高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱法测定土壤中的三甲基铅和三乙基铅

建立并优化了土壤中三甲基铅(TML)和三乙基铅(TEL)形态提取方法,构建了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术分离测定三甲基铅(TML)和三乙基铅(TEL)形态的分析方法。通过改变流动相组分比例,使TML和TEL的有机铅形态达到基线分离。TML和TEL有机铅的检出限分别达到0.15μg·kg-1和0.35μg·kg-1;峰面积的RSD分别为4.6%和5.5%。对浓度范围为0.5~100μg·kg~(-1)有机铅混合标准溶液进行线性动态范围测定,结果两种有机铅的回归系数均在0.9998以上。比较了几种不同的样品提取方法,得到土壤用80%甲醇的乙酸溶液振荡过夜后,上清液pH调值至9,用0.5mol·L~(-1)的DDTC、0.1mol·L~(-1)的EDTA和正己烷溶液提取,TML和TEL的加标回收率均大于98.0%。利用建立的方法,对实际土壤样品进行有机铅测定,在部分样品中检测到TML和TEL有机铅化合物形态。     

血液与尿液中铅形态化合物的HPLC-ICP-MS分析

建立了血液和尿液中2种铅形态化合物(三甲基铅、三乙基铅)的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析方法。利用苯溶液萃取铅形态化合物,超声离心后以硫代硫酸钠溶液进行反萃取。以0.1 mol/L乙酸铵-0.1 mol/L乙酸与甲醇为流动相进行等度洗脱,Agilent Zorbax Plus C_(18)(4.6 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)对提取物进行分离,ICP-MS分析样品中铅形态化合物。结果表明,血液和尿液中2种铅形态化合物的线性范围分别为3～200 ng/mL和5～400 ng/mL,检出限为0.85～1.31 ng/mL,定量下限为3.00～5.00 ng/mL,日内及日间相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%～10%,提取回收率为85.3%～104%,基质效应为88.3%～117%。该方法样品前处理简单,检出限低,准确度高,适用于人体血液和尿液中三甲基铅、三乙基铅的测定。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定烟草及其制品中3种铅形态

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定烟草及其制品中无机铅[Pb(Ⅱ)]、三甲基铅(TML)和三乙基铅(TEL)含量的方法。将烟草样品粉碎后,加入体积比为60∶40的1 mmol·L~(-1) 1-戊烷磺酸钠溶液和甲醇的混合溶液(流动相) 15 mL,于40℃超声萃取20 min,离心,上清液过0.22μm滤膜,用HPLC-ICP-MS测定滤液中3种铅形态含量。在烟草样品中加入硝酸和30%过氧化氢溶液,在程序升温条件下微波消解,消解液用水稀释后,用ICP-MS测定其中的铅总量。在HPLC分析中,在1.0 mL·min~(-1)流量下用流动相等度洗脱吸附在ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)反相色谱柱上的3种铅形态,8 min即可实现高效分离。在ICP-MS分析中,同步监测~(206)Pb、~(207)Pb和~(208)Pb等3种铅同位素,用三者含量和进行定量。结果显示:3种铅形态的质量浓度在0.5～50.0μg·L~(-1)内与其对应的质谱响应值呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.33～0.47μg·L~(-1);对实际样品进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,所得回收率为81.9%～96.5%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为5.3%～9.6%。方法用于烟叶样品和卷烟成品的分析,结果显示:烟叶样品及卷烟成品中均未检出有机铅,其铅形态以Pb(Ⅱ)为主,且含量较低(1.53～5.08μg·g~(-1));下、中、上部烟叶中铅含量呈递减分布;卷烟成品中的铅含量与烟叶样品的基本处于相同水平;检出的3种铅形态含量总和占铅总量的74.3%～84.6%。     

铅形态的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析

用50mm的反相高效液相色谱短柱在V甲醇/VH2O=55／45,其中水相为0．1mol／L乙酸0．1mol／L乙酸铵的缓冲溶液（pH=4．70）,流速0．6mL／min条件下,约10min内实现了无机铅离子（Pb^2＋）、氯化三甲基铅（TML）、氯化三乙基铅（TEL）和氯化三苯基铅（TPhL）的高效液相色谱．电感耦合等离子体质谱（HPLC-ICP-MS）联用分析。4种铅形态在去离子水和自来水中的加标回收率分别为93．8％-115．6％和89．3％-137．8％;峰强度和保留时间的RSD分别为7．4％-14．3％和0．5％-1．3％;仪器检出限及方法检出限分别为0．27-3．07μg/L和1．20-2．33μg／L。     

溶剂浮选-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Co(Ⅱ)

本文采用溶剂浮选分离富集,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中的痕量Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)以和Co(Ⅱ)。以双硫腙为捕集剂,甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)为浮选溶剂,确定了最佳浮选条件。所拟定的方法用于自来水和工业用水中Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Co(Ⅱ)的测定,金属离子的富集倍数为37,Pb(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Co(Ⅱ)的检出限分别为0.2μg/L、1.08μg/L和0.38μg/L;样品加标回收率在94.7%~103.2%之间;测定结果的RSD≤4.67%。     

湿法消解-原子吸收光谱法测定啤酒中痕量铅和锌

研究了用湿法消解啤酒样品、石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GFAAS)及火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)法分别测定啤酒中的痕量Pb2+和Zn2+。对仪器的工作参数进行了优化,探讨了混合酸消解体系、消解液用量,消解温度等因素的影响。结果表明,在200℃温度下,HNO3+HClO4(16+4)混酸能完全消解样品。Pb2+、Zn2+分别在0～80μg/L、0～1.50μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(线性相关系数r分别为0.9995和0.9997),其检出限分别为0.2μg/L、8.0μg/L。测定Pb2+、Zn2+的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.8%和0.92%,加标回收率分别为96.5%和99.8%。该方法检出限低,精密度和准确度高,适用于啤酒样品中痕量铅、锌含量的测定。检测的9种啤酒样品中铅、锌含量范围分别为11.34～47.15μg/L、277～422μg/L,低于食品中的限量值。     

铋膜修饰玻碳电极伏安法测定微量铅(Ⅱ)

以铋膜修饰玻碳电极为工作电极,采用阳极溶出伏安法对微量Pb(Ⅱ)进行测定。考察了铋离子浓度、支持电解质pH、沉积时间等因素对测定的影响。实验结果表明,铋膜修饰电极对痕量Pb(Ⅱ)具有良好的电化学响应。在实验选定条件下,Pb(Ⅱ)在10～260!g/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.98!g/L。用同一支铋膜电极对50!g/L Pb(Ⅱ)平行测定10次,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.82%。该电极可应用于井水中铅的测定。     

氢化物发生新体系-原子荧光法同时测定铅和镉

报道了Pb和Cd同时氢化物发生的K3Fe(CN)6-(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6-NaBH4-HCl新体系,并探讨了相关反应机理。(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6作为氧化剂将Pb(Ⅱ)氧化为Pb(Ⅳ),Fe(CN)63-与Pb(Ⅳ)络合促进了Pb的氢化物发生。同时,体系中的(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6作为Cd氢化物发生过程中的增敏剂使荧光信号显著增强。在该体系中,Pb和Cd的氢化物发生不产生相互干扰。本实验据此建立了顺序注射-氢化物发生-双道原子荧光同时测定Pb和Cd的方法。所采用的实验条件包括NaBH4、HCl、K3Fe(CN)6和(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6的浓度分别为2%、3%、0.6%和0.3%。以125μL/s进样500μL,得到的线性范围分别为0.4~15μg/L(Pb)和0.5~20μg/L(Cd);对应的检出限分别为0.09μg/L(Pb)和0.17μg/L(Cd);方法的精密度为0.5%(6.0μg/L Pb,n=9)和1.0%(6.0μg/L Cd,n=9)。将本法应用于国家标准样品GBW08608中Pb和Cd的检测,检测值与标准值相符;对河水及海水中Pb和Cd进行了同时测定,加标回收率合格。     

分子印迹功能介孔材料富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定溶液中痕量铅

以2-巯基苯骈噻唑为修饰剂,铅离子为印迹离子成功制备分子印迹功能介孔材料,并用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱对材料进行了结构表征。铅离子分子印迹功能介孔材料能很好地将Pb(II)与性质相近的二价重金属离子Cu(II),Cd(II)和Hg(II)分离,具有非常好的吸附选择性,且静态吸附容量0.64 mmol/g。利用该材料制备的分离富集柱可以很好地富集溶液中痕量铅离子,且仅用2 mL 0.5 mol/L EDTA以0.4 mL/min流速即可完全洗脱,富集倍数高达250倍。样品预富集后的火焰原子吸收光度法线性范围为0.5～1.2×104μg/L,r=0.999 2,检出限(3σ,n=11)为0.04μg/L。利用功能介孔材料分离富集水样中痕量铅离子,用火焰原子吸收法测定含量,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于等于3%(n=6),回收率在98.2%～99.1%之间。     

ICP-MS测定PM2.5中痕量重金属及铅同位素

建立了HNO3-H2O2湿法消解、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)同时测定PM2.5样品中痕量重金属Cr,Ni,Cu,As,Cd,Pb和Pb同位素的方法。通过内标校正克服了基体效应、物理效应和仪器的长短期漂移的干扰。在ICP-MS优化参数下,测定的痕量元素及Pb同位素的标准曲线相关系数均优于0.9997,5种痕量元素的方法检出限在0.01~0.07μg/L之间,4种Pb同位素的方法检出限在0.014~0.07μg/L之间。通过测定滤膜标准物质(GBW(E)080212)和Pb同位素标准物质(NIST981)考察了方法准确性,测定值均在标准值范围内。当Pb质量浓度大于10μg/L时,浓度对Pb同位素比值的测量影响不显著。运用该方法测得厦门市PM2.5中6种痕量重金属元素的RSD小于4.8%,Pb同位素RSD小于0.5%。     

Lead speciation in rainwater by isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

A new method for lead speciation in rainwater by isotope dilution analysis (IDA) using directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) is described and demonstrated. Samples containing trimethyllead (TML) chloride and triethyllead (TEL) chloride in the presence of large amounts of inorganic lead have been analysed by HPLC-ICP-MS using reverse phase ion-pairing chromatography. The detection limit for the procedure is 3 ng g⁻¹ for TML as Pb and 14 ng g⁻¹ for TEL as Pb, with a linear range exceeding 1000 ng g⁻¹ and a relative standard deviation of 4% for TML in the range 50–1000 ng g⁻¹. TML chloride isotopically enriched in the stable 206 isotope was prepared and used to enhance the accuracy of the method by isotope dilution analysis. The IDA-HPLC-ICP-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of a sample of artificial rainwater used in a collaborative study.     

Simultaneous determination of trimethyl-and triethyllead in urban dust by species-specific isotope dilution/gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Both (206)Pb-labeled trimethyllead (TML) and triethyllead (TEL) were synthesized from (206)Pb-enriched metallic Pb certified reference material (NIST SRM 983) and iodomethane or iodoethane through a one-process reaction in a closed system using centrifuge tubes, respectively. Organolead compounds in an urban dust reference material (BCR CRM 605) were extracted with an acetic acid/methanol (1:1) solution, which was mechanically shaken for 24 h. After adjusting the pH of the extracted solution to pH 5, the extracted organolead compounds were derivatized by tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylborate (TATB) and measured with GC-ICPMS. The analytical results of TML and TEL for BCR CRM 605 were 8.22 +/- 0.04 microg kg(-1) (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 3) and 1.12 +/- 0.06 microg kg(-1), respectively. The analytical results of TML agreed well with the certified value (7.9 +/- 1.2 microg kg(-1)).     

瑞利光散射技术快速测定萝卜红色素中痕量Pb(Ⅱ)

建立了快速测定Pb(Ⅱ)的瑞利散射(RLS)新方法。在Tris-HCl缓冲介质中,溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)增敏溴甲酚绿(BCG),使瑞利散射显著增强,最大瑞利散射峰位于345nm,CTMAB-BCG进一步与Pb(Ⅱ)结合后生成的三元复合物的瑞利散射增强程度(|ΔIRLS|)与0.006~0.41mg/L范围Pb(Ⅱ)的质量浓度呈线性关系,定量限为0.053mg/kg。方法用于萝卜红色素中Pb(Ⅱ)的测定,回收率为98.5%~102%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~2.5%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海水悬浮颗粒物中的8种典型脂溶性藻毒素

海水悬浮颗粒物对海洋环境中污染物的迁移转化有着重要的影响,在海水悬浮颗粒物上富集的脂溶性藻毒素会严重的毒害海洋滤食性生物。本研究建立了海水悬浮颗粒物中8种典型脂溶性藻毒素同步测定的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱( UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。海水悬浮颗粒物样品经甲醇超声辅助提取后,以5 mmol/L 乙酸铵水溶液和乙腈为流动相,经1.7微米C18色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾串联质谱( ESI-MS/MS)多反应监测( MRM )模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,8种目标物在5 min内分离良好,加标回收率在83.8%~110.4%之间,方法具有良好的精密度(相对标准偏差( RSD)≤14.1%)和灵敏度(检出限介于2.9~103 pg/g之间),在线性范围内,相关系数(R2)均大于0.996,能满足海水悬浮颗粒物中8种典型脂溶性藻毒素同步检测的要求。采用本方法初步分析了青岛沿岸海域海水悬浮颗粒物中的脂溶性藻毒素,其中PTX2被检出,含量最高可达790 pg/g(干重)。     

A new method for the atomic-absorption determination of lead blended as lead alkyls in motor spirit

The total lead present as tetraethyl-lead (TEL) and tetramethyl-lead (TML) in motor spirit is determined by atomic-absorption spectrometry after decomposition by extraction with a mixture of mercaptoacetic acid and nitrous acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid.     

基于G-四联体的纳米探针比色检测铅离子

基于纳米探针和G-四联体建立了简便快速检测铅离子的方法. 纳米探针采用金纳米粒子自组装修饰富G寡核苷酸制得, 在铅离子存在下, 纳米探针上的富G寡核苷酸形成G-四联体, 导致纳米探针凝聚变色. 在优化条件下, 比色检测铅离子的线性范围为48~480 nmol/L, 检出限为20 nmol/L; 大多数金属离子无明显干扰, 而有明显干扰的汞离子可采用与之特异结合的寡核苷酸有效消除. 将该法成功用于环境水样中铅离子的检测, 重现性(RSD<3.0%)与回收率(98.4%~101.5%)良好.     

Efficient Removal of Lead from Washing Effluent of Lead-contaminated Soil with Garlic Peel

Wastewater produced from the soil washing process contains heavy metals, which limits its reuse for washing. So it is necessary to develop an efficient and economical way to recycle it, and this study presented a biosorption method to realize this goal. A typical soil sample contaminated by lead was taken from the real field near a lead smelting factory, used for the toxic metals extraction with dilute citric acid. A leach liquor was obtained with lead ions at the level of 12.35 mg/L, Cd 1.2 mg/L, Cu 1.5 mg/L, Zn 2.6 mg/L, as well as the coexisting anions, such as sulphate, silicate, chloride at the concentration of several hundred miligram per liter. The garlic peel was modified by a simple chemical saponification process and used as the biosorbent for toxic metal removal. Firstly, the adsorption behavior of lead ions on the saponified garlic peel was systematically investigated using the synthetic solutions, and then the adsorption mechanisms were explored by detailed experiments combining with the thermodynamic calculation reuslts of the aqueous system of Pb(Ⅱ)-citrate-H₂O. It was found that in artificial solution containing 0.01 mol/L citrate, the maximum adsorption capacity of 261.0 mg/g was reached at pH near 3.0, and also at this very pH value the Pb²⁺ and Pb(H₂Cit)⁺ were the dominant lead species, which are favorable for adsorption due to its easier approaching to the -COO^- ligands in the saponified garlic peel partilces via charge attraction, and the appearance of Pb(HCit)⁰ and Pb(Cit)^- at pH above 3.0 inhibits the adsorption. Secondly, the real leach liquor was used for adsorption tests, and twice adsorption under the optimal conditons would decrease the residual concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn to zero. After elution by using 0.1 mol/L nitric acid, the adsorbed metals can be recovered and garlic peel can be reused for at least 10 cycles effectively. This study presents a prospective biosorption method for economical and efficient removal of the lead ions from soil washing wastewater with citric acid as the leaching reagent.     

流动注射分析光泽精-H2O2-Pb(Ⅱ)化学发光体系测定痕量铅的研究

检测铅离子常用的方法有AAS法和双硫腙比色法,前者直接测定工业废水中的铅,灵敏度不高;后者操作步骤繁琐,须使用剧毒试剂氰化钾,污染环境,用流动注射化学发光法测定铅,仪器简单、操作简便、试样消耗量少、精密度高、分析快速准确、自动化程度高。