烷基膦酸促进负载磷钨酸催化异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应

异丁烷/丁烯烷基化是生产高辛烷值汽油的重要反应,目前主要采用液体强酸为催化剂,而固体催化剂用于该反应的性能均不理想。我们设计合成出十六烷基膦酸(HDPA)修饰的氧化硅负载型磷钨酸纳米多级结构催化剂(HDPA-HPW/SiO2),其结构与悬铃木果实相似。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电子显微镜镜(TEM)、氮气吸附-脱附、异丁烷吸附-脱附等对该催化剂进行了表征,并使用固定床微型反应器评价了其对异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应的催化性能。结果表明,HDPA的外围修饰增强了催化剂对烃类反应物的吸附,减少了烯烃聚合副反应和催化剂表面积碳的产生,提高了高辛烷值产物的选择性,延长了催化剂的寿命。     

Coke precursor as an intermediate during the alkylation of isobutane/butene over a solid superacid

Alkylation of isobutane/butene was conducted on a Brønsted-Lewis conjugated solid superacid. It is found that some hydrocarbons accumulated on the catalyst surface. These hydrocarbons, as called coke precursor, played an intermediate role at the initial stage of the alkylation before they lead the catalyst to lose its activity. The presence of the intermediate is beneficial to the alkylation between isobutane and butene, while increase the TMP content and TMP/DMH ratio in the products     

二氧化硅负载杂多酸对异丁烷与丁烯烷基化的催化作用Ⅱ.反应机理和催化剂失活的量子化学研究

 以杂多酸为催化剂,应用量子化学计算方法,从分子结构和微观角度研究了异丁烷与丁烯的多相催化反应过程及催化剂失活的原因,比较了液体酸和固体酸催化烷基化反应的差别. 结果表明,固体酸催化剂的失活问题不可避免,因而不可能长时期运转,必须配合催化剂的再生工艺才有可能实现工业化应用. 液体酸的酸中心强度较均匀,有利于催化烷基化反应,开发无毒无污染的新型液体酸烷基化催化剂也是一个良好的努力方向.     

离子液体的酸性测定及其催化的异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应

 初次采用吡啶红外光谱探针法测定了离子液体的酸性．该方法能鉴别离子液体的Br¨onsted／Lewis酸类型，并可以粗略指示离子液体的Lewis酸强度．将［bmim］Cl／AlCl3类离子液体用于催化异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应，考察了酸强度、反应温度、压力和时间对产物分布的影响，并在最优操作条件下与传统的H2SO4催化剂进行了比较．结果表明，离子液体对烷基化反应的催化活性和选择性与H2SO4可比，而且它更容易与产物分离，不经任何处理可循环利用10次．     

钾改性对Au/ZSM-5催化剂上正丁烷裂解性能的影响

采用负压沉积沉淀法制备了负载型Au/HZSM-5催化剂,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、Ｘ射线光电子能谱（XPS）、NH3-TPD、紫外可见漫反射（UV-vis）等技术对催化剂进行了表征分析,并考察了催化剂对正丁烷裂解性能的影响。结果表明,Au金属成功负载到HZSM-5催化剂上,并且金颗粒的尺寸受负载量的影响,其中1.0%Au/HZSM-5催化剂中的金颗粒粒径最小,约为5～10nm。钾离子作为一种碱性离子可以调节载体酸性,随着K离子的引入xK-Au/HZSM-5催化剂的酸性逐渐降低,使Au0的电子结合能更高。相对于HZSM-5,2.0Au/HZSM-5催化剂对于正丁烷的转化率从13.1%提升到了37.5%,对丙烯的选择性从17.2%提升到了52.5%。随着K离子的引入,催化剂对于丁烯以及异丁烷的选择性有所提高,当K离子负荷为0.08%时,对丁烯的选择性从3.8%提高到36.9%,负荷为0.1%时,对异丁烷的选择性由2.8%提升到51.8%。但原料转化率低于2.0Au/HZSM-5,这可能与K的加入降低催化剂酸改性有关。此外通过研究Au/HZSM-5用K+修饰得知Au+离子是Au/HZSM-5催化剂转化正丁烷主要活性中心。     

WO3／ZrO2固体强酸催化剂上异丁烷—丁烯烷基化反应的研究：Ⅲ.超 …

制备了以超细ＺrＯ２为载体的ＷＯ３／ＺrＯ２、ＳＯ４＾２－／ＺrＯ２、ＭoＯ３／Ｚr Ｏ２固体强酸催化剂,并用ＸＲＤ、ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ、Ｈ２－ＴＰＲ、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ等方法表征了其晶型结构、表面状态和酸性。结果表明,超细ＺrＯ２中的Ｔ－晶相所占比例虽有所下降,但具有更大的比表面积、酸强度和对金属氧化物的负载能力,且酸强度随焙烧温度升高而增强,表明其表面状态亦有较大变化。研究了以超细ＺrＯ２为载体的固体强酸催化     

MoO3 / Al2O3、MoO3 / TiO2与NiO-MoO3 / TiO2催化剂上活性相还原行为的XPS考察

The H_2 reduction behaviours of MoO_3/Al_2O_3, MoO_3/TiO_2 and NiO-MoO_3/TiO_2 samples prepared by impregnation method were studied at various temperatures for different times by XPS technique. The recored XPS spectra of Mo3d from those samples were treated by computer curve fittingprogram to measure the distribution of various molybdenum oxide species with different valence states. The results of computer fitting shows that there areMo(Ⅵ), Mo(Ⅴ)and Mo(Ⅳ) on the all of reduced samples. However, after H_2 reductonin same way, the percentage of low valence species Mo(V) and Mo(IV) on the MoO_3/TiO_2 is much higher than on the MoO_3/Al_2O3 (Fig.2). For example, after H_2 treatment at 500 ℃ for 2 hrs., Mo(IV) species on the surface of MoO_3/TiO_2 sample is about 60% and it is three times higher than what is found on the MoO_3/Al_2O_3 sample. In addition, the reduction of molybdena on TiO_2 support is much easier and faster than on Al_2O_3 support (Fig.3). Addition of NiO further promotes the reduction of molybdena to cause the strting reduction temperature producing Mo(IV) and Mo(V) to be decreased about 100 ℃. and 80% of molyb dena on NiO-MoO_3/TiO_2 support could be reduced to Mo(IV) (Fig.2). A detail discussion about the interaction between molybdena and carries was presented. It was suggested that TiO_2 is certainly involved in the reduction and oxidation process of molybdenum oxide species on the surface of it.     

制备高比表面负载型催化剂的一种新方法

In this paper, a new way to increase the specific surface areas of supported catalysts has been suggested. The results for MoO_3/ZrO_2, WO_3/ZrO_2, CuO/ZrO_2, SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2, NiO/ZrO_2, Fe_2O_3/ZrO_2, Fe_2(SO_4)_3/ZrO_2, MoO_3/TiO_2, WO_3/TiO_2, SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2, NiSO_4/TiO_2, NiO/TiO_2, V_2O_5/TiO_2 etc. systems show that the specific surface areas of the samples, prepared by impregnating some hydroxides then calcinating at high temperature, are much larger than those of the samples prepared with a traditional method——impregnating their oxides calcinated at the same temperature. Using this way, the specific surface areas of some supported catalysts can increase by several times. The surface areas of some supports such as zirconia and titania are not large enough, and they are easy to sinter at high temperature. In these cases, the advantage of of this preparation method is fully displayed, and the specific surface areas of the resulting zirconia-or titania-supported catalysts can compare favourably with those of the catalysts prepared from some classical supports (such ar γ-Al_2O_3, SiO_2).In addition, it has been proved by means of XPS, XRD, LRS, and DTA that as an active component disperse on a support as a monolayer and its content comes up to its monolayer dispersion capacity, the specific surface area of the obtained catalyst would be the largest. We suggest a mechanism that an active component covered on a support can not only segregate its particles, but also hinder the surface diffusion of support, and as a result, its crystalline growth, an accompanying phase transformation and inter-crystalline sintering are all retarded.     

CuCl对Et3NHCl/AlCl3离子液体催化性能的影响

 用CuCl对Et3NHCl/AlCl3离子液体进行改性,并考察了其对异丁烷-丁烯烷基化反应的催化性能. 结果表明,烷基化油的收率达到178%,C8组分的含量达到85%,辛烷值(RON)达到94.8. 通过结构组成及电荷分布分析可知,在CuCl改性的Et3NHCl/AlCl3离子液体中形成了新的配位结构AlCl4CuCl-,它作为更好的碳正离子受体,在反应过程中可降低碳正离子的浓度,进而降低烯烃的聚合程度,抑制较长碳链烷烃的生成,改善烷基化油的组成.     

柠檬酸溶液处理对β沸石结构性质及烷基化性能的影响

Zeolite beta is a large-pore crystalline aluminosilicate, which was first synthesized by Wadlinger et al[1] in 1967. Due to its peculiar framework topology and suitable acidity, zeolite beta has received increasing industrial interest for some important reactions such as alkylation of benzene with light olefins[2] and alkylation of isobutane with butene[3]. Many literature papers have reported methods to modify the acidity of zeolite beta, which include ion-exchange, hydrothermal treatment, and acid treatment.     

WO3/ZrO2固体强酸催化剂上异丁烷/丁烯的烷基化反应Ⅱ.过渡金属的助催化作用

制备了一系列用过渡金属M (M =Pt,Co ,Ni,Mn ,Fe,Cu)活化的WO3 /ZrO2 固体强酸催化剂 ,用XRD ,DTA TG ,H2 TPR ,NH3 TPD等测定了其晶型结构、表面状态和酸量 .结果表明 ,各样品中的ZrO2 主要以T晶相存在 ,但T晶相ZrO2 所占的比例因过渡金属不同而异 ,比表面积比WO3 /ZrO2 稍有下降 ;金属Pt的引入使呈单层分散的WO3 的表面状态发生了改变 .研究了异丁烷 /丁烯烷基化反应 ,其反应活性与酸量的测定结果有对应关系 ;与WO3 /ZrO2 相比 ,M WO3 /ZrO2 上的丁烯转化率均稍有下降 ,但具有更高的i C08选择性 .从反应机理分析了添加过渡金属无显著效果的原因 .     

钡改性对Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3催化剂异丁烷脱氢性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了不同BaO负载量的Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3催化剂,利用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD和O2-TPO等表征方法对钡改性前后的催化剂进行了分析;在反应温度560℃、反应压力0.1MPa、催化剂用量10mL、GHSV=400h-1的条件下,在固定床反应器上考察了其异丁烷脱氢反应的性能。结果表明,钡的引入影响了活性组分Cr2O3的分散,导致了催化剂比表面积的降低,但影响并不显著;钡的引入降低了催化剂表面的酸性、减少了反应过程中催化剂的积炭,改善了催化剂的选择性,提高了催化剂的稳定性。当BaO负载量为3%时,催化剂的性能最佳。     

MoO3-SnO2相互作用的研究

用沉淀法、浸渍法和机械混合物焙烧法制备了三组MoO_3-SnO_2催化剂。XDR, IR和ESR等研究表明: MoO_3-SnO_2之间存在明显的相互作用, 两组份间发生电子迁移现象, 导致Mo(Ⅵ)→Mo(Ⅴ)的价态变化, 产生pKa≤+3.3的表面酸位和甲醇选择氧化活性位。制备方法对这种相互作用以及样品的催化性能有明显影响。沉淀法所得样品中MoO_3可溶于SnO_2形成固溶体; 浸渍法则可发生钼离子向SnO_2体相的扩散; 机械混合物焙烧法在一定MoO_3含量下, MoO_3可在SnO_2表面形成近似单层分散。红外光谱中950 cm~(-1)的新吸收谱带可归因于表面上Mo(Ⅴ)=0振动。表面Mo(Ⅴ)位可能是催化剂表面酸位和甲醇氧化的活性中心。没有发现催化剂中Sn~(4+)价态有明显变化。     

Catalytic Synthesis of Isopropyl Benzene over SO4^2-/ZrO2 -MCM-41

Introduction Owingtotheirlargeporediametersandlargesur faceareas,silicon basedmolecularsieves(M41S)have receivedmuchattention[1—5]inthefieldsofcatalytic reactions,adsorptiveseparations,andnonmetallicma terialsscience.MCM41isthemosttypicalmaterialof thisk…     

离子液体中异丁烷/2-丁烯烷基化反应机理研究

以复合离子液体[Et_3NH]Cl-AlCl_3-CuCl为催化剂,在连续搅拌釜式反应器中进行了异丁烷与2-丁烯烷基化反应;利用氘代异丁烷同位素示踪法研究了催化反应机理。结果表明,在离子液体中异丁烷烷基化的反应诱导期较短;三甲基戊烷产物主要源于异丁烷的自烷基化、丁烷/丁烯的直接烷基化以及C_(12)~+中间体的裂化反应,而大部分二甲基己烷是仲丁基碳正离子与丁烯加成的产物。     

Cu对离子液体异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应选择性的影响研究

合成并表征了[BMIm]Cl-1.8AlCl3-0.5CuCl、[Et3NH]Cl-1.8AlCl3/CuAlCl4等离子液体,考察了含Cu离子液体等酸性催化剂中的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应,研究了Cu对离子液体烷基化选择性的影响。结果表明,Cu的引入对离子液体酸性的影响较小,不是反应选择性提高的主要原因,而烷基化过程中CuAlCl5-/CuAlCl4等配合物的存在,以及它们对2-丁烯的络合吸附是改善离子液体催化选择性的关键因素。相同反应条件下,[Et3NH]Cl-1.8AlCl3/CuAlCl4、[BMIm]Cl-1.8AlCl3/CuAlCl4等催化剂的三甲基戊烷选择性最高可达87.5%(质量分数),产物辛烷值100.5,明显优于硫酸、常规氯铝酸离子液体和复合离子液体等烷基化汽油辛烷值。     

Isobutane Alkylation with Butenes and the Oligomerization of C<Subscript>4</Subscript> Olefins in Supercritical Reagents

The competing reactions of isobutane alkylation with butenes and butene oligomerization under supercritical and ordinary gas-liquid conditions are studied over a variety of catalysts: sulfated zirconia, titania-supported heteropolyacids and tungstia, and chlorinated aluminum-platinum catalyst. Both reactions proceed rapidly, showing no substantial decrease in catalytic activity, under supercritical conditions at 140–165° C and 40–45 atm. By contrast, alkylation and oligomerization in the liquid phase and particularly in the gas phase are accompanied by a rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Passing from ordinary gas-liquid conditions to supercritical conditions dramatically accelerates the reaction and the regeneration of the deactivated catalyst. Reaction selectivity depends significantly on the isobutane/olefins (butenes) (I/Ol) ratio in the initial mixture. At I/Ol = 14, isobutane alkylation with butenes is the main reaction pathway, which results in the complete conversion of the butenes to C₈ alkylation products. The yield of saturated isoalkanes is as high as 70%. Reducing the I/Ol ratio to 0.5 results in the domination of butenes over alkylation.     

固体超强酸在异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应中的再生研究

催化剂再生对于固体酸异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应是必需的．虽然Broensted-Lewis共轭固体超强酸在温和条件下即对异丁烷／丁烯烷基化反应有良好的反应活性，但它仍象其它所有固体酸催化剂一样，面临着失活的问题．最主要的失活原因是积炭前身物生成并在催化剂表面的沉积，导致催化剂表面活性中心被覆盖．据此进行的再生方法研究集中在消除这些积炭前身物，本文中选择使用的是洗涤再生法，结果表明该方法对于该固体超强酸的再生在一定程度上是有效的。     

MoO3/γ-AI2O3, MoO3/TiO2, MoO3/SiO2的氨溶性质及表面状态的研究

本文用浸渍法制备了不同含量的MoO_3/γ-Al_2O_3、MoO_3/TiO_2、MoO_3/SiO_2系列样品, 用氨溶、水溶, XPS、XRD等实验手段对这三个体系进行了研究。氨溶实验表明MoO_3在γ-Al_2O_3和TiO_2表面呈单层分散, 其分散阈值(即最大分散量)与XPS强度比法, XRD相定量法所测结果基本一致。这二个体系氨溶曲线在阈值前斜率分别为0.71和0.66, 说明分散在γ-Al_2O_3或TiO_2上的单层MoO_3分为氨水可溶和不可溶二种状态, 这二种状态以确定的比例共存于阀值前的整个浓度区间。这一现象也为氮溶前后样品XPS强度比的比值所证实。实验还表明MoO_3/γ-Al_2O_3样品的氨溶残渣经脱水加热可产生大量可溶的MoO_3, 随着烘烤温度的提高, 时间的延长, 新生成的可溶MoO_3分率趋近样品氨溶前的可溶分率。我们认为分散在γ-Al_2O_3或TiO_2上的单层MoO_3分为二种结构状态, 一种是Mo~(6+)处在氧八面体空隙中, 另一种则处在氧四面体空隙中。二种状态相互邻接, 共用O~(2-)离子, 以特定连结方式(类似于γ-氧化铝Mo_4O_(11)形成“单层聚集小片”。这样的小片是热力学稳定态。由于二种结构状态与载体的相互作用强弱不同而造成了氨水可溶或不可溶二种状态。MoO_3/SiO_2体系, 对氨溶而言, 只有一种状态, 分散在SiO_2上的MoO_3几乎全部溶解。由此可见, MoO_3与SiO_2表面的作用比上述二个体系弱得多。     

SiO2改性的V2O5-MoO3/ TiO2催化剂抗碱中毒性能研究

以陶瓷为骨架,用溶胶凝胶法和浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-MoO₃/ TiO₂催化剂,并用SiO₂进行改性。采用浸渍法模拟碱K中毒,研究了SiO₂改性前后催化剂中毒脱硝效率的变化,并通过BET、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD等技术手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,加入SiO₂后,催化剂的比表面积明显提高。SiO₂改性后新鲜催化剂还原温度向低温方向迁移10 ℃左右,氧化还原能力得到了提高,其表面酸强度和酸量也得到较大的提高。反应评价结果表明,SiO₂改性可以提高催化剂抗碱中毒的性能。