含芳酰胺结构的新型甲壳型液晶高分子PMPACS的聚合反应动力学研究

采用称量法和GPC,研究了以二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,自由基溶液聚合制备含芳酰胺结构的新型甲壳型液晶高分子聚[乙烯基对苯二甲酸二(4-甲氧基苯胺)](PMPACS)的聚合反应动力学.研究发现,(1)MPACS的聚合反应在60℃时主要为双基偶合终止,所以反应后期聚合物分子量明显增大,分子量分布变窄;(2)该反应的聚合反应速率方程为Rp=kp[M][I]1/2,表观活化能Eα=44 kJ/mol,在60℃时的聚合反应常数kp=1.04 L·mol-1·h-1;(3)相同聚合条件下,单体的转化率和数均分子量随单体初始浓度[M]0的增加而增大,当引发剂浓度[I]0增加时,聚合物的分子量随之降低,分子量分布增大;(4)该研究虽采用普通自由基聚合,所得聚合物的分子量分布却较窄,仅为1.1～1.4.     

采用RATRP沉淀聚合法合成聚合物PMMA和PSt

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)或苯乙烯(St)为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,乙醇为溶剂,CuCl2/PMDETA(N,N,N’,N″,N″-五甲基二乙烯基三胺)为催化体系,MMA或St经反向原子转移自由基沉淀聚合法合成了聚合物PMMA或PSt。研究结果表明:PMMA和PSt的分子量分布较窄(Mw/Mn<1.3),聚合反应速率对单体呈一级动力学特征,数均分子量与单体转化率呈线性关系。反应具有"活性"/可控聚合的特征。     

PSt-TMI合成及其共聚动力学研究

以BP0为引发剂,甲苯为溶剂,采用溶液聚合法合成了低3-异丙烯基一α,α’-二甲基苄基-异氰酸酯(TMI)含量的PSt-TMI共聚物(wTMI-O．03～O．11),确定了FTIR方法测定共聚物中TMI含量的方法,并对反应动力学与共聚物组成进行了研究。结果表明：总体反应速率与单体浓度成正比,与引发剂浓度O．5次方成正比,80℃下反应时还存在热引发,终止方式为双基终止;反应总体活化能随单体配比中TMI分率增大而升高。引发剂浓度增大则产物分子量减小,分子量分布不变。随反应转化率提高分子量分布指数增大、产物中TMI含量略有下降。GPC串联紫外分析表明,产物中高分子量部分TMI含量高于低分子量部分中TMI含量。     

镍体系(NiCl_2/PPh_3)催化的反向原子转移自由基聚合

以 2 ,3 二氰基 2 ,3 二苯基丁二酸二乙酯 (DCDPS) NiCl2 PPh3 为引发体系 ,首次利用Ni2 + 和Ni+ 之间的变价关系 ,研究了乙烯基单体的反向ATRP .结果表明 ,苯乙烯 (St)的聚合具有活性自由基聚合的特征 ,所得PSt的分子量随转化率的增加而增加 ,并且制得的PSt可以作为大分子引发剂进行扩链反应 .但该引发体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)聚合时没有活性自由基聚合特征 ,PMMA的分子量与转化率基本无关 ,但分子量分布窄Mw Mn=1 19     

梳型接枝共聚物的合成（IV）-氯乙酸降冰片烯甲酯引发苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯原子转移自由基聚合的研究

首次报道以自制氯乙酸降冰片烯甲酯（NMCA）为引发剂的苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸 甲酯的原子转移自由基（ATRP）本体聚合。详细考察了单体转化与反应时间、产物 分子量及分子量分布间的关系。研究发现，此引发引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯ATRP反应所 得聚合物的分子量分布较宽（PDI = 1.80～2.45)，且实测值（GPC）与理论值偏差 较大。而NMCA引发的苯乙烯的ATRP反应可得分子量分布较窄（PDI = 1.54)、实验 值（GPC）与理论值基本吻合的产物。单体转化率随反应时间的变化及产物分子量 随单体转化率变化研究证明这一聚合反应具有活性聚合反应特征。产物的NMR分析 证明所合成产物分子中降冰片烯环上双键未参与聚合反应。     

单电子转移活性自由基聚合制备支化聚丙烯酸甲酯的研究

以丙烯酸2-(2-溴异丁酰氧基)乙酯(BIEA)为引发剂单体(inimer),丙烯酸甲酯(MA)为单体,Cu0/CuBr2和N,N,N',N″,N″-五甲基二亚乙基三胺(PMDETA)为催化体系,二甲亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,在常温(25℃)下通过单电子转移活性自由基聚合(SET-LRP)合成支化聚丙烯酸甲酯.聚合反应过程中,采用气相色谱(GC)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)和三检测体积排除色谱(TD-SEC)等测试手段跟踪分析和表征支化聚合物的结构.研究结果表明,采用SET-LRP方法,铜粉作为催化剂,常温下聚合反应就能快速进行,130 min之内MA的转化率已达99%以上,制备出高分子量支化聚合物.随着反应的不断进行,聚合物支化程度不断提高,相比较同分子量下的线型聚合物其黏度不断下降,Mark-Houwink特征常数α最小可达0.290.此外,低分子量聚合物组分随着反应不断减少,在高单体转化率下,聚合体系中以高支化度的聚丙烯酸甲酯为主.     

RAFT聚合合成一种即含甲酰基又含手性β-蒎烯单元聚合物

设计并合成了一种新型含甲酰基同时又含β-蒎烯单元的新单体2-β-蒎氧基-5-乙烯基苯甲醛(POVB),选择苯基双硫代乙酸1-苯基乙酯(PEPDA)为RAFT试剂、以AIBN为引发剂、在60℃下THF中实现了POVB的"活性"/可控RAFT自由基聚合.单体浓度半对数ln([M]0/[M])与聚合时间符合线性关系,聚合过程呈现一级动力学特征;聚合物分子量(Mn)随单体转化率几乎线性增加,而且整个反应过程中分子量分布(Mw/Mn1.2)保持在较窄的范围.1H-NMR的分析进一步证实了聚合物链的末端精细结构.此外,CD谱结果表明手性单元β-蒎烯基能赋予聚合物以光学活性.     

ATRP合成大分子单体法制备核壳结构微球

以α-溴代丙酸乙酯(EPN-Br)为引发剂, N,N, N′,N″,N″-五甲基二亚乙基三胺(PMDETA)为配体,使甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯进行原子转移自由基聚合,合成了端基带溴原子的聚甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯(PtBMA-Br)大分子中间体,通过其与甲基丙烯酸的亲核取代反应,得到了末端C=C双键含量高的大分子单体（MAA-PtBMA）,其相对分子质量可控制在5400-12000g/mol的范围内,分子量分布≤1.20。以偶氮二异丁腈为自由基引发剂,在乙醇中使MAA-PtBMA大分子单体与苯乙烯（St）进行分散共聚,制得了甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯接枝聚苯乙烯（PtBMA-g-PSt）微米级共聚微球,该微球具有核壳结构。     

离子液体中单电子转移活性自由基聚合法制备星形聚丙烯酰胺

以季戊四醇为原料,合成了2,2-二溴甲基-1,3-二溴丙烷(PEBr4),并以此为四官能度引发剂,Cu0粉/三-(2-二甲氨基乙基)胺(Me6-TREN)为催化体系,在离子液体中实现了丙烯酰胺(AM)的单电子转移活性自由基聚合(SET-LRP),得到了窄分子量分布的星形聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),Mw/Mn约为1.26(MGPCn=14.1×103,转化率为43.4%)。 采用1H NMR对PAM结构进行表征确认,并采用GPC测定了PAM的分子量及分子量分布;考察了水、单体/催化剂(引发剂)配比对聚合反应的影响。 结果表明,少量水的加入能够加快聚合反应,使链增长速率常数由kappp=0.042 4 h-1增加至kappp=0.148 6 h-1;催化剂、引发剂用量越大,AM的SET-LRP的聚合反应速率越快,聚合反应的可控性越好,Mn随催化剂用量的增大及引发剂用量的减小而增大,且与理论分子量相近,分子量分布均呈下降趋势。     

通过活性自由基聚合制备结构精致的大分子单体

合成了一种新型单体引发转移终止剂,2-N,N-二乙基二硫代氨基甲酰氧基乙酸烯丙酯(ADCA)。在紫外光照射下,引发剂量的ADCA能分别引甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和苯乙烯(St)聚合,聚合过程具有活性聚合的特征,即所得聚合物的数均分子量随着单体转化率的增加而线性增加,经1^HNMR分析证明,所得聚合物为一大分子单体,具有α-烯丙氧基羰甲基和ω-N,N-二乙基二硫代氨基甲酰氧基(DC)基团的精致结构。大分子单体的分子量可通过控制聚合过程中的单体转化率和所用引发剂浓度来调节。运用ESR技术证明了聚合反应机理。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.