Adsorption,Dissociation and Selective Oxidation of Glyoxal over Pd_4 Cluster

采用第一性原理密度泛函理论,我们研究了乙二醛在具有四面体结构的Pd4团簇上吸附、解离以及氧化反应历程.研究表明：乙二醛中C-H键是最容易断裂的,断裂后形成的HCOOC基团分别和O或OH反应形成乙醛酸,也就是说乙二醛经过脱氢,选择氧化形成产物乙醛酸.在整个反应过程中,所需要的能垒均小于11.53 Kcal/mol.我们的研究不仅有助于理解乙二醛氧化的反应机理,而且对于今后设计更好的乙二醛选择氧化催化剂有一定的帮助作用.     

多波长线性回归-矩阵法同时测定乙二醛、乙醛酸、草酸的含量

根据实验得出的乙二醛、乙醛酸、草酸三组分混合物中各组分在特定波长下呈现出的良好的线性关系,建立起三组分质量浓度与混合吸光度的回归方程组,形成了多波长线性回归-矩阵法,实现了乙二醛氧化制备乙醛酸体系中反应产物乙二醛、乙醛酸、草酸含量的同时测定.研究结果表明:当乙二醛检测下限为1.024 mg/L时,回收率为94%~98%...     

V_2O_5/C催化氧化乙二醛制备乙醛酸

利用等体积浸渍法制备了V2O5/C催化剂,并应用于乙二醛的液相氧化反应,采用XRD、TEM手段对催化剂进行了物化性质表征.结果表明,V2O5/C对乙二醛的氧化表现出较高的催化活性和乙醛酸选择性,反应10h,乙二醛的转化率达29.2%,乙醛酸得率13.6%.与贵金属Pd-Bi/C催化剂相比,V2O5/C催化剂的稳定性和重复使用效果都比较好.     

高效液相色谱法测定乙醛溶液中的乙二醛和乙醛酸

利用醛基与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)反应得到的腙产物对紫外-可见光有吸收的特性,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定乙醛溶液中乙二醛和乙醛酸的含量。结果表明,DNPH衍生乙二醛成腙反应的适宜条件为: 反应温度70 ℃, pH 1.75, DNPH与羰基的物质的量比为6,反应时间150 min。在20 ℃、pH 1.75的乙腈溶液中,乙二醛二腙的溶解度为20.2 mg/L。乙二醛质量浓度在2～20 mg/L范围内,乙二醛二腙的峰面积与乙二醛的质量浓度之间呈良好的线性关系;乙醛酸质量浓度在10～100 mg/L范围内,乙醛酸腙的峰面积与乙醛酸的质量浓度之间呈良好的线性关系。用HPLC测定乙醛硝酸氧化法制乙二醛反应液中乙二醛和乙醛酸的含量,结果的重复性好;对乙二醛的测定结果与应用化学分析法测定结果的平均相对误差为1.77%;对反应液中乙二醛、乙醛酸含量的测定有着较高的加标回收率,分别为99.6%～103.3%和98.1%～102.4%。所建立的方法为醛及二羰基化合物的测定提供了准确、便捷的方法。     

乙二醛电氧化制备乙醛酸

本文介绍了一种用电化学法合成乙醛酸的新方法 ,采用以DSA作阳极材料的离子交换膜电解槽和周期性间歇操作方式 ,研究了乙二醛和盐酸混合体系中各种工艺条件对电流效率(CEa)和乙醛酸收率 (RSa)的影响 ,得最佳电解条件 :反应温度 30～ 40℃ ,电解液流速 1.4m/s,电极电流密度 45 0A/m2 ,乙二醛初始浓度 (wt%以下同 ) 9.1%～ 16 .0 % ,盐酸初始浓度 4%～ 6 % ,在此条件下电解乙二醛 ,乙醛酸收率 91.1% ,电流效率 80 .0 % .     

固定床电解槽变电流成对电解合成乙醛酸

对电解氧化乙二醛合成乙醛酸过程 ,固定床电解槽和变电流电解效果明显优于平板型电解槽和恒电流电解效果 .当阳极液中乙二醛和盐酸初始质量分数 (WCHOCHO 和WHCI)分别等于7.0 %和 8.0 %、阴极液为始终饱和的草酸溶液和微量的添加剂时 ,采用平均电流密度 (i)为 15 35A/m2 的变电流方式电解 ,阳极电流效率 (CEa)为 85 .3%、乙醛酸选择性 (RSa)为 93.9% ;阴极电流效率 (CEc)为 86 .7% ,乙醛酸选择性 (RSc)为 94 .0 % .阳极初产品中WCHOCOOH∶WCHOCHO≥ 4 0∶3,克服了阳极产品中乙二醛难以除去的困难     

The Research of Oxidation of Glyoxal to Glyoxylic Acid over Gold Catalyst

利用沉积-沉淀法和溶液相还原法制备了系列金催化剂,以氧气氧化乙二醛合成乙醛酸为探针反应,进行了反应条件的优化,并通过对催化剂进行XRD、AAS、UV-Vis和XPS表征,分析了影响催化剂活性的因素.结果显示：与沉积-沉淀法相比,采用溶液相还原法制备的催化剂Au/ZrO2（L）,金的实际负载量较高,表现出较高的催化活性,当溶液pH为7.7,反应温度为323 K时,乙醛酸收率达到6.2%.     

金催化剂上乙二醛氧气氧化合成乙醛酸的研究

利用沉积-沉淀法和溶液相还原法制备了系列金催化剂,以氧气氧化乙二醛合成乙醛酸为探针反应,进行了反应条件的优化,并通过对催化剂进行XRD、AAS、UV-Vis和XPS表征,分析了影响催化剂活性的因素.结果显示:与沉积-沉淀法相比,采用溶液相还原法制备的催化剂Au/ZrO2(L),金的实际负载量较高,表现出较高的催化活性,当溶液pH为7.7,反应温度为323 K时,乙醛酸收率达到6.2%.     

离子色谱法同时检测乙醛酸和草酸含量的研究

工业上生产乙醛酸的反应液中不仅含有副产物草酸,而且含有未反应的乙二醛,这给产品的检测带来了较大困难.由于乙二醛在溶液中不以离子形式存在,根据离子色谱的检测原理,其不能被检测.故本文用离子色谱法测定混合液中乙醛酸与草酸的含量,选用c(Na2CO3)=1.0mmol/L+c(NaHCO3)=1.25mmol/L作为流动相,流速为2.0 mL/min.在相同的分析条件下,从准确度、线性、检出限等方面进行了考察.结果表明:该方法乙醛酸与草酸的检测限分别为0.055和0.085 mg/L,标准偏差均小于1.2%,在一定范围内线性关系良好,其回收率均在94%～107%之间.     

V_2O_5/C催化乙二醛氧化为乙醛酸的研究

选用V2O5作为催化剂,活性炭为载体,偏钒酸铵的草酸溶液为浸渍前驱体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了V2O5/C催化剂,将其应用于乙二醛的液相氧化.并对反应液用液相色谱进行了定性,在确定了催化体系中氧化产物的基础上,考察了V2O5含量和焙烧温度对催化剂催化性能的影响,利用XRD和TEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果显示,V2O5含量较低时(w(V2O5)<3%),催化剂的活性组分分散度较高,乙二醛转化率和乙醛酸的选择性都随着V2O5的含量提高而逐渐增加;当负载量为3%时,催化效果最佳,乙二醛转化率和乙醛酸的选择性分别达到16.16%和76.75%;当V2O5的质量分数大于3%时,V2O5颗粒在活性炭表面发生明显聚集,V2O5开始出现多层吸附,导致乙二醛转化率和乙醛酸得率略有下降.而焙烧温度是制备负载型催化剂的一个重要影响因素.焙烧温度的作用不仅在于使活性组分的前驱体充分分解,同时也影响着活性组分的分散状态.我们考察了经不同温度焙烧后的催化剂的活性,从表征结果来看,在473K以下焙烧时,可能活性组分的前驱体未能充分分解,活性中心数目较少,反应效果较差;当V2O5负载量为3%、焙烧温度为573K时,催化剂具有较高的催化活...     

银-磷催化剂催化乙二醇制乙二醛及其表面性质

用银－磷催化剂研究了原料气线速、空速、氧醇摩尔比、反应温度、乙二醇重量浓度对催化氧化乙二醇制乙二醛的反应活性的影响．结果表明，在相近的反应条件下，银－磷催化剂能使副产物ＣＯ２的产率从电解银的３０％降到１３．３％，而使乙二醛收率从５４％增至８１％．Ｘ射线光电子能谱表明，在银表面上形成了稳定的表面磷化合物并占据了一部分深度氧化的活性位，因而提高了反应的选择性．     

Aqueous-phase OH oxidation of glyoxal: application of a novel analytical approach employing aerosol mass spectrometry and complementary off-line techniques

Aqueous-phase chemistry of glyoxal may play an important role in the formation of highly oxidized secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. In this work, we use a novel design of photochemical reactor that allows for simultaneous photo-oxidation and atomization of a bulk solution to study the aqueous-phase OH oxidation of glyoxal. By employing both online aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) and offline ion chromatography (IC) measurements, glyoxal and some major products including formic acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid in the reacting solution were simultaneously quantified. This is the first attempt to use AMS in kinetics studies of this type. The results illustrate the formation of highly oxidized products that likely coexist with traditional SOA materials, thus, potentially improving model predictions of organic aerosol mass loading and degree of oxidation. Formic acid is the major volatile species identified, but the atmospheric relevance of its formation chemistry needs to be further investigated. While successfully quantifying low molecular weight organic oxygenates and tentatively identifying a reaction product formed directly from glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide, comparison of the results to the offline total organic carbon (TOC) analysis clearly shows that the AMS is not able to quantitatively monitor all dissolved organics in the bulk solution. This is likely due to their high volatility or low stability in the evaporated solution droplets. This experimental approach simulates atmospheric aqueous phase processing by conducting oxidation in the bulk phase, followed by evaporation of water and volatile organics to form SOA.     

Oxidation of glyoxal to glyoxylic acid by oxygen over V2O5/C catalyst

A novel vanadium oxide catalyst supported on active carbon was prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method, and the precursor was obtained from oxalic acid aqueous solutions of NH4VO3. The catalyst was applied liquid phase oxidation of glyoxal to glyoxylic acid. It was found that V2O5/C catalyst exhibited obvious activity for glyoxal oxidation. Glyoxylic acid could be obtained without pH regulation during the reaction. By using this catalyst, the conversion of glyoxal and the yield of glyoxalic acid were 29.2% and 13.6%, respectively at 313 K and oxygen flow 0.1 L/rain after reaction for 10 h.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of surface oxide-water interactions on Pt(111) and Pt/PtCo/Pt3Co(111)

Classical molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions of water with oxidized Pt(111) and Pt/PtCo/Pt(3)Co(111) surfaces are performed by modeling water with the CF1 central force model that allows molecular dissociation and therefore the presence of other intermediates of the oxygen reduction reaction different from atomic oxygen. It is found that the water-surface oxide interactions do not affect the overall structure of the catalyst represented by an extended periodic slab. However, such interactions are affected by changes in the electrochemical potential which are simulated by higher values of the surface and atomic oxygen charges at increased oxygen coverage. Thus, electrochemical potential as well as the presence of protons and anions products of acid dissociation define the identity and the amount of oxygen reduction reaction intermediates such as OH or H(3)O. We observe agglomerations of water molecules over regions of the surface and the presence of OH and H(3)O in their vicinity. Our simulation model is able to qualitatively reproduce features of the degradation of the catalyst surface after oxidation and reduction cycles.     

On the mechanism of the OH initiated oxidation of acetylene in the presence of O2 and NO x

The mechanism of the oxidation of acetylene, in the presence of O₂ and NO _x , has been studied. Different levels of theory have been tested for the first step of the mechanism: the acetylene + OH radical reaction. Based on these results the meta-hybrid functional MPWB1K has been chosen for modeling all the other steps involved in the oxidation of acetylene. Different reaction paths have been considered and the one leading to glyoxal formation and OH regeneration is predicted to be the main channel, independently of the presence of NO _x . Two different mechanisms were modeled to account for formic acid formation, both of them involving cyclic intermediates. According to the computed activation free energies, the three-membered intermediate seems to be more likely to occur than the four-membered one. However, reaction barriers are very high and only a very small proportion of formic acid is expected to be formed through such intermediates. In the presence of NO _x , considered in this work for the first time, the main product of the tropospheric oxidation of acetylene is also expected to be glyoxal.     

Chemospecific chromium[VI] catalyzed oxidation of C-H bonds at -40 degrees C1

H5IO6 in the presence of catalytic chromoyl diacetate is a powerful method for oxidation of C-H bonds. Tertiary and oxygen activated C-H bonds are oxidized to tertiary alcohols or ketones at temperatures as low as -40 degrees C. The putative reagent is neutral dioxoperoxy chromium[VI] which undergoes C-H oxidation with retention of stereochemistry. This reagent appears to be the first reagent capable of oxidation of a C-H bond in the presence of an olefin without concomitant epoxidation.     

The "somersault" mechanism for the p-450 hydroxylation of hydrocarbons. The intervention of transient inverted metastable hydroperoxides

A series of model theoretical calculations are described that suggest a new mechanism for the oxidation step in enzymatic cytochrome P450 hydroxylation of saturated hydrocarbons. A new class of metastable metal hydroperoxides is described that involves the rearrangement of the ground-state metal hydroperoxide to its inverted isomeric form with a hydroxyl radical hydrogen bonded to the metal oxide (MO-OH --> MO....HO). The activation energy for this somersault motion of the FeO-OH group is 20.3 kcal/mol for the P450 model porphyrin iron(III) hydroperoxide [Por(SH)Fe(III)-OOH(-)] to produce the isomeric ferryl oxygen hydrogen bonded to an *OH radical [Por(SH)Fe(III)-O....HO(-)]. This isomeric metastable hydroperoxide, the proposed primary oxidant in the P450 hydroxylation reaction, is calculated to be 17.8 kcal/mol higher in energy than the ground-state iron(III) hydroperoxide Cpd 0. The first step of the proposed mechanism for isobutane oxidation is abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the C-H bond of isobutane by the hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl radical to produce a water molecule strongly hydrogen bonded to anionic Cpd II. The hydroxylation step involves a concerted but nonsynchronous transfer of a hydrogen atom from this newly formed, bound, water molecule to the ferryl oxygen with a concomitant rebound of the incipient *OH radical to the carbon radical of isobutane to produce the C-O bond of the final product, tert-butyl alcohol. The TS for the oxygen rebound step is 2 kcal/mol lower in energy than the hydrogen abstraction TS (DeltaE() = 19.5 kcal/mol). The overall proposed new mechanism is consistent with a lot of the ancillary experimental data for this enzymatic hydroxylation reaction.     

A theoretical study of alcohol oxidation by ferrate

The conversion of methanol to formaldehyde mediated by ferrate (FeO(4)2-), monoprotonated ferrate (HFeO4-), and diprotonated ferrate (H2FeO4) is discussed with the hybrid B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) method. Diprotonated ferrate is the best mediator for the activation of the O-H and C-H bonds of methanol via two entrance reaction channels: (1) an addition-elimination mechanism that involves coordination of methanol to diprotonated ferrate; (2) a direct abstraction mechanism that involves H atom abstraction from the O-H or C-H bond of methanol. Within the framework of the polarizable continuum model (PCM), the energetic profiles of these reaction mechanisms in aqueous solution are calculated and investigated. In the addition-elimination mechanism, the O-H and C-H bonds of ligating methanol are cleaved by an oxo or hydroxo ligand, and therefore the way to the formation of formaldehyde is branched into four reaction pathways. The most favorable reaction pathway in the addition-elimination mechanism is initiated by an O-H cleavage via a four-centered transition state that leads to intermediate containing an Fe-O bond, followed by a C-H cleavage via a five-centered transition state to lead to formaldehyde complex. In the direct abstraction mechanism, the oxidation reaction can be initiated by a direct H atom abstraction from either the O-H or C-H bond, and it is branched into three pathways for the formation of formaldehyde. The most favorable reaction pathway in the direct abstraction mechanism is initiated by C-H activation that leads to organometallic intermediate containing an Fe-C bond, followed by a concerted H atom transfer from the OH group of methanol to an oxo ligand of ferrate. The first steps in both mechanisms are all competitive in energy, but due to the significant energetical stability of the organometallic intermediate, the most likely initial reaction in methanol oxidation by ferrate is the direct C-H bond cleavage.     

Oxidation of methanol by FeO2+ in water: DFT calculations in the gas phase and ab initio MD simulations in water solution

We investigate the mechanism of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde by ironoxido ([Fe(IV)O]2+), the alleged active intermediate in the Fenton reaction. The most likely reaction mechanisms are explored with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on microsolvated clusters in the gas phase and, for a selected set of mechanisms, with constrained Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations in water solution. Helmholtz free energy differences are calculated using thermodynamic integration in a simulation box with 31 water molecules at 300 K. The mechanism of the reaction is investigated with an emphasis on whether FeO2+ attacks methanol at a C-H bond or at the O-H bond. We conclude that the most likely mechanism is attack by the oxido oxygen at the C-H bond ("direct CH mechanism"). We calculate an upper bound for the reaction Helmholtz free energy barrier in solution of 50 kJ/mol for the C-H hydrogen transfer, after which transfer of the O-H hydrogen proceeds spontaneously. An alternative mechanism, starting with coordination of methanol directly to Fe ("coordination OH mechanism"), cannot be ruled out, as it involves a reaction Helmholtz free energy barrier in solution of 44 +/- 10 kJ/mol. However, this coordination mechanism has the disadvantage of requiring a prior ligand substitution reaction, to replace a water ligand by methanol. Because of the strong acidity of [FeO(H2O)5]2+, we also investigate the effect of deprotonation of a first-shell water molecule. However, this is found to increase the barriers for all mechanisms.     

Theoretical study of oxidation of cyclohexane diol to adipic anhydride by [Ru(IV)(O)(tpa)(H2O)]2+ complex (tpa ═ tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine)

The catalytic conversion of 1,2-cyclohexanediol to adipic anhydride by Ru(IV)O(tpa) (tpa ═ tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) is discussed using density functional theory calculations. The whole reaction is divided into three steps: (1) formation of α-hydroxy cyclohexanone by dehydrogenation of cyclohexanediol, (2) formation of 1,2-cyclohexanedione by dehydrogenation of α-hydroxy cyclohexanone, and (3) formation of adipic anhydride by oxygenation of cyclohexanedione. In each step the two-electron oxidation is performed by Ru(IV)O(tpa) active species, which is reduced to bis-aqua Ru(II)(tpa) complex. The Ru(II) complex is reactivated using Ce(IV) and water as an oxygen source. There are two different pathways of the first two steps of the conversion depending on whether the direct H-atom abstraction occurs on a C-H bond or on its adjacent oxygen O-H. In the first step, the C-H (O-H) bond dissociation occurs in TS1 (TS2-1) with an activation barrier of 21.4 (21.6) kcal/mol, which is followed by abstraction of another hydrogen with the spin transition in both pathways. The second process also bifurcates into two reaction pathways. TS3 (TS4-1) is leading to dissociation of the C-H (O-H) bond, and the activation barrier of TS3 (TS4-1) is 20.2 (20.7) kcal/mol. In the third step, oxo ligand attack on the carbonyl carbon and hydrogen migration from the water ligand occur via TS5 with an activation barrier of 17.4 kcal/mol leading to a stable tetrahedral intermediate in a triplet state. However, the slightly higher energy singlet state of this tetrahedral intermediate is unstable; therefore, a spin crossover spontaneously transforms the tetrahedral intermediate into a dione complex by a hydrogen rebound and a C-C bond cleavage. Kinetic isotope effects (k(H)/k(D)) for the electronic processes of the C-H bond dissociations calculated to be 4.9-7.4 at 300 K are in good agreement with experiment values of 2.8-9.0.