反胶团相转移法提取牛血清白蛋白

介绍了在利用CTAB／正辛醇：三氯甲烷(4：1V／V)反胶团体系对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)进行相转移中，通过对萃取体系水相的pH值、离子强度、两液相的体积比、小分子糖(葡萄糖、蔗糖)及助表面活性剂(直链醇分子)等因素的改变，探讨了BSA在阳离子表面活性剂体系的萃取机理；研究结果表明选择合适的条件提取BSA时，萃取率可达到97％，反萃率达到了85％；找到实现牛血清白蛋白分离提纯的有效方法。     

反胶团相转移法提纯酵母脂肪酶

反胶团相转移法是80年代兴起的一种新型分离技术，它利用表面活性剂分子在有机溶剂中自发形成的反向胶团（反胶团），在一定条件下将水溶性蛋白质分子增溶进反胶团的极性核（水池）中，再创造条件将蛋白质抽提至另一水相，实现蛋白质的相转移，达到分离和提纯蛋白质的目的[1]．反胶团中的蛋白质分子受到周围水分子和表面活性剂极性头的保护，仍保持一定的活性，甚至表现出超活性[2]．由于蛋白质增溶于反胶团与蛋白质所带电荷及反胶团内表面电荷间的静电作用及反胶团的大小有关[3～5]，因而表面活性剂的种类、水溶液的PH值及离子强度等因素…     

反胶团或微乳液法制备超细颗粒的研究进展

本文对超细颗粒的各种化学制备方法进行了简单介绍，并重点介绍了一种新的超细颗粒制备法－反胶团或微乳液法。对反胶团或微乳液法制备超细颗粒的研究进行了归纳和总结。分析了反胶团或微乳液滴中超细颗粒的形成机理，讨论了用该法制备超细颗粒的影响因素，并提出了这一研究领域可能的发展前景。     

高效液相色谱法测定人脑脊液中γ-氨基丁酸和谷氨酸

研究了丹酰氯柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定人脑脊液中γ－氨基丁酸（Ｇａｂａ）和谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）的方法。检测波长为ＵＶ２５４ｎｍ;流动相Ａ：甲醇;流动相Ｂ：四氢呋喃－甲醇－０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸钠（ｐＨ６．２）（５７５４２０,Ｖ／Ｖ）;流速为１ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ;梯度洗脱。讨论了有关测试条件。方法的线性范围分别为５～１０００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｇｌｕ）和１～６００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｇａｂａ）;最低检出限（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）分别为０．００２（Ｇｌｕ）和０．００１（Ｇａｂａ）。     

反胶团二壬基萘磺酸萃取镁的机理研究

为了确定反胶团二壬基萘磺酸萃取水相中Mg~(2+)的过程机理,以二壬基萘磺酸为萃取剂、磺化煤油为稀释剂所组成的反胶团有机相对水中的Mg~(2+)进行了萃取研究。考察了反胶团的皂化率、水相中镁盐阴离子种类等对萃取率的影响,同时考察了萃取温度、水相中pH值对分配比的影响,萃取饱和容量随萃取剂浓度的变化情况以及Mg~(2+)在两相中的分配情况。研究结果显示,反胶团的皂化率、水相中镁盐阴离子种类对萃取过程无明显影响;萃取分配比随萃取温度的升高而增大;在萃取体系中水相pH值低于4时,分配比随pH值的增加而增大,pH值大于4后,分配比变化幅度较小;萃取饱和容量随萃取剂浓度的增加而增大,且与萃取剂浓度呈线性关系。二壬基萘磺酸从水相介质中萃取Mg~(2+)的过程是吸热反应,其萃取过程热效应(?H)为5.135k J/mol。研究表明,反胶团二壬基萘磺酸萃取Mg~(2+)的过程为阳离子交换,这一研究结果为二壬基萘磺酸从冶金废水中萃取回收镁提供了理论基础和借鉴。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定杀虫剂中吡虫啉的含量

报道了反相色谱法测定杀虫剂中吡虫啉的含量，该法采用ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８（２５０ｍｍ×４．０ｍｍ，１０μｍ），柱，以甲醇－水（含０．１％二乙胺，ｐＨ５．０），（３５：６５，Ｖ／Ｖ，１．０ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ）为流动相，紫外检测波长为２７０ｎｍ，０．１６ＡＵＦＳ，样品可直接用甲醇超声提取。样品中吡虫啉平均回收率≥９７．４３％，相对标准偏差≤２．１％。     

高效液相色谱法测定小麦幼苗中植物生长调节剂

介绍了高效液相色谱法测定麦苗中植物生长调节剂（赤霉素ＧＡ３），３－吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）的方法，用国产预处理小柱处理样品，并以甲醇：１％，冰乙酸＝１２：８８（Ｖ／Ｖ）为流动相，色谱柱为ＺｏｒｂａｘＣ１８，在２１０ｎｍ紫外检测。     

含偶氮苯生色团的聚醚的合成与热致液晶性质

β－氯乙基缩水甘油醚（ＧＣＥ）和ＧＣＥ／羟丁基乙烯基醚（ＨＢＶＥ）分别通过阳离子聚合、光引发共聚合,获得两种聚醚,然后再分别与４－硝基－４’－羟基偶氦苯（ＮＨＡ）反应,制备了两种侧链含偶氦苯生色团的液晶聚合物（ＰＡＥＧ、ＰＡＶ）。用ＦＴＩＲ、＾１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ和ＥＡ对其化学结构及生色团含量进行了表征,以ＰＯＭ,ＤＳＣ、ＴＧＡ和ＷＡＸＤ对聚合物介晶相转变温度、织构、热稳定性及相行为进行了研究。结果表明,     

AEOT/异辛烷/水反胶团体系对血红蛋白的提取

自Riet等报道以反胶团技术提取蛋白质以来,有关反胶团技术提取生物活性物质的报道较多,但研究对象多为分子量较小的蛋白质及酶.由表面活性剂丁二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯磺酸钠(AOT)形成的反胶团体系水含量W₀,有机相中水的摩尔浓度与表面活性剂摩尔浓度之比)较小,提取率偏低.     

Studies of surface alloy as high efficient electrocatalyst for glyoxylic acid synthesis

运用电化学方法，研制了三种表面合金（ＰｂＳｂＰｔ／ＧＣ，ＳｂＰｔ／ＧＣ，ＰｂＰｔ／ＧＣ）电催化剂，发现在草酸还原生成乙醛酸的电有机合成中这些表面合金电催化剂有较高的活性，其起始还原电位分别比在Ｐｂ阴极上（１．１Ｖ）提前了０．４８～０．７０Ｖ。这三种表面合金电催化剂的活性次序为：ＰｂＳｂＰｔ／ＧＣ＞ＳｂＰｔ／ＧＣ＞ＰｂＰｔ／ＧＣ。红外光谱结果表明，在这些表面合金电极上草酸还原产物主要为乙醛酸。     

Mechanisms of Cytochrome C Extraction by Reverse Micelles

Ｔｈｅｒｅｖｅｒｓｅｍｉｃｅｌｌｅｓａｒｅｗａｔｅｒ ｉｎ ｏｉｌｍｉｃｒｏｅｍｕｌｓｉｏｎｄｒｏｐｌｅｔｓｓｔａｂｉｌｉｚｅｄｂｙａｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｉｎａｎｏｒｇａｎｉｃｓｏｌｖｅｎｔ .Ｔｈｅｐｏｌａｒｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｈｅａｄｇｒｏｕｐｓｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｓｍａｌｌｗａｔｅｒｐｏｏｌｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌｉｃｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓａｍｉｎｏａｃｉｄｓａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ ,ｃａｎｂｅｓｏｌｕｂｉｌｉｚｅｄ .Ｔｈｅａｐｏｌａｒｓｕｒｆａｃ ｔａｎｔｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒ…     

How can temperature affect reverse micellar extraction using sucrose fatty acid ester?

The reverse micellar extraction of lysozyme using sucrose fatty acid ester was found to be greatly affected by the temperature in the extraction process. For example, lysozyme was perfectly extracted from the feed aqueous phase to the reverse micellar organic phase at 25°C, while it was not extracted at 5°C at all. After entrapping lysozyme into the reverse micelles, lysozyme was recovered from the reverse micellar organic phase to the recovery aqueous phase only by decreasing the temperature in the backward extraction. Moreover, lysozyme solubilized in the reverse micellar organic solution could be recovered without the recovery aqueous solution at 3°C, and its activity was retained at 95%.     

Application of sucrose fatty acid ester to reverse micellar extraction of lysozyme

Reverse micellar extraction of lysozyme has been carried out using an organic solution containing a mixture of monoester and polyester of sucrose fatty acid ester. The forward extraction of lysozyme from the feed aqueous phase to the reverse micellar organic phase of the mixture of monoester and polyester of sucrose fatty acid ester at pH 7.2 was strongly dependent upon the weight fraction of monoester, while any amount of lysozyme was not extracted only by using monoester or polyester. The forward extraction ratio dramatically increased with an increase in the concentration of fatty acid ester, and was high around neutral pH and at low ionic strength. The backward extraction of lysozyme from the reverse micellar organic phase to the recovery aqueous phase exhibited high efficiency at acidic pH value or at high ionic strength. The addition of sucrose into the recovery aqueous phase promoted the backward extraction ratio, and caused the activity of lysozyme recovered from the reverse micellar phase to be retained perfectly.     

Reverse Micellar Extraction of β-Galactosidase from Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

The reverse micellar system of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane was used for the extraction and primary purification of beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from the aqueous extract of barley (Hordeum vulgare) for the first time. The process parameters such as the concentration of the surfactant, the volume of the sample injected, and its protein concentration, pH, and ionic strength of the initial aqueous phase for forward extraction, buffer pH, and salt concentration for back extraction are varied to optimize the extraction efficiency. Studies carried out with both phase transfer and injection mode of reverse micellar extraction confirmed the injection mode to be more suitable for beta-galactosidase extraction. The extent of reverse micellar solubilization of proteins increased with an increase in protein concentration of the feed sample. However, back extraction efficiency remained almost constant (13-14.4%), which indicates the selectivity of AOT reverse micelles for a particular protein under given experimental conditions. beta-Galactosidase was extracted with an activity recovery of 98.74% and a degree of purification of 7.2-fold.     

Forward and backward extractions of cytochrome c using reverse micellar system of sucrose fatty acid ester

The effects of solvent, pH, and ionic strength on the reverse micellar extraction of cytochrome c have been examined, when sucrose fatty acid esters were employed as surfactants of reverse micelles. The transparent and stable reverse micellar organic phase was formed, when the mixture of isooctane and n-butanol (7:3 v/v) was used as the bulk organic phase. The high forward extraction ratio was obtained under mild alkaline and low ionic strength conditions, while the high backward extraction ratio was obtained for acidic pH values or at high ionic strength. The activity of cytochrome c recovered from the reverse micellar phase was sufficiently retained.     

Prediction of the Reverse Micellar Extraction of Papain Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation

Reverse micellar extraction is a promising technology for large-scale protein purification, but its molecular interaction mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) molecular simulation method was employed to study the interactions among the surfactant, organic phase, water, and proteins on the mesoscopic scale. This study simulated the self-assembly process of the reverse micelle extraction of papain. The results showed that the papain could be extracted by a CTAB/isooctane/n-hexanol system, which was validated by extraction experiments. The optimized extraction recovery was 76.9 %. This study elucidates the molecular process of the reverse micellar extraction of proteins and provides a method to predict its efficacy.     

Mathematical modeling of penicillin G extraction in an emulsion liquid membrane system containing only a surfactant in the membrane phase

An extraction experiment of penicillin G was performed in an emulsion liquid membrane system in which only ECA 4360J exists in the organic membrane phase without a predominant carrier, Amberlite LA-2, used in our previous works and it functions as a carrier as well as a surfactant. A permeation model for the present system has been developed as a primary study to examine the transport mechanism of penicillin G in the previous batch and continuous systems with two carriers of Amberlite LA-2 and ECA 4360J. The model takes into account the mass transfer in the external aqueous film, the extraction reaction between penicillin G and ECA 4360J at the external interface, the diffusion of penicillin G in the emulsion phase, the stripping reaction at the internal interface and the pH change of internal aqueous solution containing Na₂CO₃ with penicillin G transported into the internal phase. The experimental data were well fitted with the present model. Also, an expression for the reaction of penicillin G with ECA 4360J was obtained through a series of equilibrium measurements in liquid–liquid extraction system.     

Extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solution using a membrane contactor: Numerical investigation

In the current study, the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing penicillin G treatment using a hollow fibre membrane contactor was investigated. A mathematical model based on the finite element method was developed. The extraction was performed using Shellsol TK as organic solvent containing 5% Aliquat 336. The effect of feed pH, flow rate and temperature were examined for the extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solution. The results showed that there is reasonable good agreement between experimental data and modelling values. It was found that increasing temperature from 10 °C to 30 °C increases the penicillin G extraction from 33% to 54%. Also, penicillin G extraction was decreased from 34.7% to 25.1% with increasing pH from 5.5 to 6.5 while it grew to 45.8% when the pH of feed solution was 7. Furthermore, the results showed the diffusive flux is favourable for the system and penicillin G extraction but the convective flux has negative impact on the system in terms of penicillin G extraction. It was concluded that a hollow fibre membrane contactor has the potential for use in wastewater treatment through it is important to improve diffusive flux in the system to enhance penicillin G extraction.     

Coordination structures and supramolecular architectures in a cerium(III)-malonamide solvent extraction system

The process chemistry and solution structures investigated in the title system bridge the three ostensibly disparate fields of separation sciences, soft matter research, and coordination chemistry. We have explored this subject with synchrotron radiation research and advanced analyses leading to original insights into aggregation phenomena in solvent extraction. Herein we present findings showing the coagulation of reverse micelles into wormlike aggregates in organic phases (N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dibutyltetradecylmalonamide-abbreviated as DMDBTDMA-in n-dodecane) obtained by liquid-liquid extraction following contact with acidic and neutral aqueous media containing trivalent cerium. The growth of solute architectures was shown to prelude phase transition (i.e., the formation of a "third phase"). The presence of acid was shown to promote the growth of these micellar chains and, therefore, promoted third-phase formation. Acid was also shown to hydrate and swell the reverse micelle units, preorganizing them to allow for incorporation of cerium, leading to different coordination structures and enhanced metal extraction. The approach of linking both the coordination environment and supramolecular structures to the process properties of a solvent extraction system in a single study provides perspectives that are not available from independent, uncorrelated experimentation. Moreover, the analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data from a solvent extraction system using the generalized indirect Fourier transform method to gain real-space information led to insights not otherwise available, showing that micellar assemblies are larger and more ordered than previously thought. This multipronged and multidisciplinary investigation opens new avenues in the evolving understanding of solute architectures in organic phases of practical relevance to solvent extraction and, simultaneously, of fundamental relevance to structured fluids and, in particular, phase transition phenomena.     

Micellar extraction preconcentration of barium with phases of nonionic surfactants at the cloud point

The micellar extraction of barium with phases of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 was studied in the presence of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, crown ethers, and Carboxyarsenazo and its mixtures with cetylpyridinium chloride and octylamine. It was shown that the complete extraction of barium into the micellar phase was attained using Carboxyarsenazo and cationic surfactants in the presence of octylamine through the formation of a ternary hydrophobic complex. The conditions for the determination of the atomic absorption of barium in water with preconcentration into the nonionic surfactant phase at the cloud point temperature were developed.