饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的形成与去除研究进展

N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)是一种强致痛物质,普遍存在于食品、工业制品和污染大气之中.作为一种新发现的饮用水消毒副产物,NDMA已逐渐成为水环境化学研究领域的一个热点.介绍了饮用水消毒副产物NDMA的相关背景,重点评述了NDMA在水中的形成机制,主要包括亚硝化和非对称二甲肼氧化两种途径,强调NDMA的前体物还有待进一步确认.对水中NDMA的去除方法进行了总结,包括物理方法、光解作用、生物降解和高级氧化技术.最后提出了饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的若干研究方向.     

抗生素消毒副产物的分析检测及毒性效应研究进展

由于抗生素的大量使用和持续排放,其环境污染水平逐年升高,个别抗生素在地表水中浓度接近300 ng/L,在饮用水原水中浓度超过200 ng/L.在饮用水消毒过程中,抗生素会与消毒剂反应生成不同种类的消毒副产物(DBPs),其中一些副产物具有较高的致癌性和急性毒性.饮用水中的抗生素DBPs可危害人体健康,是环境健康科学研究...     

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定水中5种消毒副产物

正饮用水消毒是最有效的公共健康措施之一,但使用消毒剂消毒的同时容易产生多种消毒副产物,潜在威胁人体健康[1];与饮用水相比,生活污水需要投加更高剂量的消毒剂以达到排放和回收标准,这将导致消毒副产物的生成量及种类均高于饮用水,会对再生水及地表水的安全利用造成潜在的危险[2];如果消毒剂使用不当,废水中也会存在消毒副产物,进而加重水体的污染。生活饮用水常用的消毒剂有液氯、二氧化氯、次     

饮用水消毒副产物及其分析技术

介绍了饮用水中液氯、臭氧、二氧化氯消毒副产物的特性和现状,总结了近年来消毒副产物分析领域中常用的各种样品前处理技术及检测方法,展望了今后研究的发展方向.     

饮用水氯化消毒的化学

本文介绍了饮用水的氯化原理及影响氯化消毒的因素。     

二氧化氯与饮用水消毒

介绍了二氧化氯的性质、制备方法及其在饮用水消毒方面的应用,指出二氧化氯替代氯气进行饮用水消毒已势在必行.     

离子色谱法快速测定饮用水中溴酸盐时干扰物质的消除

溴酸盐(BrO3-)是臭氧对饮用水消毒时产生的一种消毒副产物,其致癌性已被人们广泛关注[1]。国际上对饮用水中的溴酸盐进行了大规模的研究,并且制定了饮用水中溴酸盐的最大容许浓度[2]。目前,我国在饮用水、矿泉水国家标准中均将溴酸盐列为常规检测项目,且限值均在μg·L-1级别[3],这对溴酸盐的检测技术提出了更高的要求。离子色谱法是检测水中阴离子的一种有效手     

在饮水中典型溶解性有机氮酪氨酸氯化生成氯仿的机理分析

饮用水氯化消毒可以有效杀灭细菌, 但同时会产生危害人体健康的消毒副产物(DBP). DBP生成机理研究是有效控制DBP的前提. 溶解性有机氮(DON)是DBP的重要前体物, 选取典型DON-丙氨酸(Ala)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和酪氨酸(Tyr)作为氯仿(CF)等DBP的前体物, 研究三种氨基酸(AA)的耗氯量和CF产率; 同时考察了Tyr氯化中间产物2,4,6-TCP的氯化特性和CF产率; 采用GC/MS扫描和前线轨道理论验证, 探讨了CF的主要生成路径. 研究发现, 在同等氯化反应条件下, 由于侧链基团的不同, Tyr的耗氯量以及CF产率都明显高于Ala和Phe, 从而说明Tyr确实是一种重要的CF前体物质. CF的主要生成路径为Tyr→ 4-MCP → 2,4-DCP → 2,4,6-TCP → CF. 氯胺消毒工艺可有效控制CF的生成, 并能减少2,4,6-TCP的产生, 但不能确保饮用水的生物安全性. 氯化消毒之前将Tyr等重要前体物去除可能是控制CF等DBP更加有效的措施.     

水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳检测二次曲线回归的研究

正氯消毒是水处理领域最成熟的消毒措施,具有持续时间长、价格低和操作简便等优点。自1974年Rook博士首次报道氯消毒的自来水中检出了具有"三致"效应的三氯甲烷[1],氯消毒及其副产物所致的健康风险备受关注。随着饮用水和水环境安全意识的不断增强及高新检测技术的发展,越来越多的氯消毒副产物被检出。目前,我国生活饮用水和桶装饮用水卫生标准中把三氯甲烷和四氯化碳列为常规监测项目,限值分别为60,2μg·L-1[2-3],常用检     

高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中的一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸

一氯乙酸也称氯乙酸,是一种化工原料,通常作为染料、医药、农药、树脂及其他有机合成的中间体,广泛应用于工业生产中,该品剧毒,对人体有较大危害。工业污染是水体中产生氯乙酸的主要来源。二氯乙酸是饮用水在氯化消毒处理过程中产生的消毒副产物,它对人体具有潜在的致癌作用。因此,快速测定饮用水中的一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸已成为人们关注的重点。已有文献报道采用离子色谱结合固相萃取法测定饮用水中的氯乙酸,以碳酸钠和甲醇作为     

臭氧化对水厂水中消毒副产物生成势的影响

以某饮用水厂沿程工艺出水为研究对象,研究了臭氧化预处理对水体中消毒副产物(DBPs)氯化生成势的影响。结果表明,水厂生物处理单元产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)等生物源有机物是非常有效的DBPs前体物,但其更易于氯化生成三卤甲烷(THMs)而非卤乙酸(HAAs)。水厂水中存在的THMs前体物主要是各类大分子量有机物,并且臭氧工艺对其有较好的氧化去除效果。水厂水中经臭氧氧化产生的小分子量有机物可能是更为有效的一氯乙酸(MCAA)和一溴乙酸(MBAA)前体物。此外,当水体中三氯乙酸(TCAA)前体物浓度较高时,臭氧工艺对TCAA生成势具有很好的去除效果。     

Evaluation of chlorinated by-products in drinking waters of Central Friuli (Italy)

Drinkable water supplied by aqueducts undergoes preliminar potabilization which, in Italy, is mainly accomplished by chlorine addition. The bactericidal action involved in this process is always accompanied by chlorination and oxidation of organic species (mainly humic and fulvic acids) naturally present in treated waters, so that many disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and halo-acetic acids (HAA), which can represent a chemical risk for public health. The aim of this study was the monitoring of DBPs in drinking water disinfected by chlorination, supplied by four different aqueducts of Central Friuli (Italy). DBP evaluations were performed in water samples consisting of both input and output of disinfection plants. The results of analytical determinations were worked out to provide the THM and HAA parameters for disinfected waters, while in feeding waters the following different conventional parameters were adopted: (i) trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP), (ii) halo-acetic acids formation potential (HAAFP) and (iii) UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254). The quite moderate content of chlorinated products found in all samples considered highlighted the excellent quality of potabilized waters available in Central Friuli. Moreover, our results confirmed that the majority of DBPs formed when chlorine is used for water disinfection consists of THMs, while chlorites and chlorates prevailed when potabilization is accomplished by using chlorine dioxide. Finally, simple UV254 monitoring turned out to be a profitable approach for the determination of chlorinated by-products only when THMs prevail among DBPs.     

Monitoring and Statistical Analysis of Formation of Organochlorine and Organobromine Compounds in Drinking Water of Different Water Intakes

The main drawback of drinking water chlorination involves the formation of quite hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs), represented mainly by halogenated species. Based on the authors’ monitoring data since 2002, the prevalence of chlorine over bromine in the composition of volatile DBPs was shown for the drinking water in Ufa (Russia). However, the situation was completely reversed in the case of semi-volatile DBPs. The principal goal of the present study involved rationalization of the results of the long-term monitoring. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile DBPs. Identification of semi-volatile compounds was carried out with GC-MS, while gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was used for their quantification. A significant contribution of oxygen to the composition of semi-volatile compounds proves the decisive role of the dissolved organic matter oxidative destructive processes. Statistical analysis revealed notable linear correlations for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation vs. chlorine dose. On the contrary, halogenated semi-volatile products do not demonstrate any correlations with the water quality parameters or chlorine dose. Principal component analysis (PCA) placed them into separate groups. The results allow for proposing that formation of the organohalogenated species involved the fast penetration of bromine into the humic matter molecules and, further, their oxidative destruction by active chlorine.     

A step forward in the detection of byproducts of anthropogenic organic micropollutants in chlorinated water

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are widespread in the water cycle. Their levels in disinfected waters are usually low, as they may transform into CEC disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during disinfection processes or partially removed in previous water treatment steps. The occurrence of CEC DBPs in real waters has been scarcely addressed, although their presence may be of relevance in water circular economy scenarios, and thus deserves further study in water regeneration systems. In this work, a database of CEC DBPs (n=1338) after chlorination was generated and is ready to use in future screening studies to assess the relevance of these chemicals in contaminat mixtures. Moreover, the transformation of CECs during chlorination, their main reaction pathways with chlorine, and current knowledge gaps were critically reviewed.     

Solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of nitrosamines in treated drinking water and wastewater

N-Nitrosamines, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), were identified as chlorination byproducts in drinking water in 1989. Nitrosamines are known rodent carcinogens and probable human carcinogens, and so they are considered disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of public health concern. Epidemiological studies show a potential association of consumption of chlorinated drinking water with an increased risk of bladder cancer. As small, relatively polar DBPs that often occur at low-ng/L concentrations in water, nitrosamines pose analytical challenges for accurate determination. Sample preparation (e.g., the commonly used solid-phase extraction) plays a critical role in achieving reliable determination of nitrosamines at ng/L concentrations. Historically, gas chromatography (GC)-based techniques have been used for nitrosamine analysis. Recently, newly developed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS²) methods have shown potential advantages in determining polar DBPs. This review focuses on the sample preconcentration methods and LC-MS² determination of nitrosamines in drinking water and wastewater. It also provides a historical perspective on nitrosamines and their occurrence in drinking water.     

饮用水消毒溴代副产物及其健康风险

受海水入侵影响严重的沿海地区,其饮用水源中常含有较高浓度的溴离子.研究表明,当原水中含有溴离子时,经氯化消毒、氯胺消毒或臭氧消毒后会增加溴代消毒副产物的形成,并且溴代副产物具有更高的遗传毒性.因此,对于溴代副产物的研究更具实际意义.现阶段国内对于消毒所产生的溴代副产物的研究很少.本文针对溴代副产物更高的健康风险,从其产生的原因、机理、影响因素及遗传毒性等方面进行了综述.     

气相色谱法同时测定水中12种挥发性消毒副产物

建立液-液萃取气相色谱法电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)同时测定饮用水中12种挥发性消毒副产物(Disinfection byproducts, DBPs)的方法.采用过程标准校正降低预处理过程中引入的误差,方法检出限为0.08~0.21 μg/L, 全部组分在21.50 min内测定完成.不同浓度的DBPs在自来水和地表水中的回收率为80.9%~115.7%,相对标准偏差在0.9%~9.9%之间.各组分在0.5~200 μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R>0.99.应用本方法测定了饮用水和地表水及其氯化后样品中DBPs的含量.本方法简便、快速、稳定,满足饮用水中挥发性DBPs的检测要求.     

Electrochemical alternatives for drinking water disinfection

Chlorination is the most common method worldwide for the disinfection of drinking water. However, the identification of potentially toxic products from this method has encouraged the development of alternative disinfection technologies. Among them, electrochemical disinfection has emerged as one of the more feasible alternatives to chlorination. This article reviews electrochemical systems that can contribute to drinking water disinfection and underscores the efficiency of recently developed diamond films in chlorine-free electrochemical systems.