一种新型CO2/原油助混剂CAA8-X的应用与助混机理

CO₂驱是一种具有广阔前景的提高油藏采收率的方法。其中,降低CO₂与原油的最低混相压力以实现混相驱是增强CO₂驱效果的重要手段。由此我们设计了由亲油基团十六烷基和亲CO₂基团全乙酰蔗糖酯基结合的新型“亲油-亲CO₂助混分子”十六酸全乙酰基蔗糖酯CAA8-X,研究发现,CAA8-X对超临界CO₂流体和不同油相的煤油、白油以及长庆原油有优异的助混效果,界面张力消失法和细管实验法测定结果表明,CAA8-X可以将超临界CO₂/长庆原油的最低混相压力降低20.5%。用分子动力学模拟计算了CO₂分子与全乙酰蔗糖酯基的亲和能力,研究了这类新型“亲油-亲CO₂助混分子”通过多酯头基降低与CO₂亲和势能而降低油/CO₂界面能的助混机理。     

多孔材料表面修饰聚酰亚胺非对称混合基质膜对CO2/N2和CO2/CH4的气体分离

兼具高通量和高选择性的气体分离膜是研究膜分离材料的目标.采用相转化法制备了聚酰亚胺非对称膜,并将其作为基底膜材料,分别在其表面修饰掺有金属有机框架材料Cu₃(BTC)₂ (1, 3, 5-均苯三甲酸合铜),沸石咪唑酯骨架材料ZIF-8以及镁铝水滑石MgAl-LDHs的聚酰胺酸溶液,经热亚胺化后制成非对称混合基质膜.研究了该系列非对称混合基质膜的结构特性和对CO₂、CH₄和N₂气体分离性能;考察了ZIF-8的掺杂量对非对称混合基质膜透气性能的影响.结果表明非对称聚酰亚胺膜的表面修饰可有效地改变膜的表面性质,掺杂ZIF-8的非对称混合基质膜气体的透气性能和选择性都增加,且掺杂量为5% (w)时CO₂/N₂和CO₂/CH₄的理想选择性分别高达24和83,为合成高效的CO₂分离膜提供了借鉴.     

CO2和N2电还原中缺陷及界面工程的最新进展

实现碳氮循环是人类社会发展的迫切要求,也是催化领域的热门研究课题。在可再生能源的推动下,电催化技术引起了人们的广泛关注,且可以通过改变反应电压获得不同的目标产品。基于此,电催化技术被认为是缓解当前能源危机和环境问题的有效策略,对实现碳中和具有重要意义。其中,电催化CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)和N₂还原反应(N₂RR)是一种有前途的小分子转化策略。然而,CO₂和N₂均为线性分子,其中C＝O和N≡N键的高解离能导致了它们高的化学惰性。此外,最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)和最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)之间的巨大能量间隙使它们具有高的化学稳定性;且CO₂和N₂的低质子亲和力使它们难以被直接质子化。另一方面,由于CO₂RR和N₂RR与析氢反应(HER)具有相近的氧化还原电位,造成其与HER之间存在竞争性关系,这也是致使催化剂在CO₂RR和N₂RR转化效率低的重要影响因素。因此,CO₂RR和N₂RR仍然面临着过电位高及法拉第效率低等问题。为了克服这些瓶颈,人们为提升CO₂RR和N₂RR电催化剂性能做出了很多努力。众所周知,电催化过程发生在催化剂表面,主要涉及质量传递和电子转移等过程。由此可见,催化剂的性能与其质量和电子传输能力密切相关,而调控催化剂表面结构可以优化活性点的质量和电子转移行为。电催化剂的缺陷和界面工程可通过表面原子工程来实现电子结构调控,对于提高气体吸附能力、抑制HER、富集气体及稳定中间产物等具有重要意义。到目前为止,所报道的各种缺陷和复合电催化剂在提高CO₂RR和N₂RR催化性能等方面均表现出巨大的潜力。在此,我们综述了CO₂RR和N₂RR中催化剂缺陷工程及界面工程的最新进展;首先讨论了四种不同的缺陷(空位、高指数晶面、晶格应变和晶格无序)对CO₂RR和N₂RR性能的影响;然后,总结了界面工程在聚合物-无机复合材料催化剂中的重要作用,并给出了典型实例;最后,展望了原子级电催化剂工程的发展前景,提出了开发和设计高效CO₂RR和N₂RR电催化剂的未来发展方向。     

减压蒸馏生物油与乙醇在ZSM-5/MCM-41上共催化裂化

采用减压蒸馏生物油为原料,与无水乙醇2:3(质量比)混合,在固定床中ZSM-5/MCM-41分子筛上共催化裂化,考查了反应温度和质量空速(WHSV)对裂化产物的影响。对ZSM-5/MCM-41进行了NH₃-TPD、BET、N₂吸附-脱附等表征,对裂化气体产物通过气相色谱仪分析,减压蒸馏生物油和精制生物油采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行定量分析。结果表明,反应温度500 ℃、WHSV 3.75 h^-1为反应优化工况。此反应条件下,精制生物油酸类物质从减压蒸馏生物油中的25.6%降至反应后的0.1%,效果显著,且精制生物油产率为46.8%,气体产物中CO₂和CO的浓度共9.5%。     

互穿结构及混合配体对金属-有机骨架材料分离性能的影响

在以前的工作中, 我们利用蒙特卡洛和分子动力学模拟计算了具有互穿性结构及混合配体的金属-有机骨架材料(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)分离CH₄/H₂的吸附选择性及扩散选择性. 研究了材料的互穿结构及混合配体对材料用于分离CH₄/H₂性能的影响. 在本工作中, 我们将以前的工作进行了扩展, 详细研究了材料的互穿结构及混合配体对材料用于分离CO₂/CH₄, CO₂/N₂和CO₂/H₂等含有CO₂的气体混合物性能的影响. 此外, 为了进一步阐明材料的结构对于其分离性能的影响, 我们亦研究了材料用于分离CH₄/H₂及CH₄/N₂. 从我们的结果可以看出, 相比无互穿结构的MOFs材料, 具有互穿结构的MOFs材料对所研究的所有混合气体的渗透选择性明显提高. 这是因为具有互穿结构的MOFs材料对混合气体的吸附选择性明显高于无互穿结构的MOFs材料. 结果表明, 如果将材料作为膜用于气体混合物分离, 使材料产生互穿结构是提高材料分离性能的一个很好的策略.     

DNA碱基(对)及其Zn2+复合物对CO2,N2,H2小分子的吸附

用M062X/6-31+G^*方法探讨了腺嘌呤(A)、 胸腺嘧啶(T)、 鸟嘌呤(G)、 胞嘧啶(C)及其碱基对(AT, GC)以及Zn²⁺复合物(AAA-Zn²⁺, AAT-Zn²⁺和GGC-Zn²⁺)对混合小分子H₂, N₂, CO₂的吸附情况, 系统研究了其相互作用模式及吸附强度, 预测了常见混合气体分子与碱基(对)及复合物的吸附位置. 研究表明, CO₂倾向于以氢键的形式结合到碱基(对)的氨基氢或亚氨基氢上, 而N₂和H₂分子则倾向于结合到这些碱基(对)的平面π电子上, 以堆垛的形式存在. 根据吸附强度大小, 预测了由这些碱基为骨架合成的金属有机骨架(MOF)吸附材料对小分子的选择性吸附顺序为H₂22. 研究表明, 以AT对结合金属Zn²⁺为节点的纯天然碱基对构成的MOF要比实验合成的AA碱基对与Zn²⁺结合的MOF具备更好的吸附和分离性能.     

O2/CO2燃烧气氛对混煤灰中矿物质间反应影响研究

对蒙煤与平七煤两种单煤及其按照不同比例组成的混煤,分别在O₂/CO₂和O₂/N₂气氛下,采用管式炉燃烧制取灰样;对灰样进行灰熔点、XRD及同步热分析（TG/DSC）测试,并进行相关热力学计算,分析了O₂/CO₂燃烧方式对混煤灰中矿物质间反应的影响。结果表明,常规灰熔点测试方法测得的两种气氛下的混煤灰熔点没有明显差别。O₂/CO₂气氛促进了煤灰/混煤灰中钙的碳酸化,且明显抑制了高温下CaCO₃的分解。气氛的改变影响了含钙矿物的转化,进而影响了混煤中钙与莫来石反应生成低温共熔物;O₂/CO₂气氛下钙更易于与莫来石发生反应生成低温共熔物,从而会增加结渣倾向。当混煤中蒙煤比例达到或大于75%时,随着蒙煤比例的逐渐增加,莫来石含量减少,O₂/CO₂气氛对钙与莫来石之间的反应影响减弱,但对含铁矿物的影响更加明显,使其更易于生成含铁玻璃体,从而也会增加结渣倾向。     

晶种法合成UZM-9分子筛及其CO2/CH4/N2吸附分离性能

以TEAOH和TMAOH为有机模板剂,酸处理的UZM-9分子筛为晶种,采用水热法在48 h内合成出分子筛UZM-9,并对其CO₂/CH₄/N₂的吸附分离性能进行了研究。采用XRD、ICP、TG、SEM与气体吸附等手段对晶种法合成的UZM-9分子筛结构、耐水稳定性与吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,晶种法可以在2 d内合成出硅铝原子比在3以上、收率达到65%的UZM-9分子筛;所得分子筛的CO₂吸附容量可以达到5 mmol/g以上,吸附热为34 kJ/mol,CO₂/CH₄、CO₂/N₂与CH₄/N₂的平均分离因子分别为100、240与2.4,CO₂分离性能优良且具有一定耐水性能。     

均相体系可见光催化还原CO2研究进展和面临挑战

利用太阳能将CO₂还原成可以利用的燃料或者有机物,是洁净新能源的重要研究方向,具有很大的挑战性。均相体系作为光催化还原CO₂最早研究的体系,对于CO₂还原的分子机理研究、新型催化剂设计以及体系优化方面具有重要指导意义。近五年来,均相体系光催化还原CO₂的研究取得了显著进展。本综述将对近五年来均相体系中光催化还原CO₂取得的重要研究进展进行综述,并对均相光催化体系发展面临的挑战进行了总结。     

绿色路径C-N偶联合成尿素的最新研究进展（英文）

化学品的工业合成通常在高能耗的条件下进行,加剧了能源危机和环境问题.在可再生电力或/和太阳能的驱动下,可以降低反应的能量屏障,从而在更温和的条件下实现化学品的高效绿色合成.二氧化碳和氮作为主要的小分子,可通过电催化合成各种含碳和氮的燃料,在缓解环境问题的同时降低能源枯竭的压力,达到高效储能的目的.本文综合评述了N₂和CO₂电化学转化的最新研究进展,重点关注了反应条件的改进、反应路线的调整及催化机理的研究.最后,对C-N电催化耦合目前面临的挑战和未来发展进行了展望.为进一步开发N₂和CO₂的电化学转化提供了指导.     

基于多酯头基的“油-二氧化碳两亲分子”设计及其助混规律

Miscibility between oil and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) phases has attracted significant attention in the field of oil recovery because it can be utilized in miscible gas displacement of oil, achieving nearly 100% recovery efficiency. The high recovery efficiency of miscible CO₂ flooding originates from the valuable heavy components of oil and CO₂ gas phase forming a homogenous phase with high mobility in the oil-scCO₂ miscible system. However, the high pressure required for oil-scCO₂ miscibility is a nontrivial obstacle for practical applications of scCO₂ flooding recovery. Therefore, it is important to develop assist-miscible agents to lower the necessary miscibility pressure. In oil and water systems, well-developed amphiphiles (such as surfactants) have shown great promise for reducing the interfacial tension and maintaining the stability of the emulsion system. Therefore, "oil-CO₂ amphiphiles" that can assist the miscibility between oil and scCO₂ have been proposed. Among potential oil-scCO₂ amphiphiles, a series of polyester-based oil-CO₂ amphiphiles with esters as the CO₂-philic groups and long carbon chains as the oil-philic groups were prepared. The polyester-based oil-CO₂ amphiphiles, acting as assist-miscible agents, showed great ability to lower the needed miscibility pressure. A visualized miscible method was used to examine the efficiency of the assist-miscible agents with white oil and kerosene as the oil phase. The height of the oil phase inside the chamber was measured through a glass window to monitor the miscibility with increasing CO₂ pressure. When the height of the oil reached the top of chamber, the oil filled the entire space, indicating miscibility. Using this method, the following conclusions could be drawn: First, amphiphiles with more ester groups exhibited stronger CO₂-philicity, providing stronger ability to dissolve carbon dioxide. Second, amphiphiles with hydrocarbon chain lengths of 16 carbons exhibited the optimal assist-miscible efficiency. Third, greater differences between the oil and scCO₂ phase showed more obvious differentiation among amphiphiles, showing the leveling and differentiating effect of oil. The temperature range of 50–80 ℃ did not influence the assist-miscible efficiency of the polyester-based amphiphiles. The best miscibility-assisting performance was obtained with CAA8-X, which contains eight ester groups and a palmitic acid chain. CAA8-X at a concentration of 1% (w, mass fraction) lowered the miscibility pressure in the white oil-scCO₂ system by 16.04%. Amphiphiles with polyether (PEO) groups also showed excellent assist-miscible efficiency. The findings presented herein extend the concept of "amphiphilicity" from oil-water phases to oil-scCO₂ phases and have the potential to guide future studies regarding scCO₂ flooding in actual CO₂ flooding oil recovery. Moreover, for other two-phase systems, according to the general amphipathic law and particular system parameters, it should be possible to design the optimal "amphiphiles".     

Gas permeation through PSF-PI miscible blend membranes

The permeation rates of He, H₂, CO₂, N₂ and O₂, are reported for a series of miscible polysulfone-polyimide (PSF-PI) blend membranes synthesized in our laboratory. For gases which do not interact with the polymer matrix (such as He, H₂, N₂ and O₂), gas permeabilities in the miscible blends vary monotonically between those of the pure polymers and can be described by simple mixture equations. In the case of CO₂, which interacts with PI, blend permeabilities decrease somewhat, compared to pure PSF and PI. This, however, is accompanied by a two-fold improvement in the critical pressures of plasticization vs. polyimide. Permselectivities of CO₂/N₂ and H₂/CO₂ in the blends deviate from mixing theory predictions, in contrast to selectivities of gas pairs which do not interact with PI. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of pure and PSF/PI blend membranes show one unique glass transition temperature, supporting the miscible character of the PSF/PI mixture. Optical micrographs of the blend membranes clearly indicate perfect homogenization and no phase separation. Frequency shifts and absorption intensity changes in the FTIR spectra of the blends, as compared with those of the pure polymers, indicate mixing at the molecular level. This compatibility in mixing PSF and PI, results essentially in a new blend polymer material, suitable for the preparation of gas separation membranes. Such membranes combine satisfactory gas permeation properties, reduced cost, advanced resistance to harsh chemical and temperature environments, and improved tolerance to plasticizing gases.     

Determination of gas-oil miscibility conditions by interfacial tension measurements

Processes that inject gases such as carbon dioxide and natural gas have long been and still continue to be used for recovering crude oil from petroleum reservoirs. It is well known that the interfacial tension between the injected gas and the crude oil has a major influence on the efficiency of displacement of oil by gas. When the injected gas becomes miscible with the crude oil, which means that there is no interface between the injected and displaced phases or the interfacial tension between them is zero, the oil is displaced with maximum efficiency, resulting in high recoveries. This paper presents experimental measurements of interfacial tension between crude oil and natural gases (using a computerized drop shape analysis technique) as a function of pressure and gas composition at the temperature of the reservoir from which the crude oil was obtained. The point of zero interfacial tension was then identified from these measurements by extrapolation of data to determine minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) and minimum miscibility composition (MMC). The gas-oil miscibility conditions thus obtained from interfacial tension measurements have been compared with the more conventional techniques using slim-tube tests and rising-bubble apparatus as well as predictive correlations and visual observations. The miscibility pressures obtained from the new VIT technique were 3-5% higher than those from visual observations and agreed well with the slim-tube results as well as with the correlations at enrichment levels greater than 30 mol% C2+ in the injected gas stream. The rising bubble apparatus yielded significantly higher MMPs. This study demonstrates that the VIT technique is rapid, reproducible, and quantitative, in addition to providing visual evidence of gas-oil miscibility.     

Characteristics of a zirconia composite membrane fabricated by a laser firing method

By a method of laser firing, a high zirconia containing (70%) composite membrane on porous ceramic tubing was successfully fabricated. The laser sintered composite membrane was characterized by gas separation/permeation experiments. In the separation experiment of a CO₂---CH₄ gaseous mixture, it was found that the separation factor of CH₄ over CO₂ was 1.15. In the pure gases permeation experiment, it was found that Knudsen diffusion is considered to be predominant in the permeation mechanism for pure gases H₂, He, CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂, and the permeation mechanism of H₂O at lower temperature depends mainly on surface diffusion and on Knudsen diffusion at higher temperature.     

Gas transport property of polyallylamine–poly(vinyl alcohol)/polysulfone composite membranes

Polyallylamine (PAAm) was synthesized by free radical polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform infrared resonance (FT-IR) spectroscopy, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The composite membranes were prepared by using PAAm–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend polymer as the separation layer and polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration membranes as the support layer. The surface and cross-section morphology of the membrane was inspected by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The gas transport property of the membranes, including gas permeance, flux and selectivity, were investigated by using pure CO₂, N₂, CH₄ gases and CO₂/N₂ gas mixture (20 vol% CO₂ and 80 vol% N₂) and CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture (10 vol% CO₂ and 90 vol% CH₄). The plots of gas permeance or flux versus feed gas pressure imply that CO₂ permeation through the membranes follows facilitated transport mechanism whereas N₂ and CH₄ permeation follows solution–diffusion mechanism. Effect of PAAm content in the separation layer on gas transport property was investigated by measuring the membranes with 0–50 wt% PAAm content. With increasing PAAm content, gas permeance increases initially, reaches a maximum, and then decreases gradually. For CO₂/N₂ gas mixture, the membranes with 10 wt% PAAm content show the highest CO₂ permeance of about 1.80 × 10⁻⁵ cm³ (STP) cm⁻² s⁻¹ KPa⁻¹ and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 80 at 0.1 MPa feed gas pressure. For CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture, the membranes with 20 wt% PAAm content display the highest CO₂ permeance of about 1.95 × 10⁻⁵ cm³ (STP) cm⁻² s⁻¹ KPa⁻¹ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 58 at 0.1 MPa feed gas pressure. In order to explore the possible reason of gas permeance varying with PAAm content, the crystallinity of PVA and PAAm–PVA blend polymers was measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. The experimental results show an inverse relationship between crystallinity and gas permeance, e.g., a minimum crystallinity and a maximum CO₂ permeance are obtained at 20 wt% PAAm content, indicating that the possibility of increasing CO₂ permeance with PAAm content due to the increase of carrier concentration could be weakened by the increase of crystallinity.     

Separation of CO_2–N_2 using zeolite NaKA with high selectivity

The adsorption method based on solid adsorbents is one of feasible ways to capture and store CO_2. Using the ion exchange method, different zeolites Na KA varying in K+content were produced. The adsorption isotherms and kinetic uptakes were measured. The experimental results show that the optimal NaKA could adsorb significant quantities of CO_2 and little N_2. On the zeolite Na KA with 14.7 at.% K+, the adsorption capacity for pure CO_2 is over 3.10 mmol g~(-1) and the CO_2–N_2 selectivity is about 149 at ambient pressure and temperature. The kinetic CO_2–N_2 selectivity could also achieved 200 within 3 min according to the uptake data. To demonstrate the separation effectiveness, breakthrough curves of pure components and binary mixtures were investigated experimentally and theoretically in a fixed bed. It is found that the breakthrough points of CO_2 and N_2 are almost at the same time under the atmospheric pressure at 348 K with the raw gas composition CO_2/N_2(20:80, v/v). If the pressure has been increased higher than 0.1 MPa, CO_2 would break through the bed much slower than N_2. Therefore, the pressure may become the limiting factor for the separation performance of zeolites NaKA.     

Gas permeation of poly(amide-6-b-ethylene oxide) copolymer

Block copolymers exhibit a different gas permeation behavior from that of homopolymers. In the diffusion process, the fraction of impermeable regions in the block copolymer decreases the diffusivity and the permeability. As the amount of impermeable regions in the block copolymer increases, the flow paths for the gas diffusion are restricted. Poly(amide-6-b-ethylene oxide) (PEBAX^®) copolymer consists of a regular linear chain of rigid polyamide for hard segment interspaced with flexible polyether for soft segment. PEBAX^® copolymer shows a typical permeation behavior of rubbery polymers. The permeability of CO₂ increases with the pressure originating from the increment of the sorbed CO₂ amounts. PEBAX^® copolymer shows the high permeability and the high selectivity for polarizable/nonpolar gas pairs. Particularly, the selectivity of CO₂ over N₂ is 61 and that of SO₂ over N₂ is 500. For small and nonpolar gases (i.e. He, H₂, O₂ and N₂), the permeability decreases with increasing the molecular size or volume of gases. On the other hand, for polarizable and larger gases (i.e. CO₂ and SO₂), it shows the high permeability. The high permeability and permselectivity of PEBAX^® copolymer are attributed of polarizable gases to polyether segment in PEBAX^®.     

Fluid phase equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide with tetradecanoic acid and docosane up to 43 MPa and 393 K: cosolvency effect and miscibility windows

Isothermal pressure (p)-mass fraction (w) phase diagrams were measured for CO₂ + tetradecanoic acid at six temperatures from 328.2 K to 373.2 K and for CO₂ + docosane at four temperatures from 343.2 K to 393.2 K as well as isobaric temperature (T)-mass fraction (w) phase diagrams for both systems at 34.5 MPa. In addition the isothermal and isobaric Gibbs phase prisms at 373.2 K and 34.5 MPa respectively were determined for the ternary system CO₂ + tetradecanoic acid + docosane, and and isobaric miscibility window was found between 333 K and 385 K at 34.5 MPa.     

Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)–poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer membranes for selective separation of CO2

A series of copolymers containing ether oxygen groups and amino groups were prepared based on N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMEMA) and polyethylene glycol methyl ether methyl acrylate (PEGMEMA). The effect of PEGMEMA content in the copolymer on density, free volume, mechanical performance, and H₂, CO₂, N₂ and CH₄ gas transport properties of the copolymer was determined. Free volume was characterized using the polymer density and group contribution theory. The permeability of the copolymer to CO₂ is high, and both the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/H₂ selectivities are high. For example, the permeability coefficient of PDMAEMA–PEGMEMA-90 (“90” represents the weight percent of PEGMEMA) to CO₂ is 112 Barrer and the CO₂/N₂ and CO₂/H₂ selectivity coefficients are 31 and 7, respectively. The effect of the temperature on gas transport properties was also determined. Finally, the potential application of the copolymer membranes for CO₂/light gases separation was explored.