CeO2的活性和抗硫性

采用浸渍法制备了不同Pt、Pd比例的Pt-Pd/CeO₂催化剂,考察了其催化氧化模拟柴油车尾气的活性,并测试了抗硫性。活性测试结果表明,Pt、Pd协同降低了催化剂的起燃温度,其比例对催化剂性能影响很大,其中,Pt_0.2Pd_0.8/CeO₂催化剂在模拟柴油车尾气(丙烯(C₃H₆)、一氧化碳(CO)和一氧化氮(NO))中的催化活性最高;C₃H₆的t₅₀降到170℃,CO的t₅₀降到了150℃,显示了良好的Pt、Pd协同效应;H₂-TPR表征和抗硫性结果分析表明,高比例Pt/Pd催化剂具有更多的表面活性氧,其相对数值与催化剂抗硫性能的关联度高,在催化剂硫酸盐中毒的条件下,更有利于催化反应的进行。     

Co/SBA-16:对柴油组分有高选择性的费托合成催化剂(英文)

使用浸渍法制备了一系列Co/SBA-16催化剂,并通过氮物理吸附、X射线衍射、氢程序升温还原、氢化学吸附和透射电镜技术对催化剂行了表征。研究表明,随着负载钴含量的增加,金属钴的分散度降低了,这是同Co3O4晶粒增长和比表面积降低相一致的。Co/SBA-16催化剂展示了高的一氧化碳转化率,低的C1选择性和高的C5+选择性,特别对柴油组分有高选择性。     

催化型DPF对车用柴油机气态污染物的影响研究

基于催化器小样评价测试仪对催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF小样进行活性评价,再结合柴油机台架性能测试,采用AVL(Systemforemissionsamplingandmeasurement,SESAM)FT-IR傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对全尺寸CDPF进行柴油机气态污染物影响研究,综合分析不同催化剂的CDPF对柴油机排放(二次气溶胶)气态前体物的影响。结果表明,随贵金属含量的增加,CDPF小样对CO、C3H8的起燃温度t50依次降低。相同物种起燃温度因相同比例贵金属的剂量不同而异。在高温时,催化剂中贵金属含量、价态以及混合气组分协同作用对C3H8转换效率影响明显;在柴油机台架性能实验中,全尺寸CDPF对CO、THC具有更低的起燃温度。在适度反应温度范围内,增加Pt负载量会促进NO氧化,Pd多以氧化态PdO存在促进NO的氧化,并且PdO还原成的Pd会促进催化剂热稳定性。NO氧化生成NO2的过程受到NO2浓度的抑制,同时也受柴油机排气中氧浓度的影响。在Pt、Pd和Rh同在的催化剂中,Pd含量较低的CDPF对SO2的吸附量较大,但随温度升高,助剂中CeO2促进SO2脱附,使CDPF具有一定的抗硫性。     

Numerical simulation of natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine for investigation of performance and emission

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Due to global concerns about the emissions, limited hydrocarbon fuel resources and high fuel prices, a lot of researches have been done to improve the...     

Au/ZSM-5催化剂催化裂化轻柴油多产丙烯

经过三十多年的研究与开发,金催化已应用到环境污染治理与控制、精细化工合成和能源等领域,涉及的化学反应从简单的 CO氧化和丙烯环氧化等扩展到加氢、羰化和缩合等各类有机合成反应,研究领域从多相催化到均相催化以及光催化等.然而金催化所探索的反应多在较温和的反应条件下进行,对于重油催化裂解这类高温和复杂混合反应物体系的研究几乎无人问津.催化裂化(FCC)过程由于具有能耗较低、原料低廉及装置适应能力强等优点,在增产丙烯方面发挥着重要作用.由于特殊孔结构的择形性、较强的酸性和低的氢转移活性以及良好的水热稳定性, ZSM-5分子筛是目前应用于 FCC多产丙烯催化剂和助剂最为广泛的重要组分.值得注意的是,目前国内外开发的改性 ZSM-5无论是对 C4烃类和石脑油等催化裂解或作为助剂用于 FCC增产丙烯均有积极作用,但反应温度较高(大于510oC);当降低反应温度后,其增产丙烯的能力将受到极大限制.本文利用纳米金低温催化活性高的特点,采用改进的沉积沉淀(DP)方法,通过调变制备参数和金载量,制备了系列金修饰的 ZSM-5催化剂,考察了其对轻柴油催化裂解多产丙烯的催化性能.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、透射电镜(TEM)和诱导耦合等离子体光谱(ICP-AES)等手段研究了纳米金的分散状况及其对 ZSM-5物理化学结构的调变.结果发现,在460oC的较低反应温度下,与微米 ZSM-5母体相比,采用常规 DP法制备的经过滤洗涤后未用 NaBH4还原而是在300oC下空气中焙烧,理论金载量分别为0.5,0.8和1.0 wt%的三个纳米金催化剂的微反活性和丙烯选择性均增加.其中丙烯选择性分别提高了8.8%,2.9%和23.2%,微反活性指数分别提高了7.1%,4.3%和4.5%.这表明少量金的引入有利于在较低反应温度下催化裂化轻柴油增产丙烯,反映了其催化裂解烃类化合物的能力. TEM观察表明, Au/ZSM-5催化剂中金粒径分布非常不均匀(<10 nm–<200 nm).然而其中一些金粒子与载体呈扁平式接触,显示了两者间较强的相互作用.另外一些较小的金粒子可能嵌入到狭缝片状 ZSM-5颗粒之间的孔隙中,这可能在一定程度上影响了母体 ZSM-5的孔结构分布及其催化裂化性能. XRD, N2吸附-脱附和 NH3-TPD结果表明,金引入制备参数及其载量的变化导致了母体 ZSM-5载体的 MFI结构、孔结构分布及强弱酸量的变化.上述丙烯选择性和微反活性因
　　金的修饰而同时提高的三个金催化剂,基本保持了完整的 ZSM-5的 MFI结构,并且其孔分布比 ZSM-5窄.金的引入明显提高了 ZSM-5母体的酸性尤其是低温弱酸的酸强度,然而,综合性能优良的催化剂其强弱酸量的比例相近.因此,金修饰导致微反活性和丙烯选择性的同时提高取决于改性催化剂的 MFI结构、孔分布以及强弱酸比例的协同作用,而金载量和金粒子尺寸的影响不明显.一般来讲,修饰的金属主要通过形成正碳离子而在 B酸位上生成轻烯烃.高温水汽老化试验后,金修饰的 ZSM-5比未修饰的ZSM-5保留了更多的酸位,说明金在一定程度上抑制了骨架铝的脱除.扁平状分布在母体上的金粒子与母体间较强的相互作用可能导致部分电子从金属态金转移到(SiAl)O(OH)m上,增加了羟基中质子的流动性而提高了改性分子筛的酸性,有利于正碳离子的形成.     

F-T柴油在直喷式柴油机中燃烧与排放特性的研究

煤通过Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)合成可得到十六烷值高、硫和芳香烃质量分数极低的F-T柴油。研究分析了未作改动的单缸直喷式柴油机燃用F-T柴油时的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明,与燃用0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时的滞燃期平均缩短18.7%,预混燃烧放热峰值降低26.8%,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,燃烧持续期相当。燃用F-T柴油时的最高燃烧压力略低,最大压力升高率显著下降,机械损失和燃烧噪音较小,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到显著改善。燃用F-T柴油可同时降低CO、HC、NOx和炭烟排放,其中NOx和炭烟分别平均降低16.7%和40.3%。研究表明,F-T柴油是柴油机良好的清洁代用燃料。     

Fe-V/TiO_2催化剂NH_3选择性催化还原柴油车尾气NO_x

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Fe/V比例的Fe-V/TiO2催化剂,考察了催化剂在模拟柴油车尾气中催化还原NOx的催化性能,采用TG、XRD、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD和Raman光谱对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,当Fe引入后,能显著降低V2O5在高温下的挥发,减轻了钒系催化剂在移动源的生物毒性危害。其中,Fe/V比为1∶1(Fe1-V1/TiO2)的催化剂形成了FeVO4活性中心,表现出最好的催化活性,在220~420℃NOx转化率可达到90%以上。此外,Fe1-V1/TiO2催化剂高温热稳定性较好,并且具有较强的抗硫性能。     

Cetane number and thermal properties of vegetable oil,biodiesel, 1-butanol and diesel blends

Vegetable oil derived fuels for diesel engines are becoming important as alternative to petroleum diesel fuels due to their environmental friendliness and availability. Ignition quality in compression ignition (CI) engines is influenced by thermal characteristics and fuel properties. In this study, the effects of vegetable oil transesterification and vegetable oil–1-butanol-diesel blends on fuel properties, cetane number (CN) and thermal characteristics were experimentally investigated. Methyl esters (biodiesel) and 10% vegetable oil–10% 1-butanol–80% diesel blends were prepared from croton oil (CRO), coconut oil (COO) and jatropha oil (JAO). CN was measured in a CFR F-5 engine, and a thermogravimetric analysis (TG), as well as the determination of fuel properties of vegetable oils, biodiesels and blends was carried out. It can be observed for vegetable oils that they possess low volatility characteristics, low CN and high viscosity different from those of biodiesels, blends and diesel fuel. It was observed that biodiesels and blends exhibit similarities with diesel in the fuel characteristics, CN and TG curves.