SiC(X~3Ⅱ)的结构与势能函数的从头计算

应用密度泛函理论B3LYP和B3P86以及组态相互作用方法 CCSD,CCSD(T),QCISD和QCISD(T),采用6-311g,6-311G(df),6-311+G(d,p),6-311++G(3df,3pd),aug-cc-pvdz和D95(d)多种基组,优化计算了SiC分子的平衡结构和能量.通过优化计算结果和实验数据R=0.171 82nm进行对比,选择B3LYP/6-311G(df),CCSD/6-311G(df)和QCISD/6-311G(df)方法对SiC(X3Ⅱ)分子进行单点能扫描,同时计算其光谱参数(Be,αe,ωe,ωexe)和力常数(f2,f3,f4),这些计算结果与实验数值相吻合,为研究SiC/SiC复合材料提供了理论数据参考.     

强碱催化分子内氮芳基化合成苯并咪唑反应机理及反应性研究

MP2/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-311+G**理论水平上,对二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中强碱催化N-(2-卤基苯基)-N'-苯基乙脒分子内氮芳基化合成苯并咪唑反应机理及反应性做了理论研究.研究结果显示:标题反应的反应机理并不是Bolm等提出的自由基机理或分步的S_NAr机理,而是只有一个过渡态的协同S_NAr机理.几何结构宽松度分析和自然集居数分析(NPA)都不能解释标题反应的反应性大小顺序问题.多参数拟合揭示标题反应的反应能垒主要由最高占据轨道能EHOMO或亲核原子N10的区域亲核性指标ω-N10控制,另一因素为亲核原子N10所带负电荷多少.而被进攻的C2原子所带电荷以及几何结构宽松度L%对反应能垒几乎没有影响.方法对比研究发现,MP2/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-311+G**方法所得结果与实验结果吻合较好,能更好地描述标题反应的相对能量和反应性顺序.     

取代苯甲酸羧基上H和O原子的部分电荷与Hammett常数之间的线性关系

采用密度泛函分析了取代苯甲酸中羧基上的H1原子和2个氧原子O2和O3的电荷与取代基的Hammett常数之间的线性关系. 比较了不同密度泛函和电荷计算方法B3LYP/6-311G*/(NBO, Mulliken), (BLYP, BP, PWC)/DNP/(Hirshfeld, Mulliken)对上述线性相关系数的影响. 结果表明, BLYP/DNP/Hirshfeld方法的计算精度高且计算速度快. 使用BLYP/DNP/Hirshfeld方法计算了70个取代苯甲酸的部分电荷, 发现H1, O2和O3原子的电荷与取代基Hammett常数σ_p和σ_m之间的线性相关系数可达到0.98以上, 其中O2的电荷和Hammett常数的线性相关性最好. O2的电荷值可以作为Hammett常数的替代, 用于结构性能定量分析, 也可以用于预测取代基的Hammett常数.     

已烯自由基阳离子的密度泛函理论研究

使用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p),6-31+G(d,p),6-311G(d,p)及6- 311+G(d,p)基组,分别对1-C_6H_(12)~+,2-C_6H_(12)~+和3-C_6H_(12)~+的各种构 象进行了几何构型优化,并在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上进行了频率分析计算,在 各优化构型上,使用B3LYP和MP2(full)方法进行了超精细结构的计算。计算的3- C_6H_(12)~+的超精细偶合常数比以往的计算结果更好;1-C_6H_(12)~+和2-C_6H_ (12)~+的超精细偶合常数目前尚无实验数据报道,本计算预言了它们的超精细偶合 常数和最稳定构型。     

已烯自由基阳离子的密度泛函理论研究

使用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p),6-31+G(d,p),6-311G(d,p)及6- 311+G(d,p)基组，分别对1-C_6H_(12)~+,2-C_6H_(12)~+和3-C_6H_(12)~+的各种构 象进行了几何构型优化，并在B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)水平上进行了频率分析计算，在 各优化构型上，使用B3LYP和MP2(full)方法进行了超精细结构的计算。计算的3- C_6H_(12)~+的超精细偶合常数比以往的计算结果更好；1-C_6H_(12)~+和2-C_6H_ (12)~+的超精细偶合常数目前尚无实验数据报道，本计算预言了它们的超精细偶合 常数和最稳定构型。     

亚甲基氰自由基(HCCN)与一氧化氮(NO)反应势能面的理论研究

在CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)+ZPE水平上对反应HCCN+NO的二重态反应势能面进行了计算,得到了4种产物:P1(HCN+NCO),P2(OH+NCCN),P₃[HCN+(CNO)]和P4(HCN+CNO).其中产物P1为主要产物,P2为次要产物,P₃和P4很难得到.在G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC)水平,对产物P1和P2的反应通道的单点能量进行了校正.     

海萤荧光素衍生物发光反应关键步骤的理论研究

用不同取代基对化学发光物质6-芳基-2-甲基咪唑[1,2-α]吡嗪-3-(7H)酮环(海萤发光的类似物)的芳基位进行取代,形成系列海萤荧光素类似物MIPa-MIPd;并采用B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)方法,通过电子抽取能(EEP)的计算和自然电荷布居分析(NPA),研究了在气相、二甲亚砜(DMSO)和二甘醇二甲醚(DG)中海萤发光的类似物从阴离子变化到自由基过程中取代基的作用.结果表明:在这个过程中,吲哚在DG中作为取代基(MIPb)时的EEP最小,电荷变化最大,说明这种取代基有利于反应的进行.     

氮原子与卤代甲烷反应的直接氢抽提过程研究

利用B3LYP理论研究了N(~4S)+CH_3X(X = H, F, Cl)反应体系的直接氢抽提过 程,分别得到了各反应物、产物和过渡态的优化构型和谐振频率。同时应用了6- 31G(d), 6-311+G(d,p)和6-311+ + G(2d,2p)基组,考察其大小对反应体系中各物 种构型及能量的影响。理论计算表明,随着基组的增加,反应势垒逐渐降低,反应 吸热减少。对比取代甲烷的情形,结果表明反应过程中卤素原子具有典型的诱导效 应,降低了抽提势垒。     

SO_2F_2与H自由基反应机理研究

用密度泛函B3PW91/6-311++g(d,p)方法研究了SO_2F_2与H自由基的反应机理,对反应势能面上的各驻点的几何构型进行了全参数优化,过渡态的真实性通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析的结果得到了证实。用双水平CCSD(T)/6-311++g(d,p)//B3PW91/6-311++g(d,p)获得了SO_2F_2+H反应势能剖面图,并用传统过渡态理论计算了最佳反应通道的决速步的反应速率常数。结果表明,SO_2F_2+H可经过加成-消去或直接抽提机理生成两种裂解产物P1(SO_2F+HF)和P2(SF_2O+OH),其中通道SO_2F_2+H→TS1→IM1→TS4→P1和SO_2F_2+H→TS3→CP1→P1决速步的势垒分别为89.5和91.3 kJ·mol~(-1),势垒相差仅1.8 kJ·mol~(-1),为标题反应的两个竞争反应,且高温有利于直接抽提反应的发生。SO_2F_2分子中的O原子不可能通过抽提反应直接提取。     

1, 2-二硒方酸气相酸性和芳香性的理论研究

在RHF/6-311G^*^*水平优化得到1,2-二硒方酸(3,4-二羟基-3-环丁烯-1,2-二硒酮)三种平面构象异构体的平衡几何构型。进一步用MP2(full)/6-311G^*//RHF/6-311G^*^*方法计算三种异构体的单点能量,发现ZZ型异构体是能量最低构象,且ZZ和ZE型能量非常接近。用优化的最稳定构象ZZ型异构体在RHF/6-311G^*^*//RHF/6-311G^*^*,RHF/6-311+G^*^*//RHF/6-311+G^*^*,MP2(full)/6-311+G^*^*//RHF/6-311+G^*^*和B3LYP/6-311+G^*^*//B3LYP/6-311+G^*^*水平计算其气相酸性[ΔGⅲ~(~2~9~8~K~)]和同键反应芳香性稳定化能(HASE)。用基团加和法(groupincrementapproach)在RHF/6-311+G^*^*//RHF/6-311+G^*^*和B3LYP/6-311+G^*^*//B3LYP/6-311+G^*^*水平计算其磁化率增量(Λ)。计算结果指出标题化合物的键长发生了平均化,同键反应芳香性稳定化能和磁化率增量均为负值,表明它具有芳香性,实现了标题化合物芳香性的几何、能量和磁性的判定。     

Density functional theory studies on the reagent Ph3PBr2

We report density functional theory geometry optimizations at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory for the title reagent. Four stationary points on the molecular potential energy surface were located and characterized. Three of these stationary points are energy minima, one a saddle point. The minima correspond to the conventional Ph3PBr2 (three-fold Br-P-Br axis with twisted phenyl rings), the ion-pair [Ph3PBr]+Br- and a four-coordinated Ph3PBr2 spoke structure that can best be described as charge transfer on account of the substantial charge transfer from the Ph3P fragment to Br2 (as determined by a standard Mulliken population analysis and other considerations). The particular saddle point found corresponds to a three-fold Br-P-Br structure with coplanar phenyl rings. Single point B3LYP/6-311+g(3d,2p) calculations were done at the stationary point geometries in order to investigate possible deficiencies in the basis set. Solvent effects for the three solvents water, dichloroethane and cyclohexane were modelled using the self consistent reaction field Onsager method at the single point B3LYP/6-311+g(3d,2p) level of theory. In the gas phase, the charge transfer complex is the most stable of the four; in solution it is the least stable.     

丁烯和丁烷自由基阳离子的分子结构和超精细结构的 理论研究

用密度函数理论B3LYP方法和6-31G(d,p),6-311G(d,p)及6-311+G(d,p)基组，分别对1-C4H^+~8,2-C4H^+~8和C4H^+~10进行了构型优化和频率分析计算，预言1-C4H^+~8具有非平面构型，与以往报道的从头算和密度函数理论计算结果不同。在各自由基阳离子的B3LYP构型上，进行了B3LYP、MP2及MRSDCI方法的超精细偶合常数计算，得到了比以往更好的结果，特别是MP2/B3LYP计算值是至今与实验值符合得最好的理论计算结果。     

NMR spectra, GIAO and charge density calculations of five-membered aromatic heterocycles

The B3LYP/6-31+G(d) molecular geometry optimized structures of 17 five-membered heterocycles were employed together with the gauge including atomic orbitals (GIAO) density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) levels of theory for the calculation of proton and carbon chemicals shifts and coupling constants. The method of geometry optimization for pyrrole (1), N-methylpyrrole (2) and thiophene (7) using the larger 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,p) and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ levels of theory gave little difference between calculated and experimental values of coupling constants. In general, the (1)H and 13C chemical shifts for all compounds are in good agreement with theoretical calculations using the smaller 6-31 basis set. The values of nJHH(n=3, 4, 5) and rmnJ(CH)(n=1, 2, 3, 4) were predicted well using the larger 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets and at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-31+G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The computed atomic charges [Mülliken; Natural Bond Orbital Analysis (NBO); Merz-Kollman (MK); CHELP and CHELPG] for the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) geometry optimized structures of 1-17 were used to explore correlations with the experimental proton and carbon chemical shifts.     

Electronic and molecular structure of aminimides (1-acyl-2,2,2-trimethyldiazan-2-ium-1-ide). 1. Formaminimide (HCON- N+ Me3)

The electronic structure and geometries of (Z)- and (E)-H-CON- N+(CH3)3 have been examined at two levels of theory: B3LYP (basis sets 6-311+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), and 6-311G(3df,3pd)) and MP2(full)/6-311++G(d,p). The (Z) conformation about the C(O)-N(-) bond is thermodynamically preferred over the (E) configuration. Natural bond orbital calculation locates one lone pair of the N- in the HOMO, which is the p(z) natural hybrid orbital (perpendicular to the O=CN- N+ plane). The second lone pair (of lower energy) of N- occupies the HOMO-3, which is the natural hybrid orbital sp(1.12) (sp(1.01) for the (E) conformation, sp(1.74) in the rotational transition state). The carbonyl pi bond is the HOMO-2. The charge-transfer ability of the negative nitrogen in H-CON- N+ (CH3)3 is more powerful than that of the neutral amidic nitrogen in dimethylformamide. The following facts convincingly sustain this view: (1) the higher rotational barrier (stronger C-N(-) bond) in the case of H-CON- N+ (CH3)3, (2) natural resonance theory analysis predicts almost equal weights for the (Z)-H-C(=O)N- N+ (CH3)3 and the (Z)-H-C(O-)=NN+ (CH3)3 canonical resonance structures whereas the weight of the HCON(CH3)2 structure is almost twice as large as that of HC(O-)=N+ (CH3)2, and (3) the second-order perturbation stabilization, as a result of the donor (N-)/acceptor (carbonyl) interaction, is 101.3 kcal/mol for H-CON- N+ (CH3)3 and only 64.4 kcal/mol for dimethylformamide.     

Remarks on GIAO-DFT predictions of 13C chemical shifts

Predicting (13)C chemical shifts by GIAO-DFT calculations appears to be more accurate than frequently expected provided that: (a) the comparison between experimental and theoretical data is performed using the linear regression method, (b) a sufficiently high level of theory [e.g. B3LYP/6-311 + + G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-311 + + G(2d,p) or PBE1PBE/6-311 + G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-311 + + G(2d,p)] is used, (c) the experimental data originate from the measurements performed in one solvent whose influence is taken into account at the molecular geometry optimization step and, first of all, during the shielding calculation, (d) the experimental data are free of heavy atom effects or such effects are appropriately treated in calculations, and finally (e) the conformational compositions of the investigated objects are known.     

Structural elucidation of nitro-substituted five-membered aromatic heterocycles utilizing GIAO DFT calculations

The GIAO (Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals) DFT (Density Functional Theory) method is applied at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d), B3LYP/6-311+G (2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory for the calculation of proton and carbon chemicals shifts and coupling constants for 25 nitro-substituted five-membered heterocycles. Difference (1D NOE) spectra in combination with long-range gHMBC experiments were used as tools for the structural elucidation of nitro-substituted five-membered heterocycles. The assigned NMR data (chemical shifts and coupling constants) for all compounds were found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations using the GIAO DFT method. The magnitudes of one-bond (1JCH) and long-range (nJCH, n>1) coupling constants were utilized for unambiguous differentiation between regioisomers of nitro-substituted five-membered heterocycles.     

Theoretical study of 3d‐metal mononitrides using DFT method

3d‐Metal mononitrides are studied using the density functional theory method. The lowest spin state for these dimers is obtained using the B3LYP hybrid functional with the 6‐311+G* basis set. The equilibrium geometries, vibrational frequencies, binding energies, Mulliken, and natural orbital population analysis charges, natural orbital electronic configuration, electron affinity, and ionization potential are obtained. Mulliken as well as natural orbital population analysis charges indicate that for all dimers, in cations most of the positive charge localized on the transition metal atom where in anions most of the negative charge localized on nitrogen atom. The binding energies for 3d‐metal mononitrides are higher than those for monocarbides and monoxides. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

Theoretical study on the hydrogen abstraction reaction of CH3CH2F (HFC-161) with Cl atom

A direct dynamics method is employed to study the hydrogen abstraction reaction of CH₃CH₂F+Cl. Three distinct transition states are located, one for -H abstraction and two for β-H abstraction. The potential energy surface (PES) information is obtained at the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p), CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p) and G2//MP2/6-311G(d,p) level. Based on the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-311G(d,p) results, the rate constants of the three reaction channels are evaluated by using the canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small-curvature tunneling (SCT) contributions over the temperature range of 220–2800 K. The calculated results indicate that -H abstraction dominates the total reaction almost over the whole temperature range.     

Carbon-to-carbon identity proton transfers from propyne, acetimide, thioacetaldehyde, and nitrosomethane to their respective conjugate anions in the gas phase. An ab initio study.

Gas-phase acidities of CH3Y (Y: NO, C identical to CH, CH=NH, and CH=S), barriers to the identity proton-transfer CH3Y + CH2=Y- reversible CH2=Y- + CH3Y, as well as geometries and charge distributions of CH3Y, CH2=Y- and the transition states of the proton transfers were determined by ab initio methods at the MP2/6-311 + G(d,p)//MP2/6-311 + G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p), and BPW-91/6-311 + G-(d,p) levels of theory. The acidities were also calculated at the CCSD(T)/6-311 + G(2df,2p) level. To make more meaningful comparisons, the same quantities for previously studied systems (Y: H, CH=CH2, CH=O, CN, NO2) were recalculated at the levels used in the present work. The geometric parameters as well as the group charges indicate that the transition states for all the reactions are imbalanced, although there is no correlation between the degree of imbalance and the pi-acceptor strength of the Y group. Based on multi-parameter correlations with the field (sigma F), resonance (sigma R), and polarizability effect (sigma alpha) substituent constants, the contributions of each of these effects to the acidities and barriers were evaluated. For the Y groups whose sigma F, sigma R, and sigma alpha are unknown (CH=NH, CH=S, C identical to CH), a method for estimating these substituent constants is proposed. The barriers for the CH3Y/CH2=Y- systems are all lower than for the CH4/CH3- system; this contrasts with the situation in solution where the Y groups lead to an increase in the barrier. The reasons for this reversal are analyzed. We also make an attempt to clarify the issue as to why the transition states of these reactions are imbalanced, a question which continues to draw attention in the literature.