特种纤维素酶催化水解壳聚糖及壳寡糖的制备研究

用凝胶渗透色谱法研究了特种纤维素酶催化水解过程中的分子量及其分布,制备了不同低分子量的壳聚糖和壳寡糖,详细研究了水解温度、pH值、时间和酶的用量等因素对酶催化水解产物的分子量及其分布的影响,制备壳寡糖的反应条件为壳聚糖质量分数w=0．01,水解温度58℃,pH=5．3,特种纤维素酶w=0．10,反应时间3h。     

基于ESI-CID-MS/MS离子碎片峰特征的香菇多糖水解机制及系列香菇寡糖的制备

将香菇多糖和0.02 mol/L三氟乙酸(TFA)溶液按照1 mg∶200μL比例混合并于100℃水解,然后利用快速蛋白液相色谱(FPLC)技术对分别水解2,4,6 h的水解产物中不同聚合度寡糖的组成与丰度进行分析,从而确定最佳水解时间;用确定的最佳时间对水解残留多糖重复水解3次,直至多糖沉淀消失为止,然后分别对水解产物进行FPLC分离并依次收集每批次的七糖.对七糖进行ESI-CID-MS/MS分析,结合β-1,3-二糖、七糖及β-1,6-葡聚寡糖二糖的ESI-CID-MS/MS质谱特征,可获得每次水解产物中寡糖的结构信息,进而获得香菇多糖的水解机制;最后用P4凝胶柱对水解产物进行色谱分离,获得具有不同聚合度的全序列寡糖.结果表明,香菇多糖的最佳水解时间为4 h,在不同批次的水解过程中香菇寡糖的结构由β-1,3/1,6-寡糖过渡为纯β-1,3-寡糖.     

液相色谱-二极管阵列检测/质谱联用在活性染料结构鉴定中的应用

基于多年运用液相色谱-二极管阵列检测/质谱(HPLC-DAD/MS)联用技术分析活性染料的实验积累,总结了HPLC-DAD/MS联用方法在商品活性染料结构鉴定中的重要应用。商品染料不需要纯化即可通过单次进样达到复杂组分的分离并得到光谱和质谱信息;结合衍生物质量差值法可推定染料的活性基种类和数目;采用二极管阵列检测器的全光谱扫描功能可以得到染料的发色体类别等有用的信息。HPLC-DAD/MS联用方法简便、快速、准确,尤其适用于多组分拼混的商品染料的结构鉴定,有较大的实用价值。通过对多组分商品染料活性灰、活性深黑、海洋蓝中关键组分的结构分析实例,介绍了HPLC-DAD/MS联用分析技术在未知商品活性染料结构分析中的应用。     

呋喃丹及其主要水解,代谢产物的检验

呋喃丹毒性较强，在动物体内和碱性介质下均易分解，该文研究了呋喃丹及其主要水解产物呋喃酚的提取方法和薄层色谱、气相色谱、气相色谱－质谱的检测方法，均获满意结果。当中毒后难以检出呋喃丹原体时，可以检测其水解产物呋喃酚认定中毒。     

聚苯基-1,3,5-三嗪的高温水解研究

对聚苯基-1,3,5-三嗪及其模型化合物在250℃/3.97MPa高温水中的水解行为进行了研究。聚苯基-1,3,5-三嗪的红外谱图在水解过程中基本保持不变,表明它是一种耐高温水解性能优良的高分子。高效液相色谱、高效毛细管泳色谱及液质联用分析表明,聚合物及其模型化合物的主要水解产物是由对称三嗪杂环被水解而生成的芳香酸,由些提出了它们的水解历程。通过对水解速控步骤活化能的量子化学计算,从理论上解释了这种高分子优良和耐高温水解特性。     

含不同水溶性基团的三聚氰氯衍生物的合成

木质纤维素制备乙醇最关键的步骤是使纤维素水解成可发酵糖,但目前纤维素水解效率很低,是生物质能源化利用的瓶颈。依据活性染料染色纤维素类织物具有"活性脆损"的性质提出一种新思路——以化学改性的方法改变纤维素的结晶结构从而提高其水解效率。采用三聚氰氯与氨基丙酸、氨基乙磺酸中的-NH2发生亲核取代反应,制备含有不同水溶性基团的三聚氰氯衍生物作为木质纤维素化学改性的改性剂。通过红外光谱、高效液相色谱质谱联用、13C NMR谱对其进行结构验证。     

高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用法分析人参及人参皂苷与山楂配伍过程中的水解行为

利用高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用的方法,分别对人参配伍山楂前后人参皂苷的变化进行分析,同时对人参皂苷Re、Rg1、Rb1、Rd与山楂配伍的水解规律进行系统研究,并与单独煎煮液、仿山楂配伍pH值煎煮液的水解产物进行比较,结果发现人参与山楂配伍后人参皂苷Rg1、Rb1含量明显减少,而人参皂苷Re、Rd、Rg2、Rg3、F2、Rh1含量明显增加,其中人参皂苷Re与山楂配伍后水解产物为人参皂苷20(R)-Rg2、20(S)-Rg2,仿山楂配伍pH值水解产物为人参皂苷20(R)-Rg2、20(S)-Rg2、Rg4、Rg6;人参皂苷Rg1与山楂配伍后水解产物为20(S)-Rh1、20(R)-Rh1,仿山楂pH值水解产物为20(S)-Rh1、20(R)-Rh1、Rh4、Rk3;人参皂苷Rb1与山楂配伍后水解产物为Rd、20(S)-Rg3,仿山楂pH值水解产物为F2、20(S)-Rg3;人参皂苷Rd与山楂配伍后水解产物为F2、20(S)-Rg3、20(R)-Rg3,仿山楂pH值水解产物为20(S)-Rg3、20(R)-Rg3。研究表明,不同人参皂苷和山楂配伍后与仿山楂pH值的水解产物并不相同,人参与山楂配伍改变了人参皂苷成分的种类及含量。本研究为临床方剂中人参与山楂配伍后成分的变化提供物质基础数据。     

氟、铈对磷酸三钙水解过程及其产物抗酸性的影响

研究了不同浓度的F- 和Ce3 +对磷酸三钙 (Ca3 (PO4) 2 ,TCP)的水解过程和水解产物的影响。XRD及IR实验结果表明 ,TCP在NaF溶液中的水解产物为羟基磷灰石 (Ca1 0 (PO4) 6(OH) 2 ,HAP)和氟基磷灰石 (Ca1 0 (PO4) 6F2 ,FAP)的混合物。氟离子浓度越高 ,FAP的含量越多。TCP水解过程的pH值变化随氟离子的起始浓度不同而不同。氟离子浓度越高 ,pH值越低。TCP在CeCl3 溶液中的水解产物为铈取代的羟基磷灰石 (CexCa1 0 -y(PO4) 6-z(OH) 2 ,Ce HAP)。溶解实验表明 ,氟处理比铈处理更有效地增强了TCP水解产物的抗酸性。当F -浓度为 0 1%或Ce3 +浓度为 5× 10 - 2 %时 ,TCP水解产物的抗酸性最强     

血管紧张素转化酶活性抑制剂──丝素肽的分离、纯化和结构鉴定

 可溶性丝素粉末经碱性蛋白酶Alcalase水解后 ,其酶解产物对血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)的活性有很强的抑制作用。采用凝胶过滤色谱SephadexG 15和反相高效液相色谱 (RP HPLC)对水解度为 2 0 %的酶解产物进行分离纯化 ,利用质谱鉴定其中一种ACE抑制剂是肽 ,其结构为Gly Tyr。     

高活性燕麦蛋白源ACE抑制肽的制备、纯化及结构鉴定

利用胰蛋白酶水解燕麦蛋白制备了高血管紧张素转化酶(Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme, ACE)抑制活性的燕麦蛋白酶解物, 分别采用离子交换色谱、凝胶过滤色谱和反相高效液相色谱等分离手段从酶解物中分离出一种新的强活性ACE抑制肽, 其IC50值为77.3 μmol/L; 通过基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间串联质谱对其进行结构鉴定, 其氨基酸序列为Glu-Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg.     

Analysis of streptolydigin degradation and conversion in cultural supernatants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces lydicus</Emphasis> AS 4.2501

A variety of structural analogues of streptolydigin exists in the cultural supernatants of Streptomyces lydicus AS 4.2501. The degradation of streptolydigin in cultural supernatants with different pH values kept at 25°C in a thermostatic bath was investigated using LC-MS/MS detection. Analysis of the alkaline supernatants (pH 9.50) provides evidence of degradation and conversion between streptolydigin and its structural analogues. Interestingly, a new streptolydigin analogue was detected by LC-MS and photo-diode array (PDA) detection in the process of alkaline degradation. After 48 h in a thermostatic bath, the degradation of streptolydigin and its two analogues at pH 9.50 approached pseudo-first order kinetics. Comparatively, the degradation of streptolydigin was much more rapid in the cultural supernatants with pH 3.05, only requiring 2 hours. Qualitative analysis of the degradation products by LC-MS/MS and PDA indicated that hydrolysis of the epoxy ether bond and acid amide bond was the major mechanism of degradation in acidic cultural supernatants. Two degradation products in the acid supernatant were assumed.     

LC–MS/MS method for the characterization of the forced degradation products of Entecavir

A rapid, specific, and reliable isocratic LC–MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the identification and characterization of the stressed degradation products of Entecavir (ETV). ETV, an antiviral drug, was subjected to hydrolysis (acidic, alkaline, and neutral), oxidation, photolysis and thermal stress, as per the international conference on harmonization specified conditions. The drug showed extensive degradation under oxidative and acid hydrolysis stress conditions. However, it was stable to thermal, acidic, neutral, and photolysis stress conditions. A total of five degradation products were observed and the chromatographic separation of the drug and its degradation products were achieved on a Waters Symmetry C₁₈ (250 mm × 4.6 mm, id, 5 μm) column using 20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3)/acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) as a mobile phase. The degradation products were characterized by LC–MS/MS and its fragmentation pathways were proposed. The LC–MS method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. No previous reports were found in the literature regarding the degradation behavior of ETV.     

Analysis of Hydrolysis Reaction of N-Phosphorylphenylalanine by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS

Hydrolysis procedure of N-diisopropyloxyphosphoryl phenylalanine (DIPP-Phe) has been studied by HPLCESI-MS. The hydrolysis products and intermediate were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results showed that (HO)(i-PrO)P(O)Phe was intermediate in the hydrolysis process.     

Characterization of degradation products of Ivabradine by LC‐HR‐MS/MS: a typical case of exhibition of different degradation behaviour in HCl and H2SO4 acid hydrolysis

A validated stability‐indicating HPLC method was established, and comprehensive stress testing of ivabradine, a cardiotonic drug, was carried out as per ICH guidelines. Ivabradine was subjected to acidic, basic and neutral hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal stress conditions, and the resulting degradation products were investigated by LC‐PDA and LC‐HR‐MS/MS. The drug was found to degrade in acid and base hydrolysis. An efficient and selective stability assay method was developed on Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) column using ammonium formate (10 mM, pH 3.0) and acetonitrile as mobile phase at 30 °C in gradient elution mode. The flow rate was 0.7 ml/min and detection wavelength was 286 nm. A total of five degradation products (I‐1 to I‐5) were identified and characterized by LC‐HR‐MS/MS in combination with accurate mass measurements. The drug exhibited different degradation behaviour in HCl and H₂SO₄ hydrolysis conditions. It is a unique example where two of the five degradation products in HCl hydrolysis were absent in H₂SO₄ acid hydrolysis. The present study provides guidance to revise the stress test for the determination of inherent stability of drugs containing lactam moiety under hydrolytic conditions. Most probable mechanisms for the formation of degradation products have been proposed on the basis of a comparison of the fragmentation pattern of the drug and its degradation products. In silico toxicity revealed that the degradation products ( I‐2 to I‐5 ) were found to be severe irritants in case of ocular irritancy. The analytical assay method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, range, precision, accuracy and robustness. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of hydrolytic metabolites of dyfonate in alkaline aqueous solutions by using high performance liquid chromatography – UV detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Organophosphorus compounds, becoming the most commonly used pesticides in agriculture, are garnering more interest to be environment and health issues associated with their usage. These compounds run-off into surface water and leach into groundwater supplies where they have been detected. Dyfonate is commonly applied to the soil as an insecticide for the control of variety of insects. However, critical information on the transformation of dyfonate into its hydrolytic byproducts during water treatment is lacking, even though they have been used in the field for a long time. In this study, dyfonate hydrolysis at elevated pH levels, simulating a water treatment operation or similar process, was investigated. Dyfonate, an organophosphorus insecticide used to treat infestations primarily on corn, was investigated due to its greater rate of hydrolysis observed during our screening studies. The hydrolysis of dyfonate was investigated at pH 10, 11, and 12 in phosphate buffered water over the course of 7 days. Two hydrolysis products, thiophenol and phenyl disulfide, were detected. Dyfonate and thiophenol were analysed using high pressure liquid chromatography/UV detection (HPLC/UV), while phenyl disulfide was detected using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The relative concentration profiles of dyfonate and its hydrolysis products, as well as their transformation pathways, were also reported. The data from this study will help environmental researchers understanding the hydrolytic pathways of dyfonate and its metabolites at different pHs in a water treatment system.     

Development of a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method for the determination of formaldehyde releasers as their hydrolysis products and amino alcohols from metal working fluids

Metal working fluids (MWFs) are widely used as lubricants and coolants for different industrial operations. Biocides are ingredients of MWFs to control the microbial growth; derivatives of hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines are generally used. Because of the lack of appropriate characterization, an existing capillary electrophoretic method for their quantification was improved. During the process of optimization, it became clear that hydrolysis products, derivatives of amino alcohols, severely interfere with the separation procedure. Since indirect-UV detection lacked the required selectivity, mass-selective detection was employed. NMR and MS established the absence of amino alcohols in the original educts. The aqueous solutions of the biocides stored for extended time remained amino alcohol-free, suggesting that these amino alcohols are formed from the biocides during the capillary electrophoretic separation. The observation of narrow and symmetric peaks indicated hydrolysis, and the polarity of the products implied favorable conditions for capillary electrophoretic separation. Methods were optimized for the analysis of the amino alcohols, the hydrolytic products of the formaldehyde releasers, using indirect-UV and MS detection. This method was extended to other likely solutes used as alkaline-reserve ingredients. The analytes were separated within 9 min with a high precision of migration times (the RSDs were below 1.5%). When quantifying from mobility scale, the calibration curves produced linearity with regression coefficients in the range of 0.990-0.999. The detection limit was lower than 1 mg/L in the case of MS detection. The influence of water-based MWF was also investigated, and no matrix effect on the migration of the analytes and on the peak areas was observed.     

Hydrolysis of 1,2-disubstituted imidazolines in aqueous media

The kinetics of hydrolysis of 1,2-disubstituted imidazolines in aqueous media was studied (pH 2.0—12.5, T = 25—90 °C) by UV spectroscopy. The hydrolysis products were identified. The introduction of a branched substituent into position 2 of the imidazoline ring increases the hydrolytic stability of the compounds. The effect of the pH on the hydrolysis rate of imidazolines is discussed.     

Hydrolysis of mefenpyrdiethyl: an analytical and DFT investigation

The hydrolysis of the herbicide safener mefenpyrdiethyl (1-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester) was investigated in aqueous solutions in the pH range from 2 to 9 and the temperature range from 298 to 323 K. The kinetics of hydrolysis were pseudo first order and were found to be strongly pH and temperature dependent. While near-constant in acidic medium, the hydrolysis rates strongly increased in alkaline pH, and total hydrolysis was observed at pH 11. Two main hydrolysis products, mefenpyrethyl (monoester) and mefenpyr (dicarboxylic acid) were isolated by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and characterized using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (ICR-FT/MS) as well as ¹H, ¹³C and 2D NMR analyses. Additionally, a density functional theory (DFT) investigation explained the stability of the pesticide at pH 7 and the high reactivity of the pesticide in alkaline medium. The key nucleophilic reaction partner is hydroxyl ions instead of neutral water molecules. Furthermore, the calculated activation barrier for hydrolysis in alkaline medium is in agreement with the extrapolated and experimentally determined activation barrier at pH 14.     

Kinetic study on hydrolysis and oxidation of formamidine disulfide in acidic solutions

Hydrolysis and oxidation of formamidine disulfide in acidic medium were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and mass spectrometry(MS) at 25 °C.By controlling the slow reaction rate and choosing appropriate mobile phase,HPLC provides the unique advantages over other methods(UV-Vis,chemical separation) in species tracking and kinetic study.In addition to thiourea and formamidine sulfinic acid,two unreported products were also detected in the hydrolysis reaction.Mass spectrometry measurement indicates these two products to be formamidine sulfenic acid and thiocyanogen with mass weights of 92.28 and 116.36,respectively.In the oxidation of formamidine disulfide by hydrogen peroxide,besides thiourea,formamidine sulfenic acid,formamidine sulfinic acid,thiocyanogen and urea,formamidine sulfonic acid and sulfate could be detected.The oxidation reaction was found to be first order in both formamidine disulfide and hydrogen peroxide.The rate constants of hydrolysis and oxidation reactions were determined in the pH range of 1.5-3.0.It was found both rate constants are increased with the increasing of pH.Experimental curves of different species can be effectively simulated via a mechanism scheme for formamidine disulfide oxidation,including hydrolysis equilibrium of formamidine disulfide and irreversible hydrolysis of formamidine sulfenic acid.     

Application of coupled liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in hydrolysis studies of the herbicide ethametsulfuron-methyl

The hydrolysis of the sulfonylurea herbicide ethametsulfuron-methyl [methyl 2-[[[[(4-ethoxy-6-methylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoate] was studied in aqueous buffers of different pH values. The reaction was first-order and pH-dependent. Ethametsulfuron-methyl was more persistent in neutral or weakly basic than in acidic solution. Eleven degradation products were detected and tentatively identified by LC/MS/MS analysis. At all pH values studied, the primary pathway of degradation was the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge. However, minor degradation pathways have also been observed, such as O-de-ethylation, N-demethylation, and opening of the triazine ring.