异丙醇镧引发对二氧环己酮开环聚合

脂肪族聚酯聚对二氧环己酮(PPDO)以其优异的生物降解性、生物相容性、生物可吸收性以及优异的柔韧性，成功应用于医用材料和环境材料领域。目前已有的PDO引发体系如辛酸亚锡，存在聚合速率慢、单体转化率不高等缺点。有机稀土类引发剂是目前倍受关注的一类活性很高的配位聚合引发剂，已经被成功应用于聚乳酸、聚己内酯等脂肪族聚酯的开环聚合中，具有反应速率快、单体转化率高、聚合物分子量分布窄等优点。本文将稀土类引发剂异丙醇镧(La(O^iPr)3)应用到PDO的开环聚合中，取得了较好的结果。     

生物医用脂肪族聚酯开环聚合的研究进展

脂肪族聚酯是一种新兴的生物医用材料,其在合成过程中必须避免使用有毒的催化剂和/或引发剂以及有机溶剂。开环聚合是一种高效温和的聚合方法,利用开环聚合,结合绿色制备方法是脂肪族聚酯医用材料研究的热点问题。本文重点介绍了脂肪族聚酯开环聚合的机制,以及聚合时所用催化剂和引发剂的作用,概述了用非金属和脂肪酶取代金属有机引发剂的发展情况;介绍了超临界流体作为溶剂的绿色合成技术,以及超临界流体技术的优势特点,最后对脂肪族聚酯的发展和应用前景做了简要的阐述。     

基于氢键作用的内酯开环聚合非金属有机催化剂

脂肪族聚酯具有生物可降解、生物相容及环境友好等优良性能,其已广泛应用于包装、农用地膜、生物医用材料等领域。与缩聚反应相比,内酯开环聚合反应条件温和,无小分子产生,容易制得高分子量、窄分子量分布的聚合物。目前,脂肪族聚酯主要通过配位聚合反应制备,通常使用金属配合物作为催化剂,所得聚合物中含有少量无法除去的金属离子,这限制了其在医用材料等领域的应用。与金属催化剂相比,非金属有机催化剂具有价廉、易制备、低毒等特点,因此非金属有机催化剂催化的内酯开环聚合反应受到了研究者的广泛关注。本文根据非金属有机催化剂作用机理的不同,从氢键作用机理出发,综述近年来基于氢键作用的非金属有机催化剂在内酯开环聚合领域的研究进展。     

有机磷腈碱催化环内酯开环聚合制备可降解聚酯研究进展

脂肪族聚酯作为一类重要的高分子材料,具有优异的生物相容性和生物可降解性以及良好的力学性能,在可吸收手术缝合线、组织工程支架、食品包装等方面已经取得了广泛应用.环内酯开环聚合是制备脂肪族聚酯材料的一种重要方法.有机磷腈碱作为一类非离子型、非亲核性有机强碱,在催化环内酯开环聚合方面已经取得了巨大的成功.本专论综述了有机磷腈碱在催化γ-丁内酯及其衍生物、己内酯、戊内酯、丙交酯和大环内酯开环聚合方面的研究进展,对聚合机理进行了适当讨论,并对其未来发展方向作了展望.     

用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系

环酯单体在不同引发/催化体系作用下的开环聚合是制备可生物降解脂肪族聚酯的主要方法。综述了近年来用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系,主要涉及水、醇、胺、羧酸等引发剂及质子酸、膦类、氮杂环类化合物等催化剂体系。     

用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系

环酯单体在不同引发/催化体系作用下的开环聚合是制备可生物降解脂肪族聚酯的主要方法.综述了近年来用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系,主要涉及水、醇、胺、羧酸等引发剂及质子酸、膦类、氮杂环类化合物等催化剂体系.     

用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系

环酯单体在不同引发/催化体系作用下的开环聚合是制备可生物降解脂肪族聚酯的主要方法.综述了近年来用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系,主要涉及水、醇、胺、羧酸等引发剂及质子酸、膦类、氮杂环类化合物等催化剂体系.     

三亚甲基环碳酸酯及2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯开环均聚合*

生物降解聚合物聚三亚甲基环碳酸酯（PTMC）及聚2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯（PDTC）在药物控释载体及其它生物医学技术领域有着良好的应用前景。与脂肪族聚酯不同,PTMC、PDTC降解时,不会产生有害的酸性化合物。PTMC、PDTC主要由三亚甲基环碳酸酯（TMC）及2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯（DTC）开环均聚合制备。本文总结了催化TMC、DTC开环均聚合的不同催化剂及其聚合机理,综述了近年来国内外在TMC、DTC均聚合催化剂开发上的研究进展,并对生物相容性催化剂如稀土催化剂、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe催化剂以及酶催化剂催化TMC、DTC开环聚合的优缺点进行了比较。     

酯交换法制备可生物降解脂肪族聚碳酸酯及其应用的研究进展

脂肪族聚碳酸酯（APC）作为一类重要的可生物降解高分子材料,具有良好的生物降解性、生物相容性和物理机械性能,受到人们的广泛关注。APC的制备方法主要有光气法、开环聚合法、二氧化碳／环氧化物共聚法和酯交换法。近年来,有关开环聚合法和二氧化碳／环氧化物共聚法制备APC的研究越来越多,而酯交换法制备APC的研究相对较少。本文...     

生物降解高分子——一类重要的生物材料 1．脂肪族聚酯的本体改性

生物降解高分子作为一类重要的生物医用材料而被广受关注;脂肪族聚酯则因所具的许多优良性能而更已成为研究和应用最多的一类生物降解高分子。本文通过78篇参考文献,回顾和小结了化学研究所为改进脂肪族均聚酯亲水性、降解速率、生物相容性等方面所存在的缺陷而开展的本体改性工作。文中报道了采用共聚和共混改性而形成的新脂肪族聚酯高分子,...     

Combination of ring-opening polymerization and "click" chemistry towards functionalization of aliphatic polyesters

Azide pendent groups of aliphatic polyesters have been derivatized into tertiary amines, ammonium salts and poly(ethylene oxide) grafts. The experimental conditions have been optimized (organic solvent, 35 degrees C), such that the aliphatic polyesters are not degraded, including even poly(lactide) which is very sensitive to attack by weak nucleophiles.     

携带叠氮和氨侧基的脂肪族聚酯的合成和表征

通过丙交酯(LA)与环状碳酸酯单体共聚的方法制备了一种侧链带有溴原子的脂肪族聚酯, 并将溴原子用叠氮基团取代, 通过Cu(Ⅰ)催化的Click反应将其氨基化, 得到了侧链带有氨基的脂肪族聚酯.     

多孔脂肪族聚酯组织工程支架的制备方法及改进

生物可降解人工合成脂肪族聚酯类聚合物支架已广泛应用于组织工程中,人们开发了多种方法制备多孔PLLA、PGA及其共聚物支架,并通过对这些方法的改进或多种方法的结合提高孔隙率,改善孔结构。本文介绍了这些制备方法及其改进措施的研究进展。     

Surface activity of new invertible amphiphilic polyesters based on poly(ethylene glycol) and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids

The surface active properties of aqueous solutions of invertible amphiphilic alternated polyesters differing by hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and molecular weight have been determined over the wide concentration range. The polyesters are based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of two molecular weights and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (decanedioic and dodecanedioic). The surface activity of the polyesters and their ability to form micellar assemblies (which was recently shown for organic solvents) has been confirmed in water. The central role of the balance of hydrophilic to hydrophobic groups ratio in the formation of polymeric arrangements having hydrophobic pockets and external hydrophilic shell has been shown. The effect of molecular weight has been found considerable as well. Two changes in slope have been observed for the more hydrophobic polyesters in the surface tension vs log concentration curve. The change at low concentration is believed to originate from the formation of polyester assemblies with a hydrophobic interior and hydrophilic exterior due to the interaction of hydrophobic fragments and macromolecular flexibility. The higher concentration region exhibits behavior consistent with a cmc, which was confirmed by additional dye solubilization experiments. Molecular structure of the polyester micelles is determined by the solubilization of a solvatochromic dye. The experiment confirmed that micellization of polyesters is accompanied by the association of more hydrophobic (aliphatic) constituents forming the micelle interior. The hydrophilic fragments (ethylene oxide groups) are involved in the formation of micelle exterior.     

PEG- and peptide-grafted aliphatic polyesters by click chemistry

Novel aliphatic polyesters with pendent acetylene groups were prepared by controlled ring-opening polymerization and subsequently used for grafting poly(ethylene glycol) and oligopeptide moieties by the Cu(I)-catalyzed addition of azides and alkynes, a type of "click" chemistry. These aliphatic polyesters possess an acetylene graft density that can be tailored by ring-opening copolymerization of alpha-propargyl-delta-valerolactone (1) with epsilon-caprolactone. Since the mild conditions associated with the click reaction are shown to be compatible with the polyester backbone, this method is a generally useful means for grafting numerous types of functionality onto aliphatic polyesters. The amphiphilic graft polyesters prepared in this study are shown to be biocompatible by in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, suggesting their suitability for a range of biomaterial applications.     

不饱和聚酯树脂的减收缩研究(Ⅱ)——几种饱和聚酯的减收缩作用

饱和聚酯作为减缩剂的优点是制品表面光洁,所得低收缩UP-树脂透明度较好,往往为半透明,使制品外观与原UP-树脂差不多,从而扩大了制品的用途。我们在酸和醇的种类及比例上进行了探索,合成了7种低分子量饱和聚酯并测试了它们的减收缩效果。发现芳香族聚酯具有更好的减收缩性能,其中具有封端结构的效果更佳。此外,制备了几种无填料浇     

Thermal degradation of environmentally degradable poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)s

Aliphatic polyesters have attracted industrial attention as environmentally degradable thermoplastics to be used for a wide range of applications. Besides intensive studies on the biodegradability of aliphatic polyesters, understanding of the thermal stability has importance for processing, application, and recycling. The details of thermal degradation processes of five types of aliphatic polyesters; namely, poly(L-lactide), poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid), poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid), poly(delta-valerolactone), and poly(epsilon-caprolactone), were investigated by means of several thermoanalytical techniques under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. In this feature article, the thermal degradation behaviors of aliphatic polyesters with different numbers of carbon atoms in the main chain of the monomeric unit are reviewed. In addition, the effects of chain-end structure and residual metal compounds on the thermal degradation processes of aliphatic polyesters consisting of hydroxyalkanoic acid monomeric units are presented. Schemes of thermal degradation reaction of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)s.     

Synthetic Approaches to Combine the Versatility of the Thiol Chemistry with the Degradability of Aliphatic Polyesters

Abstract

Thiol chemistry is an efficient tool to manipulate the microstructure of aliphatic polyesters and open the way to different applications. Synthetic strategies that aim to synthesize thiol-functionalized aliphatic polyesters are reviewed herein. The introduction of thiol-editable groups on aliphatic polyesters can occur both at chain ends and along the chains, enabling diverse modifications of the polymeric chains and imparting new properties and functions. The use of thiol chemistry for postpolymerization modification of this class of polymers and the (co)polymerizations of monomers bearing thiol groups has also been described herein.     

Degradable and Recyclable Polyesters from Multiple Chain Length Bio- and Waste-Sourceable Monomers

Monomers sourced from waste or biomass are often mixtures of different chain lengths; e.g. catalytic oxidation of polyethylene waste yields mixtures of dicarboxylic acids (DCAs). Yet, polyesters synthesized from such monomer mixtures have rarely been studied. We report polyesters based on multiple linear aliphatic DCAs, present in chain length distributions that vary in their centers and ranges. We demonstrate that these materials can adopt high-density polyethylene-like solid state structures, and are ductile (e.g. E_t 610 MPa), allowing for injection molding, or film and fiber extrusion. Melting and crystallization points of the polyesters show no odd-even effects as dipoles cannot favorably align in the crystal, similar to traditional odd carbon numbered, long-chain DCA polyesters. Biodegradation studies of ¹³C-labelled polyesters in soil reveal rapid mineralization, and depolymerization by methanolysis indicates suitability for closed-loop recycling.     

Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyesters I. Low molecular mass model esters and aliphatic polyesters

The bio-catalysed cleavage of ester bonds in low molecular mass model esters and aliphatic polyesters was studied in detail with the aim to gain improved information about the underlying mechanism and the parameters controlling polyester degradation. Among various hydrolytic enzymes the lipase of Pseudomonas species (PsL) was chosen for the investigations. In the heterogeneous phase system the specific hydrolysis rate of the esters was constant as long as free substrate surface was available. In addition to aliphatic low molecular mass model esters, also cycloaliphatic and aromatic esters were cleaved by PsL, indicating that a steric hindrance of the enzymatic ester cleavage is not the predominant controlling factor in polyester degradation. However, the cleavage rates of the aliphatic model esters are larger by more than an order of magnitude. For aliphatic polyesters the temperature difference between the melting point of the polymer and the temperature where degradation takes place (ΔT_mt), turned out to be the primary controlling parameter for polyester degradation with the lipase. Only if ΔT_mt<30 °C, a measurable enzymatic degradation rate is found. ΔT_mt can be regarded as a measure of the mobility of the polyesters chains in the crystalline domains, necessary for the access of the esters to the active site of the lipase. Though aliphatic homopolyesters are seemingly very similar with regard to their chemical structure and reactivity of the ester bonds, their enzymatic degradation rates still differ significantly even at the same ΔT_mt. These differences have obviously to be attributed to small changes in the chemical structure, as, for instance, the C number of the aliphatic diacid.