水蒸气蒸馏装置的改造及应用

阐述了3种传统水蒸气蒸馏装置的原理和装置性能，并对改造的水蒸气蒸馏装置的部件特征、性能进行了剖析。     

一种新型水蒸气蒸馏装置的设计及应用

介绍一种新型水蒸气蒸馏装置,和教材中传统的水蒸气蒸馏装置相比,具有所需仪器少、安装简单、节约能源、提高产率、减少污染、缩短时间、安全可靠等优点,在学生"水蒸气蒸馏提取柠檬烯"实验中收到很好的效果,而且可以推广到使用水蒸气蒸馏法从固体物质、天然植物中提取有机化合物操作中.     

新型自动水蒸气蒸馏仪蒸馏测定烟草及其制品中总挥发碱

烟草中总挥发碱含量与烟草质量密切相关 ,是烟草质量检验常规监测项目之一。总挥发碱的测定一般先采用水蒸气蒸馏分离 ,然后采用酸碱滴定法测定[1] 。传统的水蒸气蒸馏装置测定总挥发碱耗时长 ,分析准确度、精密度较差。为了能快速准确地测定烟草及其制品中总挥发碱。本法用自动水蒸气蒸馏装置蒸馏分离测定烟草及其制品中总挥发碱 ,本法准确度、精密度均比传统水蒸气蒸馏方法有较大提高 ,且蒸馏一个样品只需 2 0ｍｉｎ。1　试验部分1.1　主要仪器与试剂新型自动水蒸气蒸馏装置 (瑞士Ｂｕｃｈｉ公司 )玻璃磨口水蒸气蒸馏装置氢氧化钠标准溶液…     

水蒸气蒸馏返滴定法测定烟草及其制品中总挥发有机酸

烟草中总挥发酸含量与烟草质量密切相关，它对烟草的口味、刺激性和香气都有重要影响，烟草中挥发有机酸测定具有重要意义。总挥发酸的测定一般先在磷酸介质中水蒸气蒸馏分离，然后采用酚酞作指示剂氢氧化钠滴定。传统的水蒸气蒸馏装置蒸馏总挥发酸耗时长，精密度较差；挥发酸多数     

水蒸气蒸馏装置的改进

本文改进的水蒸气蒸馏装置和教材中的水蒸气蒸馏装置相比,减少了一项热源。该装置具有安装简单、降低能源、节约试剂、减少污染和缩短时间的优点,利于在学生实验中展开。     

水蒸气蒸馏实验装置的改进

该文阐述了水蒸气蒸馏实验装置的特点、改进的依据，并提出了两种新的改进实验方法，对其效果及装置的特点进行了分析。     

潮湿空气微波放电离子形成动力学

利用微波放电电离质谱装置，通过水蒸气与空气混合气体（潮湿空气）的微波放电，同时获得了化学电离质谱探测技术中常用的三种重要母体离子H3O＋、NO＋和.结合潮湿空气中主要成分N2、O2以及水蒸气各自微波放电后的质谱探测结果，对潮湿空气微波放电后上述三种离子产生的动力学过程进行了分析，并给出了各种离子的形成机制.这些离子 分子反应过程在计算机模拟中得到了进一步的证实.     

氧化钙脱硫可逆反应过程的研究

在热天平和固定床装置上研究了CaO脱除H2S过程中可逆反应的变化规律。实验结果表明，脱硫过程的最佳温度为Ca(OH) 2分解温度（在二氧化碳不存在情况下）；水蒸气和H2是影响CaO脱硫可逆反应的两个重要因素，提高水蒸气体积分数无论热力学和动力学都有利于逆反应的进行，使得脱硫效率降低，提高H2体积分数可抑制逆反应进行，当H2的体积分数达到一定值时，由多个反应构成的逆反应变为单个反应，高温脱硫精度则由反应(CaO + H2S = CaS + H2O)决定。对通过CaS水蒸气反应实现CaS转化或再生也作了讨论。     

瑞士研制出精确测量高空水蒸气含量的装置

8月26日，瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院发布公报说，该学院的研究人员发明了一种新装置，可以持续、自动、精确测量万米高空的大气水蒸气含量。     

等离子体辅助煤气化及影响因素

应用等离子体辅助煤气化反应装置对大同煤进行了实验研究，考察了供气量、供粉速率、发生器输入功率、水蒸气压力以及添加不同质量分数的CaCO3 和CaO对煤气化反应的影响，并对不同条件下产品气体的组成进行了分析。实验结果表明，装置的最佳工艺参数为供煤速率150 g/min、供气量18 m3/h、等离子体发生器输出功率100 kW、水蒸气出口压力0.3 MPa。加入添加剂CaCO3和CaO的质量分数分别为10%和5%时，催化效果最好。根据CaCO3和CaO的实验数据可知，在等离子体辅助煤气化过程中CaCO3起催化作用为主，CO2还原为辅。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.