羧酸缩水甘油酯及其聚合物的合成和表征

本工作合成和表征了乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和已酸缩水甘油酯和其聚合物以及环氧氯丙烷与丙酸缩水甘油酯的共聚物。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法分析粪便中挥发性脂肪酸

建立了一种快速分析粪便中挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acids,VFAs)的顶空气相色谱-质谱联用法(Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-GC/MS)。粪便样品用6%H3PO4溶液按1∶2(m/V)混悬后密封于顶空进样瓶中,直接进行HS-GC/MS检测。顶空振荡室加热温度为80℃,振荡加热时间30 min,顶空进样针温度为80℃,不分流进样1 mL;采用DB-FFAP毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),进样口温度为250℃,升温程序(初始温度50℃保持1 min,以10℃/min升至200℃),载气(高纯氦)流速为1.0 mL/min;使用电子轰击(Electron impact,EI)离子源,电子能量为-70 eV,离子源温度为250℃,传输线温度为280℃,电子倍增器电压为0.95 kV,全扫描模式,扫描范围m/z 33~200。结果表明,本方法能够应用于人及大鼠粪便中挥发性脂肪酸的分析,通过NIST标准谱库检索,采用对照品比对以及质谱数据解析的方法,在人的粪便样品中检测到9种挥发性脂肪酸:乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、异己酸、己酸、庚酸;在大鼠粪便中检测到8种挥发性脂肪酸:乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸。通过峰面积归一化法,计算得到乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的相对百分含量约占挥发性脂肪酸总量的85%。本方法简单、灵敏,可用于人和大鼠粪便中挥发性脂肪酸的快速检测。     

离子排斥色谱法测定人体粪便中五种短链脂肪酸

建立了一种离子排斥色谱分离测定人体粪便中5种短链脂肪酸(SCFA:乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸)的方法。以体积分数0.1%磷酸为流动相、提取的样品在50℃下用Shodex Rspak KC-811离子排斥柱分离,紫外检测器在210 nm处测定其中的有机酸。被测组分的浓度与其峰面积在2.5~500 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R2≥0.999,各组分测定的相对标准偏差在2.3%~3.9%之间,平均加标回收率在85.5%~105.7%。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定废水中挥发性脂肪酸

提出了顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定废水中挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和己酸)的含量。为使固相微萃取达到更高的效率,选择极性85μm PA作为微萃取头的涂层,微萃取系在pH 1.5的试液中进行,萃取温度及时间为25℃和20 min,在20 mL试样溶液中加入氯化钠3.5 g作为盐析剂。用Stabilwax-DA毛细管色谱柱分离,火焰离子检测器检测。6种脂肪酸在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,相对标准偏差(n=10)均小于10.0%。     

离子色谱法同时测定牛瘤胃液中乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸含量

提出了同时测定牛瘤胃液中乳酸和挥发脂肪酸的离子色谱分析法.试验用IonPac RAS11-HC(4 mm×250 mm)分析柱带IonPac R AG11-HC(4 mm×50 mm)保护柱,电导检测器,抑制器类型为ASRS.以不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱.该方法对乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸的线性范围分别为0.36～36.0,0.10～50.0,0.11～23.0,0.05～8.7,0.15～36.0,0.11～19.0,0.06～23.5 mg·L-1,方法检出限(3S/N)依次为9.87,3.60,4.15,2.46,4.71,3.19,6.93μg·L-1.实样分析结果的相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.73%～5.66%之间.     

离子色谱-抑制电导法测定卷烟爆珠中挥发性脂肪酸

建立离子色谱法同时测定卷烟爆珠中甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸的分析方法。500 mg样品用1mL 0.1 mol/L KOH溶液固定,压碎爆珠壁,用超纯水溶解,涡旋振荡提取,过SPE-C₁₈柱和0.22μm滤膜后,以5 mmol/L KOH淋洗液等度洗脱,流量为1.0 mL/min,在柱温45℃条件下,经SH-AP-4型阴离子色谱柱分离,采用电导检测器检测,色谱峰面积外标法定量。6种脂肪酸在0.1～10 mg/L的质量浓度范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限为0.876 4～10.23μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.63%～3.00%(n=6),样品加标回收率为84.75%～115.4%。该方法可用于卷烟爆珠中挥发性脂肪酸的检测。     

离子排斥色谱中色谱柱温度对有机酸保留的影响

研究了离子排斥色谱中色谱柱温度对有机酸(脂肪酸、芳香酸)保留的影响。采用Shim-pack SCR-102H离子排斥柱,分别以0.2 mmol/L p-甲苯磺酸为淋洗液分离6种脂肪族有机酸(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和己酸)以及0.08 mmol/L H2SO4为淋洗液分离6种芳香酸(邻苯二甲酸、水杨酸、苯乙酸、对羟基苯甲酸、苯甲酸、邻甲苯甲酸),流速为1.2 mL/min,柱温控制为25～50℃,直接电导检测。结果表明,有机酸的保留值随温度升高而减小。但每种有机酸的保留受温度的影响程度不同,即当温度改变时,每种有机酸保留值的变化程度不同。一般规律为:有机酸的保留越强,其保留值随温度的变化程度越大。依据范特霍夫曲线的线性回归数据,可知有机酸的范特霍夫曲线具有良好的线性关系,其保留为放热过程。通过改变柱温,可以实现有机酸,特别是强保留有机酸保留值的改变,改善有机酸的色谱峰形和分离状况。     

直接电导检测离子排斥色谱法测定C1～C6脂肪族有机酸

建立了直接电导检测离子排斥色谱分离测定C1~C6脂肪族有机酸(甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸)的方法。以Shim-pack SCR-102H 色谱柱为分离柱,选用p-甲苯磺酸水溶液为流动相,考察了流动相中p-甲苯磺酸的浓度、流速、pH、色谱柱温度对分离和测定脂肪族有机酸的影响,确定了最佳的色谱条件为：0.2 mmol/L p-甲苯磺酸水溶液作为流动相,流速1.2 mL/min,柱温45 ℃。所测有机酸的检测限为0.03～0.99 mg/L,相对标准偏差在2.3%以下(n= 5),回收率为91.2%～105.6%,整个分析过程在28 min内完成。该法用于白酒样品的分析,结果令人满意。     

反相离子对色谱/蒸发光散射检测器分离唑来膦酸及其有关物质

采用反相离子对高效液相色谱／蒸发光散射检测法研究了唑来膦酸及其有关物质的色谱分析与分离方法。优化了色谱条件，固定相为Hypersil C8柱，以含10 mmol／L正戊胺的5mmol／L乙酸铵缓冲液（用乙酸调节pH至7．0）-甲醇（体积比为97：3）为流动相，流速为1．0mL/min，蒸发光散射检测器检测。在该色谱条件下，唑来膦酸与其有关化合物（包括合成过程中残余的原料咪唑乙酸及分解产物亚磷酸、磷酸盐）的分离良好，唑来膦酸色谱峰与最近杂质峰的分离度大于1．5。本法简便快速，为唑来膦酸的常规分析提供了有效可靠的方法。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中7种挥发性脂肪酸

挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)是典型的恶臭物质,其在环境空气中处于痕量水平。该文建立了同时测定环境空气中乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、正丁酸、丙烯酸、异戊酸和正戊酸7种挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析方法。环境空气样品采用浸渍硅胶管采集,以超纯水提取,经甲基叔丁基醚萃取并浓缩定容后,GC-MS测定,内标法定量。结果显示,7种VFAs在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好(r~2≥0.995),检出限为0.11～4.78μg/m~3,加标回收率为62.3%～110%,相对标准偏差为2.2%～12%。该方法简便、准确、灵敏,适用于环境空气中VFAs的测定。     

Simple and rapid method for determination of short-chain fatty acids in biological materials by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

A new and versatile method for the identification and quantification of short-chain fatty acids, such as formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric and mercaptoacetic acids, in biological specimens by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. After sample purification by vacuum transfer and concentration by alkaline freeze-drying, the acids were measured without any further preparative step, using a sulphonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene column as stationary phase. Ultraviolet detection of the native acids was done at 214 nm. Peak resolution and reproducibility were as good as with gas chromatography. Many examples of the application of this method to a variety of biological specimens and fluids both from the rats and humans are described.     

Ion-exclusion chromatographic behavior of aliphatic carboxylic acids and benzenecarboxylic acids on a sulfonated styrene--divinylbenzene co-polymer resin column with sulfuric acid containing various alcohols as eluent

The addition of C1-C7 alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, heptanol, hexanol and heptanol) to dilute sulfuric acid as eluent in ion-exclusion chromatography using a highly sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymer resin (TSKgel SCX) in the H+ form as the stationary phase was carried out for the simultaneous separations of both (a) C1-C7 aliphatic carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, 2-methylvaleric, isocaproic, caproic, 2,2-dimethyl-n-valeric, 2-methylhexanoic, 5-methylhexanoic and heptanoic acids) and (b) benzenecarboxylic acids (pyromellitic, hemimellitic, trimellitic, o-phthalic, m-phthalic, p-phthalic, benzoic and salicylic acids and phenol). Heptanol was the most effective modifier in ion-exclusion chromatography for the improvement of peak shapes and a reduction in retention volumes for higher aliphatic carboxylic acids and benzenecarboxylic acids. Excellent simultaneous separation and relatively highly sensitive conductimetric detection for these C1-C7 aliphatic carboxylic acids were achieved on the TSKgel SCX column (150 x 6 mm I.D.) in 30 min using 0.5 mM sulfuric acid containing 0.025% heptanol as eluent. Excellent simultaneous separation and highly sensitive UV detection at 200 nm for these benzenecarboxylic acids were also achieved on the TSKgel SCX column in 30 min using 5 mM sulfuric acid containing 0.075% heptanol as eluent.     

Quantitative Separation of Volatile Fatty Acids by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric) are separated isocratically on a reverse phase C₁₈ μBONDAPAK column in less than 20 min. The eluent was 0.01 M NaH₂PO₄ buffer, pH 3.5, containing 10% methanol. Separations were monitored by UV absorption at 210 nm. Peak height measurements gave quantitative linear responses from 0.25 μmole to 2.50 μmole of each acid.     

Gas chromatographic analysis of the carboxylic acid composition of valeriana extracts

Summary The gas chromatographic analysis for the qualitatived and quantitative analysis of carboxylic acids present in valeriana extracts in the form of their n-butyl and trifluoroacetylated n-butyl esters is presented. On the basis of the proposed method the amount of four valtrate species, as well as the free carboxylic acid content of valeriana tinctures can be calculated. It is shown that extracts of Valeriana officinalis obtained by using ethanol, acetone, or chloroform as the solvent contain the same carboxylic acids. The determined components, are: formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, n-butyric, lactic, isovaleric, n-valeric, 2-hydroxy-isovaleric, isocaproic, n-caproic, caprylic, malic, capric, lauric, myristic, valerenic, palmitic, stearic, arachic, behenic, erucic and lignoceric acids.     

Determination of some aliphatic carboxylic acids in anaerobic digestion process waters by ion-exclusion chromatography with conductimetric detection on a weakly acidic cation-exchange resin column

The determination of seven aliphatic carboxylic acids, formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, n-butyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids in anaerobic digestion process waters was examined using ion-exclusion chromatography with conductimetric detection. The analysis of these biologically important carboxylic acids is necessary as a measure for evaluating and controlling the process. The ion-exclusion chromatography system employed consisted of polymethacrylate-based weakly acidic cation-exchange resin columns (TSKgel OApak-A or TSKgel Super IC-A/C). weakly acidic eluent (benzoic acid), and conductimetric detection. Particle size and cation-exchange capacity were 5 microm and 0.1 meq./ml for TSKgel OApak-A and 3 microm and 0.2 meq./ml for TSKgel Super IC-A/C, respectively. A dilute eluent (1.0-2.0 mM) of benzoic acid was effective for the high resolution and highly conductimetric detection of the carboxylic acids. The good separation of isobutyric and n-butyric acids was performed using the TSKgel Super IC-A/C column (150 mm x 6.0 mm i.d. x 2). The simple and good chromatograms were obtained by the optimized ion-exclusion chromatography conditions for real samples from mesophilic anaerobic digestors, thus the aliphatic carboxylic acids were successfully determined without any interferences.     

Qualitative analysis of some carboxylic acids by ion-exclusion chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection

A simple, selective and sensitive method for the determination of carboxylic acids has been developed. A mixture of formic, acetic, propionic, valeric, isovaleric, isobutyric, and isocaproic acids has been separated on a polymethacrylate-based weak acidic cation-exchange resin (TSK gel OA pak-A) based on an ion-exclusion chromatographic mechanism with detection using UV-photodiode array, conductivity and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). A mobile phase consisting of 0.85 mM benzoic acid in 10% aqueous methanol (pH 3.89) was used to separate the above carboxylic acids in about 40 min. For LC-MS, the APCI interface was used in the negative ionization mode. Linear plots of peak area versus concentration were obtained over the range 1-30 mM (r2=0.9982) and 1-30 mM (r2=0.9958) for conductimetric and MS detection, respectively. The detection limits of the target carboxylic acids calculated at S/N=3 ranged from 0.078 to 2.3 microM for conductimetric and photometric detection and from 0.66 to 3.82 microM for ion-exclusion chromatography-APCI-MS. The reproducibility of retention times was 0.12-0.16% relative standard deviation for ion-exclusion chromatography and 1.21-2.5% for ion-exclusion chromatography-APCI-MS. The method was applied to the determination of carboxylic acids in red wine, white wine, apple vinegar, and Japanese rice wine.     

Analysis of volatile fatty acids in biological specimens by capillary gas chromatography

A method was developed to analyze and quantitate volatile fatty acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, iso-butyric, valeric, and iso-valeric acid from samples of biological origin. A capillary column system including an automatic on-column injection device as well as a precolumn of larger internal diameter than the analytical column was elaborated for this purpose. In order to obtain well resolved and correctly quantifiable chromatographic peaks it turned out to be essential to work under acidic/aqueous conditions. To achieve a better sample transfer into the chromatographic system an organic solvent had to be used together with the aqueous milieu, thus improving wetting properties of the liquid sample plug introduced into the column. Cold on-column injection was applied in order to avoid discrimination of the various acids due to sample splitting and the automatic technique was chosen in view of the large number of samples from biological extractions which had to be analyzed.     

Application of gas chromatography coupled to chemical ionisation mass spectrometry following headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of free volatile fatty acids in aqueous samples

Gas chromatography coupled to positive and negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry was evaluated for the determination of free volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from aqueous samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Negative ion chemical ionisation in the selected ion monitoring mode using ammonia as reagent gas provided acceptable sensitivity and the highest selectivity for the determination of C2-C7 fatty acids using a polydimethylsiloxane-Carboxen fibre. Detection limits in the range of 150 microg l(-1) for acetic acid and from 2 to 6 microg l(-1) for the remaining carboxylic acids were achieved. The reproducibility of the method was between 9 and 16%. The developed analytical procedure was applied to the analysis of VFAs in raw sewage. The absence of interfering peaks provided a more accurate determination of acetic, propionic, butyric and isovaleric acids than a similar analytical scheme but using a flame ionisation detector.     

Study of tautomerism and geometrical isomerism of nitrogen-containing derivatives of carbonyl compounds Report 12. Polarographic study of semi- and thiosemicarbazones of aliphatic aldehydes

Conclusions The polarographic behavior and semi- and thiosemicarbazones of acetic, butyric, isobutyric, and isovaleric aldehydes and the thiosemicarbazone of propionaldehyde was studied.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Setiya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 978–984, June, 1964     

Iron complexes with monocarboxylate anions: Models of their formation

The composition, stability, existence ranges, and degrees of accumulation of iron complexes in solutions of formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids have been determined with the use of the oxidation function and suggested principle of equilibrium modeling from the experimental data obtained by the oxidation potential method. The calculated model parameters can serve as the reference material for targeted synthesis and different thermodynamic calculations.