CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化

采用密度泛函理论计算了CO在CeO2(111)表面的吸附与氧化反应行为. 结果表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(111)表面为弱物理吸附, 而在氧空位表面是强化学吸附, 且O2分子活化程度较大, O—O键长为0.143 nm. CO在CeO2(111)表面吸附行为的研究表明, CO在洁净表面及氧空位表面上为物理吸附, 吸附能均小于0.42 eV; 当表面氧空位吸附O2后, CO可吸附生成二齿碳酸盐中间体或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 表面碳酸盐物种脱附生成CO2的能垒仅为0.28 eV. 计算结果表明, 当CeO2表面存在氧空位时, Hubbard参数U对CO吸附能有一定的影响. CeO2载体在氧化反应中可能的催化作用为, 在氧气氛下, CeO2表面氧空位吸附O2分子, 形成活性氧物种, 参与CO催化氧化反应.     

CeO2(110)表面上CO氧化反应的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了O2与CO在CeO2(110)表面的吸附反应行为. 研究表明, O2在洁净的CeO2(110)表面吸附热力学不利, 而在氧空位表面为强化学吸附, O2分子被活化, 可能是重要的氧化反应物种. CO在洁净的CeO2(110)表面有化学吸附与物理吸附两种构型, 前者形成二齿碳酸盐物种, 后者与表面仅存在弱的相互作用. 在氧空位表面, CO可分子吸附或形成碳酸盐物种, 相应吸附能均较低. 当表面氧空位吸附O2后(O2/Ov), CO可吸附生成碳酸盐或直接生成CO2, 与原位红外光谱结果相一致. 过渡态计算发现,O2/Ov/CeO2(110)表面的三齿碳酸盐物种经两齿、单齿过渡态脱附生成CO2. 利用扩展休克尔分子轨道理论分析了典型吸附构型的电子结构, 说明表面碳酸盐物种三个氧原子电子存在离域作用, 物理吸附的CO及生成的CO2电子结构与相应自由分子相似.     

In situ FT-IR study on CO oxidation over Co3O4/CeO2 catalyst

采用沉淀氧化法制备了Co3O4/CeO2催化剂.分别在干、湿条件下进行了一氧化碳氧化反应研究.运用FT-IR表征手段,在钴铈复合氧化物上进行了CO吸附及CO/O2共吸附研究.结果表明,与纯的Co3O4样品相比,Co3O4/CeO2具有明显的抗湿气能力.Co3O4/CeO2催化剂在进行CO氧化时,表面形成了类碳酸盐物种.当环境温度低于453K时,催化剂上类碳酸盐的生成与形成类碳酸盐物种后受热分解存在着动态平衡.当环境温度高于493K,催化剂上生成的类碳酸盐物全部受热分解.氧化铈的加入提高了催化剂的抗湿气性能.较小粒径的Co3O4与CeO2产生的强相互作用可使CeO2向Co3O4提供氧,因而间接提供了CO氧化需要的氧.     

载体对负载PdO催化剂的CO氧化活性的影响

由于催化燃烧比传统的热力燃烧法有反应温度低和能量消耗低的优点，因而广泛用于挥发性有机物和CO的消除．把和铂是最常用的催化剂，但是载体对催化性能的影响很大【‘’‘］．本文制备了系列负载把催化剂，发现载体的性质对催化剂的CO氧化活性影响很大．本文所用载体为CeO。，TIO。，SnO。，AI。O。，ZAI。，ZSM－5和SIO。催化剂制备采用浸渍法，把负载量为5％（质量分数）．催化剂经120C烘干后，于650’C空气气氛焙烧4h制成．在常压固定床流动反应装置上考察催化剂的CO氧化活性，反应气组成为CO2．4％，O。1．2％，N。96．4…     

Ir-in-CeO_2催化剂上CO氧化过程中表面碳酸盐的量热研究

应用Tian-Calvet热流量热仪与脉冲微反系统相结合的脉冲量热装置研究了Ir-in-CeO2(Ir主要包裹在CeO2里)催化剂上CO氧化过程表面碳酸盐的形成及其转化.结果表明,碳酸盐的吸附强度与CeO2表面价态直接相关.在反应中首先形成约0.07个单层覆盖度的不可逆吸附碳酸盐,随后形成约0.02个单层覆盖度的可逆吸附碳酸盐并随着Ce3+转变为Ce4+而分解.     

Rh-CeO2催化剂表面CO还原NO反应中羟基介导NH3生成问题的探讨

CO催化还原NO是发生在汽车尾气净化催化剂中的一个重要化学反应.CeO2容易发生氧化还原反应CeO2?CeO2?x+(x/2)O2而具有氧储存/释放作用,可以有效地促进CO氧化,因而CeO2作为储氧材料和催化助剂被广泛应用于汽车催化剂中.在过渡金属元素中,铑对NO的解离活性最高,是目前汽车三效催化剂中最为重要的还原性活性组分.目前,有关Rh-CeO2基催化剂表面CO还原NO的文献仅关注催化反应活性和N2O选择性,对CO还原NO反应机理的理解还不够深入准确,无法为轻型汽油车NH3排放控制提供正确有用的理论基础.NH3排放至大气中会以NH4+形式与SO42?和NO3?离子结合,导致二次颗粒物污染,因此,研究CO还原NO反应中NH3生成机理对轻型汽油车NH3排放控制具有非常重要的理论意义.我们研究组强调了CO催化还原NO反应的表面羟基介导NH3生成问题,并通过原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(in-situ DRIFTS),傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),程序升温还原/氧化(TPR/TPO)等现代分析表征技术深入研究了CO还原NO反应机理,并首次提出了催化剂表面"羟基脱氢"反应的NH3生成机理.研究发现,Rh-CeO2催化剂表面CO还原NO反应的NH3选择性最高可达9.7%,其反应表观活化能仅为36 kJ/mol,in-situ DRIFTS,FT-IR和NO-TPO测试结果表明,NH3的生成可归因于催化剂表面"羟基脱氢"反应,即CO与催化剂表面端位羟基和桥式羟基发生"水煤气转化"反应生成H2,反应产生的H2还原NO生成NH3;CeO2中非骨架铈双羟基化形成的类氢氧化铈物种则会直接与NO发生脱氢反应生成NH3,但需要更高的反应温度.值得注意的是,当反应气中额外通入5%水蒸气时,其反应表观活化能提高了21 kJ/mol(同比增加58.3%),更重要的是NH3选择性明显提高,最高可达25.3%(同比增加160.8%),FT-IR测试结果表明,这是由于水蒸气作用促使催化剂表面羟基化,表面活性氢源得以不断补充.这从动力学角度促进了端位羟基和桥式羟基的"水煤气转化"反应而提高NH3选择性.同时,对比NO/H2,CO/NO和CO/NO/H2O反应的NH3生成浓度,我们还发现,H2O分子与NO的竞争吸附会抑制未解离吸附的NH3进一步还原NO,减少反应生成NH3的消耗,促使更多生成的NH3从催化剂表面脱附至气相中,这也是水蒸气导致NH3选择性明显增加的重要原因.以上结果清晰地表明了催化剂表面"羟基脱氢"作用和水蒸气分子与NO的竞争吸附行为对CO还原NO反应中NH3生成的重要影响.     

钙钛矿型氧化催化剂CO氧化机制研究

用柠檬酸络合法制备了La1-xSrxCo1-yZryO3氧化催化剂,研究了其钙钛矿结构的生成温度,在连续流动的反应体系上测定了催化剂的CO氧化活性,用CO还原测定了晶格氧活动度, IR光谱研究了CO的吸附物种.结果表明, La1-xSrxCo1-yZryO3具有很高的CO催化氧化活性,活性中心是表面吸附的氧物种(O2-或 O-)和Con+离子.     

制备方法对CuO-CeO2/ZrO2催化CO氧化性能的影响

以ZrO2为载体、采用不同的浸渍次序制备了3种CuO-CeO2/ZrO2催化剂并在不同的温度(500,650和800℃)下进行焙烧,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR和CO-TPR)及CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)技术对所制备的催化剂进行了表征,并采用色谱流动法考察了其催化CO低温氧化反应性能。结果表明,当焙烧温度为650℃时,3种催化剂的CO催化氧化活性均最佳,且三者的催化活性大小顺序为:CuO/CeO2/ZrO2>CuO-CeO2/ZrO2>CeO2/CuO/ZrO2。结合催化剂的表征和活性测试结果,我们认为高分散的CuO是CO的吸附中心,有利于CO的低温氧化反应,而大颗粒的CuO几乎对CO没有吸附作用,不利于CO的低温氧化反应。在3种催化剂中,CuO/CeO2/ZrO2催化剂具有最佳的低温还原特性和最大的CO2脱附峰面积,相应地具有最佳的催化氧化活性。     

CO在纳米CeO2负载的Pd-Cu催化剂上的低温催化氧化

用溶胶一凝胶法制得了平均晶粒度为15nm的CeO2粉体,并用浸渍法制备了Pd-Cu/纳米CeO2催化剂;通过XRD、SEM和HRTEM等表征手段研究了纳米CeO：粉体和Pd-Cu/纳米CeO2催化剂的性能;考察了催化剂对CO的低温催化氧化活性。结果表明：纳米CeO2粉体负载的Pd-Cu催化剂对CO的低温催化氧化活性明显优于一般CeO2颗粒负载的Pd-Cu催化剂,其CO完全氧化的最低温度比Pd-Cu,热分解法CeO2催化剂低约70℃,比Pd-Cu,工业CeO：催化剂低约130℃。因此,纳米CeO2粉体作载体可极大地提高Pd-Cu催化剂的CO氧化性能。     

ZrO2晶型对CO加氢制异丁烯反应影响的研究

不同晶型结构的ZrO₂在CO加氢制异丁烯反应中表现出不同的催化性能。尽管单斜相ZrO₂在合成气制异丁烯反应中具有最优异的催化性能,但是对于其异构化活性位仍缺乏深入认识。通过研究ZrO₂晶型结构对反应性能的影响差异,有利于深入认识ZrO₂催化剂上合成气制异丁烯反应的关键影响因素。因此,本研究制备了一系列不同晶型结构的ZrO₂催化剂,研究了它们在结构性质及催化CO加氢制异丁烯反应性能方面的差异。相对于四方相和无定型ZrO₂,在单斜相ZrO₂催化剂表面,有较多的配位不饱和的Zr位点和O位点。配位不饱和的Zr位点是CO吸附活化的位点,有利于CO的转化。而较多的不饱和配位的O位点,为异丁烯的生成提供了更多的碱性位。此外,在单斜相ZrO₂催化剂表面,配位不饱和的Zr位点和O位点的存在,抑制了电子向反应中生成的甲酸盐物种转移,因此,甲酸盐物种在催化剂表面吸附较弱,有利于CO加氢生成异丁烯。     

CO催化氧化中氧化铜对CeO2的调变作用

采用柠檬酸络合法制备并应用XRD、ICP和微反活性等方法研究了Cu－Ce－O催化剂体系,当体系中铜含量较少,焙烧温度较低时,以萤石矿型结构存在,CuO掺杂进入CeO2的晶格中;当铜含量较多,焙烧温度较高时,除了以萤石矿型结构存在外,还伴随有单斜晶系CuO的生成,焙烧温度高达1000℃时,体系无其它结构型式的晶相形成,研究发现少量的CuO使体系催化氧化CO的活性大大提高;只有极少量的CuO进入CeO2的晶格内部,该催化剂最佳配方是Cu／（Cu＋Ce）原子百分比为15％,700℃焙烧4h,其中起高催化氧化作用的是由CuO掺杂调变而成的萤石矿型复合氧化物,其组成为Cu0.06Ce0.94O1.94。     

LaMnO_3稀土纳米材料及催化性能

钙钛矿型复合氧化物（ ABO3）有稳定的结构和良好的高温性能,其中 La-Mn-O系列的钙钛矿材料具有很好的催化活性,但采用固相反应等方法制备的样品其比表面一般不超过 10 m2· g－ 1,反应活性受到限制 [1].纳米材料粒径较小,比表面较大,具有独特的物理化学性能,是一种有应用前景的新型催化材料 .目前,纳米材料的制备方法有喷雾冷冻干燥法 [2]、 共沉淀法 [3]或溶胶-凝胶法 [4－ 7]等 .本文用 NaOH-Na2CO3共沉淀法制备出纳米级 LaMnO3钙钛矿,并研究了其对 CO、 HC和 NO的催化性能 .1实验1.1样品制备　　纳米钙钛矿粉末制备方…     

Promoting Effects of Iron on CO Oxidation over Au/TiO2 Supported Au Nanoparticles

Fe-doped TiO₂ supported gold nanoparticles as high-performance CO oxidation catalysts were prepared. XRD data revealed that TiO₂ support was in an anatase phase. After calcination at 300℃, the sample showed nanotube structure, and the size of gold nanoparticles was 3.1 nm. When calcined at 500℃, most nanotubes broke, and gold nanoparticles grew up to 5.9 nm. XPS spectrum indicated the presence of Fe in the +3 oxidation state. Au/Fe-TiO₂(Au:1.44%, Fe:1.35%) calcined at 300℃ possessed the best catalytic activity, and it could completely convert CO at 25℃. The temperature of 100% CO conversion(T_100%) of Fe-free catalyst was 40℃. After the catalysts were stored at room temperature for 7 d, T_100% of Au/Fe-TiO₂ increased from 25℃ to 30℃, while T_100% of Fe-free catalyst increased from 40℃ to 80℃. The catalytic activity and storage stability of Au/TiO₂ could be improved by Fe-doping. The increase of specific surface area, generation of oxygen vacancies and new adsorption sites, depression of the growth of gold nanoparticles, and strong metal-support interaction were responsible for the promoting effect of iron on the catalytic performance of Au/TiO₂ for CO oxidation.     

预处理条件对Au/ZnO催化剂CO氧化性能的影响

采用沉积沉淀法制备了用于CO氧化的Au/ZnO催化剂, 并用程序升温还原(TPR), X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明: 采用沉积沉淀法可制备出高度分散的Au/ZnO催化剂; 提高焙烧温度导致金颗粒聚集长大, 样品经533, 673, 773 K焙烧后金物种的颗粒尺寸分别为2.7, 3.5, 3.7 nm. 催化剂的TPR表征结果中发现部分还原态的金物种在室温就可被氧化, 催化剂预先用流动空气处理可提高其氧化还原性, 样品经多次氧化还原循环后, 其氧化循环性能没有明显下降. CO的氧化反应结果表明, 焙烧温度强烈影响催化剂对CO的氧化活性, 533 K焙烧后的催化剂活性最高. 即使在反应气中含水3.1%(体积比)的湿气条件下, 反应300 h后, CO的转化率仍然保持在95%.     

High performance CuO-CeO2 catalysts for selective oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen： Effect of hydrothermal preparation conditions

High performance CuO-CeO₂ catalysts for selective oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen were prepared by a hydrothermal method under different preparation conditions and evaluated for catalytic activities and selectivities. By changing the n_CTAB/n_Ce ratio and hydrothermal aging time, the catalytic activity of the CuO-CeO₂ catalysts increased and the operating temperature window, in which the CO conversion was higher than 99%, was widened. XRD results showed no peaks of CuO_x species and Cu-Ce-O solid solution were observed. On the other hand, Cu⁺ species in the CuO-CeO₂ catalysts, which was associated with a strong interaction between copper oxide clusters and cerium oxide and could be favorable for improving the selective oxidation performance of CO in excess H₂, were detected by H₂-TPR and XPS techniques.     

Low-temperature CO oxidation over CuO-CeO_2/SiO_2 catalysts:Effect of CeO_2 content and carrier porosity

The effects of CeO2 contents and silica carrier porosity with their pore diameters ranging from 5.2 nm to 12.5 nm of CuO-CeO2/SiO2 cata-lysts in CO oxidation were investigated.The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption at low temperature,X-ray diffraction (XRD),temperature-programmed reduction by H2 (H2-TPR),oxygen temperature programmed desorption (O2-TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The results suggested that,the ceria content and the porosity of SiO2 carrier possessed great impacts on the structures and catalytic performances of CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts.When appropriate content of CeO2 (Ce content 8 wt%) was added,the catalytic activity was greatly enhanced.In the catalyst supported on silica carrier with larger pore diameter,higher dispersion of CuO was observed,better agglomeration-resistant capacity was displayed and more lattice oxygen could be found,thus the CuO-CeO2 supported on Si-1 showed higher catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation.     

Mesoporous Cu-Ce-Ox Solid Solutions from Spray Pyrolysis for Superior Low-Temperature CO Oxidation

Development of Pt group metal-free catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation remains critical. In this work, active and stable mesoporous Cu-Ce-O_x solid solutions are prepared by using spray pyrolysis. The specific surface areas and pore volumes reach as high as 170 m² g⁻¹ and 0.24 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively. The results of CO oxidation study suggest that (1) the catalyst obtained by spray pyrolysis possesses much higher activity than those made by co-precipitation, sol-gel, and hydrothermal methods; (2) the optimal Cu_0.2-Ce_0.8-O_x solid solution presents a reactivity over 28 times that of both single-component CuO and CeO₂ at 70 °C. Based on the study of pure-phase Cu-Ce-O_x solid solutions by selective leaching of segregated CuO_x species, the active center for CO oxidation is confirmed as the bimetallic Cu-Ce-O site, whereas the individual CuO_x particles not only act as spectators but also block the active Cu-Ce-O sites. A low apparent activation energy of approximately 48 kJ mol⁻¹ is detected for CO oxidation at the Cu-Ce-O site, making Cu-Ce-O_x solid solutions able to present high activity at low temperature. Furthermore, the Cu-Ce-O_x catalysts exhibit excellent stability and thermal tolerance toward CO oxidation.     

Influence of the Time Scale on the Reaction Mechanism of CO Oxidation over a Au/TiO2 Catalyst

Knowledge of the reaction mechanism is key for rational catalyst improvement. Traditionally mechanistic studies focus on structure and the reaction conditions like temperature, pH, pressure, etc., whereas the time dimension is often overlooked. Here, we demonstrate the influence of time on the mechanism of a catalytic reaction. A dual catalytic mechanism was identified for the CO oxidation over Au/TiO₂ by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy coupled with modulation excitation spectroscopy. During the first seconds, CO on the gold particles is the only reactive species. As the reaction proceeds, the redox properties of TiO₂ dominate the catalytic activity through electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI). CO induces the reduction and reconstruction of TiO₂ whereas oxygen leads to its oxidation. The activity of the catalyst follows the spectroscopic signature of the EMSI. These findings demonstrate the power of studying short-time kinetics for mechanistic studies.     

氧化铈气凝胶担载氧化铜催化剂上的一氧化碳氧化

 以一氧化碳氧化为探针反应,考察了氧化铈气凝胶担载氧化铜催化剂的催化活性,研究了催化剂中氧化铜的含量、载体及催化剂的焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响．结果表明,氧化铈气凝胶担载的氧化铜催化剂对一氧化碳氧化反应呈现出高催化活性,适当温度下焙烧载体及催化剂有利于提高催化剂的催化活性;随着催化剂中氧化铜含量的增加,一氧化碳完全转化的温度降低,但当w（CuO）＞12％时,过量的氧化铜以体相形式而不是以高分散形式存在,对催化剂活性的影响很小．     

Low-temperature CO oxidation over CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts：Effect of CeO2 content and carrier porosity

The effects of CeO2 contents and silica carder porosity with their pore diameters ranging from 5.2 nm to 12.5 nm of CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts in CO oxidation were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption at low temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction by H2 (H2-TPR), oxygen temperature programmed desorption (O2-TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results suggested that, the ceria content and the porosity of SiO2 carder possessed great impacts on the structures and catalytic performances of CuO-CeO2/SiO2 catalysts. When appropriate content of CeO2(Ce content ≤8 wt%) was added, the catalytic activity was greatly enhanced. In the catalyst supported on silica carrier with larger pore diameter, higher dispersion of CuO was observed, better agglomeration-resistant capacity was displayed and more lattice oxygen could be found, thus the CuO-CeO2 supported on Si-1 showed higher catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation.