稀土催化材料的制备、结构及催化性能

稀土催化材料的研究和发展为La和Ce等高丰度轻稀土元素的高质、高效利用提供了有效的途径.稀土元素具有未充满电子的4f轨道和镧系收缩等特征,作为催化剂的活性组分或载体使用时表现出独特的催化性能.本文从稀土氧化物、稀土复合氧化物、稀土-贵金属催化剂、稀土改性多孔催化材料等稀土催化材料出发,重点介绍和讨论了稀土的添加对催化剂的结构、活性和稳定性等的影响,阐述了稀土与过渡金属及氧化物、稀土与贵金属之间的相互作用,及对催化剂催化性能的影响.并对稀土催化材料的研究和发展提出了思考和展望.     

添加铈对锰基催化剂的织构-结构及其氧化还原性能的影响

考察了添加稀土Ce对Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂的织构-结构、表面活性组分的分布及氧化还原性能的影响,以催化燃烧易挥发有机污染物(VOCs)苯为探针反应研究了Ce对Mn基催化剂催化性能的影响。采用传统的浸渍法制备了系列催化剂,利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD),N2吸脱附程序升温还原(TPR)等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,添加稀土使Mn基催化剂比表面积、孔体积减小,说明部分Ce进入孔道中,形成了更多的氧化还原活性位,并且进一步研究得知,适量Ce的添加可以促进催化剂活性位的自组装,达到理想的催化氧化性能。添加Ce后,催化剂的活性组分中高价Mn的含量明显增加,这些都有利于提高催化剂的氧化性能。活性实验结果表明,添加适量Ce优化了催化剂的织构-结构、表面活性组分及氧化还原性能,因此催化剂的活性和稳定性明显提高,其中以MnCe为1∶1时,活性最佳,280℃左右就能完全转化苯。     

稀土Sm对Cu/Zr基合成醇催化剂的改性作用

采用EXAFS、CO-FTIR等表征手段,考察稀土Sm2O3的添加方式对Cu/Mn/Zr/Ni催化剂结构的影响,并和催化剂活性、选择性相关联.结果表明,在加入稀土助剂后,催化剂生成低碳醇的基本性能变化很大,此外,Sm助剂对于催化剂有一定的电子改性作用,改变了催化剂表面的吸附行为.     

含稀土氨合成催化剂还原的研究

氨合成铁催化剂中添加稀土氧化物已有不少报道,有的活性有所提高.我们通过添加稀土. 调整催化剂组成和改进制工艺得到几种活性较高,而且是非常容易还原的催化剂.本文的目的是研究稀土氧化物对催化剂还原性能的影响及几种活性较高容易还原的含稀土催化剂的本征还原动力学.     

稀土氧化物在Fe1-xO基氨合成催化剂中的作用规律

 系统考察了稀土氧化物La2O3,Nd2O3,Sm2O3,Dy2O3,Sc2O3和CeO2作为助催化剂对Fe1－xO基催化剂性能的影响．结果表明,稀土氧化物与Fe1－xO作用生成了一种作为隔离体的复合氧化物REFeO3,从而促进了催化剂的还原,这种促进作用随稀土离子半径不同呈规律性变化．添加不同稀土氧化物的Fe1－xO催化剂的还原都存在补偿效应,各系列催化剂还原反应的转效温度与所添加稀土元素的离子半径呈正比关系（CeO2除外）．稀土氧化物可以有效地提高催化剂的低温活性,其添加量的变化对催化剂活性的促进作用规律与对催化剂还原性能的促进作用规律一致．     

稀土对钼碲系催化剂的影响

测定了添加轻稀土氧化物的Mo-Te-Fe-Ni催化剂的表面组成、结构及酸度。添加稀土的Mo-Te系催化剂,生成甲基丙烯醛(MAL)的选择性明显增高,收率随稀土的原子序数的增加呈周期性变化,以添加铈为最佳。添加CeO_2的9组份Mo-Te催化剂,不仅其活性增加,而且热稳定性显著增加。     

轻稀土添加对Pt/KL重整催化剂性能的影响

研究了正己烷、甲基环戊烷在Pt/KL和Pt-RE/KL(RE=Ce,Nd,Sm)催化剂上的反应性能,以cs_2为毒物,研究了稀土对Pt/KL催化剂抗硫性能的影响,用TPR,TPD考察了催化剂的表面性质,用法拉第磁天平测量了催化剂的磁化率。结果表明,轻稀土添加增加了Pt/KL催化剂的正己烷、甲基环戊烷的芳构化选择性,增加了催化剂的抗硫性能,发现添加稀土的催化剂的TPR,TPD的峰温及磁化率均低于Pt/KL催化剂。Pt-RE/KL催化剂的磁化率与正己烷和甲基环戊烷芳构化选择性有对应关系。     

二氧化碳甲烷化Ni－Ru－稀土／ZrO_2催化剂的活性研究

用浸渍法制备了一系列的Ｎｉ－Ｒｕ稀土／ＺｒＯ_２三组份担载型二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂，并利用固定床反应器对其催化性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，添加稀土后的三组份催化剂具有较高的催化活性，含稀土催化剂的活性与稀土离子的４ｆ电子数有关，稀土元素的磁性对催化剂性能有一定影响，不同催化剂的反应表观活化能大小次序与催化剂活性次序相符。     

二氧化碳甲烷化Ni—Ru—稀土／ZrO2催化剂的活性研究

用浸渍法制备了一系列的Ｎｉ－Ｒｕ－稀土／ＺｒＯ２三组分担载型二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂，并利用固定床反应器对其催化性能进行了研究。实验结果表明，添加稀土后的三组份催化剂具有较高的催化活性，含稀土催化剂的活性与稀土离子的４ｆ电子数有关，稀土元素的磅笥对催化剂性能有一定的影响，不同催化剂的反应表观活化能大小次诒有催化剂活性次序相等。     

水浸对含钕熔铁氨合成催化剂的影响

已有熔铁氨合成催化剂中添加稀土的报道.我们通过添加稀土得到了几种活性较高的催化剂,经进一步改进制备工艺(水浸处理后),活性又有所提高.本文利用XRD和AES等,对经水浸前后的含稀土催化剂的结构进行了测试,探讨了水浸后活性提高的原因.     

Lanthanoid‐Based Ionic Liquids Incorporating the Dicyanonitrosomethanide Anion

A series of low‐melting‐point salts with hexakisdicyanonitrosomethanidolanthanoidate anions has been synthesised and characterised: (C₂mim)₃[Ln(dcnm)₆] ( 1 Ln ; 1 Ln = 1 La , 1 Ce , 1 Pr , 1 Nd ), (C₂C₁mim)₃[Pr(dcnm)₆] ( 2 Pr ), (C₄C₁pyr)₃[Ce(dcnm)₆] ( 3 Ce ), (N₁₁₁₄)₃[Ln(dcnm)₆] ( 4 Ln ; 4 Ln = 4 La , 4 Ce , 4 Pr , 4 Nd , 4 Sm , 4 Gd ), and (N_1112OH)₃[Ce(dcnm)₆] ( 5 Ce ) (C₂mim=1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, C₂C₁mim=1‐ethyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium, C₄C₁py=N‐butyl‐4‐methylpyridinium, N₁₁₁₄=butyltrimethylammonium, N_1112OH=2‐(hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium=choline). X‐ray crystallography was used to determine the structures of complexes 1 La , 2 Pr , and 5 Ce , all of which contain [Ln(dcnm)₆]^3? ions. Complexes 1 Ln and 2 Pr were all ionic liquids (ILs), with complex 3 Ce melting at 38.1 °C, the lowest melting point of any known complex containing the [Ln(dcnm)₆]^3? trianion. The ammonium‐based cations proved to be less suitable for forming ILs, with complexes 4 Sm and 4 Gd being the only salts with the N₁₁₁₄ cation to have melting points below 100 °C. The choline‐containing complex 5 Ce did not melt up to 160 °C, with the increase in melting point possibly being due to extensive hydrogen bonding, which could be inferred from the crystal structure of the complex.     

Synthese und Aufbau von (4-Picolinium)[LnCl4(H2O)3] (Ln = La,Ce, Pr,Nd)

Preparation and Crystal Structure of (4-Picolinium)[LnCl₄(H₂O)₃] (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) The complex water containing chlorides (4-Picolinium)[LnCl₄(H₂O)₃] (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) were prepared for the first time, and the crystal structures of (4-Picolinium)[LnCl₄(H₂O)₃] (Ln = La, Pr) were determined on single crystals by X-ray methods. The isotypic compounds crystallize with triclinic symmetry, space group P1 , Z = 2. Surprisingly there exist the dimeric complex anions [Ln₂Cl₈(H₂O)₆]^2? (Ln = La, Pr).     

Microwave-assisted extraction of rare earth elements from petroleum refining catalysts and ambient fine aerosols prior to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

A robust microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed to quantify rare earth elements (REEs) in fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). High temperature (200 °C), high pressure (200 psig), acid digestion (HNO₃, HF and H₃BO₃) with 20 min dwell time effectively solubilized REEs from six fresh catalysts, a spent catalyst and PM_2.5. This method was also employed to measure 27 non-REEs including Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and U. Complete extraction of several REEs (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy and Er) required HF indicating that they were closely associated with the aluminosilicate structure of the zeolite FCC catalysts. Internal standardization using ¹¹⁵In quantitatively corrected non-spectral interferences in the catalyst digestate matrix. Inter-laboratory comparison using ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) demonstrated the applicability of the newly developed analytical method for accurate analysis of REEs in FCC catalysts. The method developed for FCC catalysts was also successfully implemented to measure trace to ultra-trace concentrations of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu and Dy in ambient PM_2.5 in an industrial area of Houston, TX.     

Thermal decomposition of light lanthanide diglycolates

The conditions of thermal decomposition of La, Ce(III), Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd diglycolates have been studied. On heating, the diglycolates of Ce(III), Pr, Eu and Gd lose crystallization water and yield anhydrous salts, which are then transformed into oxides. The diglycolates of La, Nd and Sm are decomposed in three stages. First, the diglycolates undergo dehydration to form the anhydrous salts, which are next decomposed to Ln₂O₂CO₃. In the last step the thermal decomposition of Ln₂O₂CO₃ to Ln₂O₃ takes place, accompanied by an endothermic effect.     

Study of the thermal decomposition kinetics of some rare earth carbonates,fluorocarbonates and fluorooxalates

The thermal transformations of Pr and La carbonates, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd fluorocarbonates, and La, Nd, Dy and Ho fluorooxalates were investigated. A Derivatograph Q-1000 (MOM, Hungary) was used for thermal analysis. The kinetics of the processes was studied in a flow reactor. The activation energies and preexponential factors for dehydration and decarbonization were calculated. Samples of Pr fluorocarbonate, Ho fluorooxalate, and Pr and La carbonates were exposed to γ-irradiation (dose from 6.2·10⁶ to 6.1·10⁷ rad). The influence of the irradiation dose upon the kinetic parameters (E _a andA) of the processes was investigated.     

Ternary metal borides [La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm] Os4B4 and [Y,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb] Ir4B4 with NdCo4B4-type structure

New ternary metal borides with compositionR. E. T ₄B₄ (R. E.=rare earth metal,T=transition metal) have been synthesized within the systems [La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm]–Os–B and [Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb]–Ir–B. All compounds were found to be crystallizing with NdCo₄B₄-type structure. Magnetic measurements (80–300 K,Curie-Weiss behaviour, _p ~ 16K and µ_eff=9.94µ_B for TbIr₄B₄) indicate Y andR. E. elements (except Ce) to be trivalent in these compounds. The crystal chemistry of the isotypic series [Y,R. E.] [Os,Ir]₄B₄ is discussed.

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Ternäre Metallboride. [La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm] Os₄B₄ und [Y,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb] Ir₄B₄ mit NdCo₄B₄-Struktur

Zusammenfassung Es wurden neue Metallboride der ZusammensetzungR. E. T ₄B₄ (R. E.=Seltenerdmetall,T=Übergangsmetall) innerhalb der Systeme [La,Ce, Pr,Nd,Sm]–Os–B und [Y,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb]–Ir–B hergestellt. Alle Verbindungen kristallisieren entsprechend dem NdCo₄B₄-Typ. Magnetische Messungen (80–300K,Curie-Weiss-Verhalten, _p ~ 16K und µ_eff=9.94µ_B für TbIr₄B₄) zeigen an daß Y und dieR. E.-Elemente (ausgenommen Ce) in diesen Verbindungen trivalent sind. Die Kristallchemie der isotypen [Y,R. E.][Os,Ir]₄B₄-Verbindungen wird diskutiert.

     

Structure and physical properties of rare-earth zinc antimonides REZn1-xSb2 (RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb)

The ternary rare-earth zinc antimonides REZn_1-xSb₂ (RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb) were prepared by heating at 1050 °C followed by annealing at 600 °C. For all members, single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicated that the Zn deficiency is essentially fixed, corresponding to the formula REZn_0.6Sb₂, with no appreciable homogeneity range. These compounds adopt the HfCuSi₂-type structure (Pearson symbol tP8, space group P4/nmm, Z=2). Single-crystal electrical resistivity measurements confirmed the occurrence of an abrupt resistivity decrease near 4 K for RE=Ce, and a less pronounced one for RE=La, Pr, and Gd. Except for the ferromagnetic Ce (T_c=2.5 K) and antiferromagnetic Tb (T_N=10 K) members, all remaining compounds exhibit no long-range magnetic ordering down to 2 K, instead showing temperature-independent (RE=La), van Vleck (RE=Sm), or Curie-Weiss paramagnetism (RE=Pr, Nd, Gd).     

Effect of promoters on the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for partial oxidation of methane to syngas

The effect of promoters such as Ce, La and Ca on catalytic performance of Ni catalyst was measured in a continuous fixed bed reactor. The effect of promoters on Ni/a-Al₂O₃ catalyst is more significant than on Ni/g-Al₂O₃ catalyst. Ce was proved to be the best promoter among the three promoters tested and the optimum loading of Ce was 1%. The catalyst was characterized by TG, XPS, TPR and XRD techniques. TPR results showed that Ce can improve the reducibility of the Ni/Al₂O₃ catalyst. XRD results indicated that Ce was highly dispersed when its loading was low, but at higher loading it was crystallized into bulk CeO₂, thus, decreased the catalytic activity. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal decomposition of rare earth element suberates in air atmosphere

The condition of thermal decomposition of La, Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd, Sm, Eu(III), Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu suberates were studied. The suberates of Ce(III), Sm, Eu(III), Ho, Tm, Yb and Lu heated lose crystallization water. Anhydrous Sm and Eu(III) suberates decompose to oxides with intermediate formation Ln₂O₂CO₃, whereas suberates of other lanthanides decompose directly to oxides. Suberates of La, Pr(III), Nd, Gd, Tb, Dy and Er lose some water molecules and then decompose directly to oxides. Only La complex decomposes to La₂O₃ via the intermediate formation La₂O₂CO₃.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die UmstÄnde der thermischen Zersetzung von La-, Ce(III)-, Pr(III)-, Nd-, Sm-, Eu(III)-, Gd-, Tb-, Dy-, Ho-, Er-, Tm-, Yb- und Lu-suberat untersucht. Bei Erhitzen verlieren Ce(III)-, Sm-, Eu(III)-, Ho-, Tm-, Yb- und Lu-suberat Kristallwasser. Wasserfreies Sm-bzw. Eu(III)-suberat zersetzt sich über das Zwischenprodukt der Zusammensetzung Ln₂O₂CO₃ zum Oxid, wÄhrend sich die Suberate der anderen Lanthanoide direkt zu den Oxiden zersetzen. La-, Pr(III)-, Nd-, Gd-, Tb-, Dy- und Er-suberat geben einige Moleküle Kristallwasser ab und zersetzen sich dann direkt zu den Oxiden. Nur der Lanthankomplex zersetzt sich zu La₂O₃ über das Zwischenprodukt La₂O₂CO₃.

     

Complexes of the Lighter Lanthanoid Nitrates with 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 ethers: Synthesis and characterization

Complexes of lanthanoid trinitrates Ln(NO₃)₃ with 15-crown-5 ether 1 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) and with 18-crown-6 ether 2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) having a 1:1 stoichiometry as well as 4:3 complexes with 2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) have been synthesized and characterized. All the isolated complexes are solvent free. At 170–220° the 1:1 complexes of 2 are quantitatively transformed into 4:3 complexes. X-Ray powder diagrams of the neodymium complexes with 2 indicate that both the 1:1 and 4:3 complexes are genuine compounds. All the 1:1 complexes show a characteristic IR. absorption band at 875–880 cm^?1 absent from both the spectra of the free ligands and of the 4:3 complexes. The spectroscopic properties (IR. and electronic spectra, fluorescence lifetimes) of the complexes and the low magnetic moments of the Ln(III) ions in the complexes with Ln = Ce-Eu are indicative of a strong interaction between the lanthanoid ions and the crown ethers 1 and 2 .