热解条件对氮杂有序介孔炭材料电催化性能的影响（英文）

氧还原反应是燃料电池及金属空气电池中极其重要的电化学反应之一,贵金属铂基催化剂被认为是最有效的氧还原反应电催化剂.然而,贵金属铂的资源稀缺以及高成本问题阻碍了相关技术的大规模应用,探索发展廉价高效的贵金属替代型催化剂是推动燃料电池发展的根本解决方案.近年来,人们在非贵金属催化剂开发方面取得了显著进展,其中新型纳米结构掺杂炭材料研究尤为活跃.氮杂有序介孔炭材料由于其高比表面积和独特的孔结构,在燃料电池技术上具有广泛的应用前景.在氮杂有序介孔炭材料的制备过程中,热解条件对炭材料组成、结构及电催化性能有着重要影响.然而,目前尚未见对氮杂炭材料制备过程中热解条件的影响进行系统研究.本文采用我们发展的蒸汽化-毛细管冷凝法,以SBA-15为硬模板浸渍前驱体吡咯,制备出具有高比表面积和独特孔结构的氮杂有序介孔炭材料,系统研究了热解条件(包括热解温度、热解时间和升温速率)对炭材料组成、结构及电催化性能的影响,采用N2吸附-脱附等温线、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及Raman光谱等方法考察了氮杂有序介孔炭材料的结构和组成,采用循环伏安法与旋转环盘电极研究了其电化学行为与氧还原反应电催化活性及选择性.N2吸附-脱附等温线显示,氮杂炭材料对应IV型吸附-脱附等温线,孔径主要分布在2–10nm,表明所制材料具有介孔结构.随着热处理温度升高,氮杂有序介孔炭材料比表面积先增加而后降低,热处理时间的延长有利于比表面积增大,但升温速率对所制炭材料比表面积没有明显影响,当升温速率为30℃/min,900℃焙烧3h时,氮杂有序介孔炭材料的比表面积达到最大值888m2/g.XPS测试结果表明,随着热处理温度升高,氮杂有序介孔炭材料中含氮基团的分解进一步加深,使N含量逐渐降低.延长热处理时间亦然,而升温速率的改变对N含量无明显影响.在热处理温度较低时(600℃),所得材料中N主要以吡咯氮和吡啶氮的形式存在;当温度达到800℃以上,吡咯氮转化为吡啶氮和骨架氮,且主要以骨架氮形式存在,说明氮杂有序介孔炭材料的石墨化程度逐渐升高.Raman光谱结果显示,随着热处理温度升高,I D/I G逐渐降低,进一步印证了温度对石墨化程度的影响.电化学测试结果表明,随着热处理温度升高,氮杂有序介孔炭材料的氧还原反应电催化活性逐渐升高,但是当热处理温度从900℃升至1000℃时,氧还原反应活性增加很小;升温速率与热处理时间对氧还原反应电催化活性的影响均不明显.与商品Pt/C催化剂相比,900℃以上所制催化剂均表现出更优异的氧还原电催化活性与选择性.由此可见,热处理温度是决定碳源热化学行为的关键因素,进而决定炭材料表面组成与结构.电化学研究结果表明,800℃以上进行热处理碳化,所生成石墨化微晶可有效促进电子传递,降低欧姆极化损失,同时,较高的处理温度可促进骨架氮掺杂,从而构建出高效氧还原反应活性位点.因此,氮杂型炭催化剂的组成、结构与电化学性能更多地受控于热处理过程中的热力学,而非热解动力学过程.     

含氮前驱体对氮杂有序介孔炭材料及其氧还原电催化性能的影响

燃料电池中贵金属铂的大量使用是阻碍其发展的关键因素,亟需探索高效廉价的替代型电催化剂.在目前的替代型非贵金属催化剂研究中,氮杂炭材料是一类氧还原反应催化活性最好、成本最低廉的催化剂,被认为是最有可能取代Pt催化剂而获得实际应用的催化剂.氮杂有序介孔炭材料因具有极高的比表面积和规整的孔道结构,可实现活性位点的密集组装与反应物料的快速传输,受到研究者的广泛关注.本文分别以苯胺、吡咯和邻菲罗啉为含氮前驱体,介孔分子筛SBA-15为硬模板,采用纳米浇铸法成功制备了具有高比表面积的氮杂有序介孔炭材料,系统研究了不同含氮前驱体对氮杂有序介孔炭材料的影响.采用氮气吸附-脱附等温线、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法研究了氮杂有序介孔炭的组成与结构,采用循环伏安法(CV)以及线性扫描伏安法(LSV)等手段考察了其电化学行为与氧还原反应极化性能.氮气吸附-脱附等温线结果表明,采用三种不同含氮前驱体制备的氮杂炭材料都对应Ⅳ型吸脱附等温线以及H4型滞后环,表明所制备的氮杂炭材料具有介孔结构.由TEM可以清楚地观察到氮杂炭材料已经成功地反转了SBA-15模板的孔道结构.同时发现,含氮前驱体对氮杂炭材料的比表面积和孔结构产生较大影响:以吡咯和邻菲罗啉为前驱体制备的炭材料C-PY-900和C-Phen-900的比表面积较高,分别为765和746 m2/g,而以苯胺为前驱体制备的炭材料C-PA-900比表面积较小(569 m2/g);三种炭材料平均孔径大小顺序为C-Phen-900 (3.7 nm)＜ C-PY-900 (5.0 nm)＜ C-PA-900 (5.9 nm),这是由于不同含氮前驱体在高温焙烧过程中热分解行为不同所致.XRD结果发现,含氮前驱体对氮杂炭材料的晶型基本没有影响,均为无定形碳.XPS结果表明,采用苯胺、吡咯以及林菲啰啉为前驱体制备的氮杂炭材料中氮含量基本相同,分别为3.13 at％,3.32 at％和3.33 at％,说明在相同热解条件下材料中的氮含量基本不受前驱体的影响,但不同配位环境的氮含量以及氮活化碳原子的含量却有较大差异,其氮活化碳原子的相对含量分别为15.60％,19.87％和23.04％.电化学测试结果表明,三种氮杂介孔炭材料的氧还原反应电催化活性顺序为C-PA-900＜C-PY-900＜C-Phen-900,其H2O2产率低于30％,说明氧还原反应经历4电子转移路径.在碱性条件下,所制氮杂有序介孔炭材料C-PY-900和C-Phen-900表现出较商品Pt/C催化剂更加优异的氧还原反应电催化性能.综上可见,通过改变含氮前驱体的类型可以有效调变氮杂炭材料的比表面积、孔道结构以及N 1s与C 1s化学态,从而调控氧还原反应活性,本文不仅制备出高活性的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂,同时也为高活性炭基电催化剂的可控制备提供了思路.     

含氮前驱体对氮杂有序介孔炭材料及其氧还原电催化性能的影响（英文）

燃料电池中贵金属铂的大量使用是阻碍其发展的关键因素,亟需探索高效廉价的替代型电催化剂.在目前的替代型非贵金属催化剂研究中,氮杂炭材料是一类氧还原反应催化活性最好、成本最低廉的催化剂,被认为是最有可能取代Pt催化剂而获得实际应用的催化剂.氮杂有序介孔炭材料因具有极高的比表面积和规整的孔道结构,可实现活性位点的密集组装与反应物料的快速传输,受到研究者的广泛关注.本文分别以苯胺、吡咯和邻菲罗啉为含氮前驱体,介孔分子筛SBA-15为硬模板,采用纳米浇铸法成功制备了具有高比表面积的氮杂有序介孔炭材料,系统研究了不同含氮前驱体对氮杂有序介孔炭材料的影响.采用氮气吸附-脱附等温线、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法研究了氮杂有序介孔炭的组成与结构,采用循环伏安法(CV)以及线性扫描伏安法(LSV)等手段考察了其电化学行为与氧还原反应极化性能.氮气吸附-脱附等温线结果表明,采用三种不同含氮前驱体制备的氮杂炭材料都对应IV型吸脱附等温线以及H4型滞后环,表明所制备的氮杂炭材料具有介孔结构.由TEM可以清楚地观察到氮杂炭材料已经成功地反转了SBA-15模板的孔道结构.同时发现,含氮前驱体对氮杂炭材料的比表面积和孔结构产生较大影响:以吡咯和邻菲罗啉为前驱体制备的炭材料C-PY-900和C-Phen-900的比表面积较高,分别为765和746 m~2/,而以苯胺为前驱体制备的炭材料C-PA-900比表面积较小(569 m~2/);三种炭材料平均孔径大小顺序为C-Phen-900(3.7 nm)C-PY-900(5.0 nm)C-PA-900(5.9 nm),这是由于不同含氮前驱体在高温焙烧过程中热分解行为不同所致.XRD结果发现,含氮前驱体对氮杂炭材料的晶型基本没有影响,均为无定形碳.XPS结果表明,采用苯胺、吡咯以及林菲啰啉为前驱体制备的氮杂炭材料中氮含量基本相同,分别为3.13 at%,3.32 at%和3.33 at%,说明在相同热解条件下材料中的氮含量基本不受前驱体的影响,但不同配位环境的氮含量以及氮活化碳原子的含量却有较大差异,其氮活化碳原子的相对含量分别为15.60%,19.87%和23.04%.电化学测试结果表明,三种氮杂介孔炭材料的氧还原反应电催化活性顺序为C-PA-900C-PY-900C-Phen-900,其H_2O2产率低于30%,说明氧还原反应经历4电子转移路径.在碱性条件下,所制氮杂有序介孔炭材料C-PY-900和C-Phen-900表现出较商品Pt/C催化剂更加优异的氧还原反应电催化性能.综上可见,通过改变含氮前驱体的类型可以有效调变氮杂炭材料的比表面积、孔道结构以及N 1s与C 1s化学态,从而调控氧还原反应活性.本文不仅制备出高活性的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂,同时也为高活性炭基电催化剂的可控制备提供了思路.     

自组装合成Fe-N-C-PANI有序介孔结构催化剂及其在酸性条件下的氧还原活性

采用乙醇挥发自组装法,以F127为模版,甲阶酚醛树脂为碳源,聚苯胺为配体,加入硝酸铁和硅酸盐,制备了有序多级孔的Fe-N-C-PANI催化剂.催化剂的成分和形貌表征结果表明,在热处理温度为800℃时,有序介孔的结构最清晰,拥有整齐的孔道和最高的比表面积（1007 m²/g）;XPS分析结果表明,吡啶氮原子和石墨氮原子含量（摩尔分数）为3.86%.热处理温度升高过程中Fe（Ⅲ）被还原,向单质Fe转化,并促进了N的掺杂,使碳化铁转化为Fe-N_x活性位点,提高了催化剂的氧还原反应（ORR）催化活性,热处理温度达到900℃时,过多的单质铁使其氧还原活性下降.在酸性溶液中,Fe-N-C-PANI-800催化剂的起始电位可达0.89 V,半波电势为0.81 V.有序介孔结构使催化剂更易石墨化,提高了材料的稳定性.     

单源MOF衍生具有三维有序大孔结构的氮掺杂碳包覆铁-氮合金复合材料用于高效氧还原

氧还原反应在一些能源转换系统如金属-空气电池中起着至关重要的作用.目前贵金属基材料(Pt/C)被认为是最有效的氧还原电催化剂,然而价格昂贵和储量有限等因素限制了它的商业化应用,因此探索高效的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂具有重要的意义.近年来,负载过渡金属铁的多孔碳催化剂由于独特的结构和优异的氧还原催化活性成为替代铂基催化剂最有潜力的候选者.该类材料的合成通常采用直接煅烧含有氮源、碳源和铁盐的混合前驱体的制备方法,但是热解时材料的多孔结构以及活性位点的均匀分布很难得到有效的控制.近年来,金属有机框架(MOFs)由于其多孔结构和组成可控等优点而经常被用作自牺牲模板来制备负载铁基纳米材料的多孔碳催化剂,并表现出优异的电催化活性.目前以MOF为前驱体制备高活性的载铁氮掺杂碳复合材料通常需要引入额外的氮源或铁源,因此选择氮含量丰富的铁基MOF材料作为单源前驱体制备载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合材料具有重要的意义.除此之外,具有多级孔隙率的催化剂可以改善反应时的传质过程,同时有序交联的网络结构能够提供连续的电子传输.本文报道了一种简单可控的制备具有三维有序大孔结构的载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合催化剂的合成方法,该材料表现出优异的电催化氧气还原性能和优异的催化稳定性.首先,以氮含量丰富的双氰胺和吡嗪配体所构筑的Fe-MOF作为前驱体,利用具有均一尺寸的聚苯乙烯微球作为造孔剂,合成得到了具有三维有序大孔结构的Fe-MOF前驱体,然后通过高温煅烧该单源前驱体制备得到具有三维有序大孔结构的氮掺杂多孔碳包覆铁-氮合金的复合型催化剂(3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC).扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,材料内形成了有序交联的大孔结构;氮气吸附测试表明,刻蚀之后材料的比表面积明显增加,结合分级多孔特性可以共同促进催化反应的传质过程.粉末X射线衍射结果证实了多孔碳材料中铁和铁-氮合金物种的成功合成.电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 M KOH电解液中,3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC-800催化剂表现出优于Pt/C的氧还原活性,其半波电位(E_1/2)为0.88 V,大于商业Pt/C的半波电位(E_1/2=0.85 V).同时,3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC-800表现出更加优异的稳定性,经过20000 s测试后,其电流保持率为94%,而Pt/C只保持了78%.关于活性位点探究的对比实验证明在所制备的复合材料中,铁物种作为高效的活性位点参与了电催化氧还原反应,与氮掺杂多孔碳之间的协同作用共同主导了3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC优异的氧还原活性.得益于其优异的氧还原活性,将其作为阴极活性材料组装为锌-空气电池进一步探究了其在实际应用中的可行性.本结果拓宽了高效的铁基催化剂的类型,同时也为制备封装非贵金属的多孔碳基催化剂提供了实验指导和理论依据.     

Ya‐Ru Lv,Xue‐Jing Zhai,Shan Wang,Hong Xu,Rui Wang #, Shuang‐Quan Zang

氧还原反应在一些能源转换系统如金属-空气电池中起着至关重要的作用.目前贵金属基材料(Pt/C)被认为是最有效的氧还原电催化剂,然而价格昂贵和储量有限等因素限制了它的商业化应用,因此探索高效的非贵金属氧还原电催化剂具有重要的意义.近年来,负载过渡金属铁的多孔碳催化剂由于独特的结构和优异的氧还原催化活性成为替代铂基催化剂最有潜力的候选者.该类材料的合成通常采用直接煅烧含有氮源、碳源和铁盐的混合前驱体的制备方法,但是热解时材料的多孔结构以及活性位点的均匀分布很难得到有效的控制.近年来,金属有机框架(MOFs)由于其多孔结构和组成可控等优点而经常被用作自牺牲模板来制备负载铁基纳米材料的多孔碳催化剂,并表现出优异的电催化活性.目前以MOF为前驱体制备高活性的载铁氮掺杂碳复合材料通常需要引入额外的氮源或铁源,因此选择氮含量丰富的铁基MOF材料作为单源前驱体制备载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合材料具有重要的意义.除此之外,具有多级孔隙率的催化剂可以改善反应时的传质过程,同时有序交联的网络结构能够提供连续的电子传输.本文报道了一种简单可控的制备具有三维有序大孔结构的载铁氮掺杂多孔碳复合催化剂的合成方法,该材料表现出优异的电催化氧气还原性能和优异的催化稳定性.首先,以氮含量丰富的双氰胺和吡嗪配体所构筑的Fe-MOF作为前驱体,利用具有均一尺寸的聚苯乙烯微球作为造孔剂,合成得到了具有三维有序大孔结构的Fe-MOF前驱体,然后通过高温煅烧该单源前驱体制备得到具有三维有序大孔结构的氮掺杂多孔碳包覆铁-氮合金的复合型催化剂(3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC).扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,材料内形成了有序交联的大孔结构;氮气吸附测试表明,刻蚀之后材料的比表面积明显增加,结合分级多孔特性可以共同促进催化反应的传质过程.粉末X射线衍射结果证实了多孔碳材料中铁和铁-氮合金物种的成功合成.电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 MKOH电解液中, 3DOMFe/Fe-NA@NC-800催化剂表现出优于Pt/C的氧还原活性,其半波电位(E1/2)为0.88 V,大于商业Pt/C的半波电位(E1/2=0.85 V).同时, 3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC-800表现出更加优异的稳定性,经过20000 s测试后,其电流保持率为94%,而Pt/C只保持了78%.关于活性位点探究的对比实验证明在所制备的复合材料中,铁物种作为高效的活性位点参与了电催化氧还原反应,与氮掺杂多孔碳之间的协同作用共同主导了3DOM Fe/Fe-NA@NC优异的氧还原活性.得益于其优异的氧还原活性,将其作为阴极活性材料组装为锌-空气电池进一步探究了其在实际应用中的可行性.本结果拓宽了高效的铁基催化剂的类型,同时也为制备封装非贵金属的多孔碳基催化剂提供了实验指导和理论依据.     

生物质不同部位制备炭基催化剂及其电催化氧还原性能

炭基氧还原催化剂因其具有成本低、导电性能好,结构可调控、电化学稳定性好等特点在电催化氧还原领域应用广泛。本研究以不同结构(叶、茎)的生物质(苋菜)为原料,通过一步热解法制备炭材料,结合X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱以及线性扫描伏安法等物理化学特性分析所制备材料的电催化氧还原反应性能。结果表明,相对于茎源炭,叶源炭(比表面积为732.31 m~2/g)的杂原子掺杂更为丰富,特别是其较高的P、S和N共掺杂,尤其是石墨氮和吡啶氮的总含量明显提升。这也使得其在较宽的pH区间(酸性、中性、碱性溶液)表现出优异的氧还原活性(起始还原电位:0.529、0.215、-0.046 V(vs. SCE))。这表明生物质原料自身特性对热解后炭材料的组成、形貌和结构有较大影响,叶源生物炭因其具有更为丰富的杂原子掺杂使得其在催化燃料电池氧还原领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

钴/氮掺杂碳催化剂及其氧还原催化机理研究

以尿素做氮源、醋酸钴做金属源,用湿法合并高温热处理法合成了钴/氮共掺杂碳的非贵金属氧还原催化剂Co-N/C-T. 采用循环伏安（CV）法和线性扫描法（LSV）探究了氮源和金属源用量以及热处理温度对氧还原反应电催化活性的影响,活性最好的催化剂Co_0.13-N_0.3/C-800的峰电位达到0.829 V（vs.RHE）,接近商用Pt/C的活性,但比商用Pt/C有更好的耐甲醇性和稳定性. 同时,采用SEM,TEM,BET,XRD和XPS方法表征了催化剂结构和组分特征,并提出催化剂可能的电催化活性氧还原反应机理.     

掺氮介孔炭作为双功能材料用于氧还原与超级电容器

以壳聚糖为含氮碳源,正硅酸乙酯为软模板,硝酸镍为催化剂,通过简单的低温水热法及后续炭化,成功合成出掺氮介孔炭材料（NMC-1）.NMC-1含有多孔结构以及氮氧等杂原子,能提高其电催化性能、双电层电容与赝电容.由于NMC-1在碱液中表现出显著的催化氧还原反应活性和具有较高的超级电容器比电容（在0.2A/g时为252F/g）及好的循环稳定性,因此,它有可能作为一种可再生、环保的双功能材料同时应用于燃料电池与超级电容器领域.     

硫掺杂有序介孔碳材料作为燃料电池氧还原催化剂

以百里香酚蓝为前驱物,采用硬模版法一步合成硫掺杂的有序介孔碳材料(S-OMC)。在900℃下热解负载百里香酚蓝的介孔二氧化硅SBA-15,获得了具有石墨孔壁结构的有序介孔碳材料(S-OMC-900)。硫元素均匀有效地分布在碳材料介孔孔壁上,并对催化氧还原反应(ORR)起到了关键性作用。S掺杂的有序介孔碳材料的比表面积为1 230 m~2·g~(-1),孔径4.6 nm,有序的孔道结构保证了氧还原反应的物料运输,增大了催化活性。测试结果表明,所制备的S-OMC-900具有良好的催化活性和稳定性。与商业Pt/C比较,S-OMC-900具有更好的甲醇耐受性。     

MnO/N-Doped Mesoporous Carbon as Advanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Batteries

The development of alternative electrocatalysts exhibiting high activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is vital for the deployment of large-scale clean energy devices, such as fuel cells and zinc–air batteries. N-doped carbon materials offer a promising platform for the design and synthesis of electrocatalysts due to their high ORR activity, high surface area, and tunable porosity. In this study, materials in which MnO nanoparticles are entrapped in N-doped mesoporous carbon (MnO/NC) were developed as electrocatalysts for the ORR, and their performances were evaluated in zinc–air batteries. The obtained carbon materials had large surface area and high electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR. The carbon compounds were fabricated by using NaCl as template in a one-pot process, which significantly simplifies the procedure for preparing mesoporous carbon materials and in turn reduces the total cost. A primary zinc–air battery based on this material exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.49 V, which is higher than that of conventional zinc–air batteries with Pt/C (Pt/C cell) as ORR catalyst (1.41 V). The assembled zinc–air battery delivered a peak power density of 168 mW cm⁻² at a current density of about 200 mA cm⁻², which is higher than that of an equivalent Pt/C cell (151 mW cm⁻² at a current density of ca. 200 mA cm⁻²). The electrocatalytic data revealed that MnO/NC is a promising nonprecious-metal ORR catalyst for practical applications in metal–air batteries.     

Ordered mesoporous platinum@graphitic carbon embedded nanophase as a highly active, stable, and methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction electrocatalyst

Highly ordered mesoporous platinum@graphitic carbon (Pt@GC) composites with well-graphitized carbon frameworks and uniformly dispersed Pt nanoparticles embedded within the carbon pore walls have been rationally designed and synthesized. In this facile method, ordered mesoporous silica impregnated with a variable amount of Pt precursor is adopted as the hard template, followed by carbon deposition through a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process with methane as a carbon precursor. During the CVD process, in situ reduction of Pt precursor, deposition of carbon, and graphitization can be integrated into a single step. The mesostructure, porosity and Pt content in the final mesoporous Pt@GC composites can be conveniently adjusted over a wide range by controlling the initial loading amount of Pt precursor and the CVD temperature and duration. The integration of high surface area, regular mesopores, graphitic nature of the carbon walls as well as highly dispersed and spatially embedded Pt nanoparticles in the mesoporous Pt@GC composites make them excellent as highly active, extremely stable, and methanol-tolerant electrocatalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). A systematic study by comparing the ORR performance among several carbon supported Pt electrocatalysts suggests the overwhelmingly better performance of the mesoporous Pt@GC composites. The structural, textural, and framework properties of the mesoporous Pt@GC composites are extensively studied and strongly related to their excellent ORR performance. These materials are highly promising for fuel cell applications and the synthesis method is quite applicable for constructing mesoporous graphitized carbon materials with various embedded nanophases.     

Smart synthesis of hollow core mesoporous shell carbons (HCMSC) as effective catalyst supports for methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions

The present paper describes an easy and quick synthesis of hollow core mesoporous shell carbon (HCMSC) simply templated from unpretreated solid core mesoporous shell silica using a cheap precursor like sucrose. Physical characterizations showed uniform spherical carbon capsules with a hollow macroporous core of ca. 305- and 55-nm-thick mesoporous shell, forming a well-developed 3-D interconnected bimodal porosity. High specific surface area and large pore volume were also confirmed, suggesting the obtained HCMSC as a promising catalyst support. HCMSC-supported Pt (nominal 20 wt.%) with an average Pt particle size of 1.9 nm was synthesized by wet impregnation, and a signal of strong interaction between carbon support and platinum was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry tests, the Pt/HCMSC electrode showed significantly higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) if compared with commercial Pt/Vulcan catalyst. The durability tests by cyclic voltammetry showed for the Pt/HCMSC a lower electrochemical active surface area loss than the commercial one in acidic solution. All the primary tests suggested that the Pt/HCMSC, due to its particular structure and the high dispersion of noble metal particles, is a promising catalyst for fuel cell applications, for MOR and ORR.     

Ordered mesoporous carbon nitrides with graphitic frameworks as metal-free, highly durable, methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts in an acidic medium

Developments of high-performance cost-effective electrocatalyts that can replace Pt catalysts have been a central theme in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In this direction, nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures free of metallic components have attracted particular attention. Here we show that directing graphitic carbon nitride frameworks into mesoporous architecture can generate a highly promising metal-free electrocatalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an acidic medium. The ordered mesoporous carbon nitride (OMCN) was synthesized with a nanocasting strategy using ordered mesoporous silica as a template. A variety of characterizations revealed that the OMCN is constructed with graphitic carbon nitride frameworks and ordered arrays of uniform mesopores. The OMCN showed significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for ORR compared to bulk carbon nitride and ordered mesoporous carbon in terms of the current density and onset potential. A high surface area and an increased density of catalytically active nitrogen groups in the OMCN appear to contribute concomitantly to the enhanced performance of the OMCN. Furthermore, the OMCN exhibited superior durability and methanol tolerance to a Pt/C catalyst, suggesting its widespread utilization as an electrocatalyst for PEMFCs and DMFCs.     

Doping effect of boron and phosphorus on nitrogen-based mesoporous carbons as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in acid media

Doped mesoporous carbons comprising nitrogen, boron, and phosphorus (N, B, and P, respectively) were prepared as non-Pt catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in an acidic solution. The N-doped carbons were varied to increase their catalytic activity through by additionally doping of B and P. All the mesoporous carbons were synthesized by carbonizing polyaniline at 900 °C for the N species, while the B and P species were inserted into the carbon structure at the carbon growth step. The linear sweep voltammogram recorded in the acidic solution showed that the ORR activity of the N-doped carbon catalysts increased significantly after the addition of B. An approximately 19 % increase in the pyridinic N content at the carbon surface was observed, along with B-N-C moieties with a binding energy of 399.5 eV. The non-precious metal ORR catalysts were prepared via pyrolysis, with the insertion of an additional transition metal (iron, Fe). The deconvoluted X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the Fe-N peak was generated after the pyrolysis. The peak intensity of the quaternary N also increased compared with the pyridic and pyrrolic N, which indicates that Fe serves to catalyze the modification of N species. The numerical examinations showed that N- and B-doped mesoporous carbon (NBC) 1.5 % Fe had the highest limited current (4.94 mA/cm²), with the B-doped carbon still the most active mesoporous carbon catalyst for ORR. As a result, it can be said that Fe positively contributes to the formation of graphitic N, which is known to be an active site for ORR. The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the peak area of the NBC 1.5 % Fe catalyst was larger than that of the N-doped mesoporous carbon (NC) 1.5 % Fe catalyst. It was concluded that B doping enhances the ORR activity and the stability of carbon materials even after 1000 cycles under acidic conditions.     

氮掺杂有序介孔碳负载超小尺寸铂纳米颗粒催化硝基苯类化合物选择加氢

氮掺杂有序介孔碳材料不仅具有高的比表面积、大的孔容和均一可调的孔径等优点,其骨架中丰富的氮原子还可以对材料的物理化学性质、配位金属电荷密度等进行调控,是一类优异的催化剂载体.本文利用软模板(嵌段共聚物F127为模板),以间氨基苯酚为碳源和氮前体,制备出较高含氮量(9.58 wt%)和比表面积(417 m2/g),以及规则孔径分布的介孔碳材料.结果表明,制备的材料具有三维立方相结构.以该碳材料作为载体,使用传统浸渍氢气还原的策略负载纳米铂颗粒.发现氮掺杂的载体能够有效控制金属纳米颗粒的尺寸,可实现超小尺寸Pt纳米颗粒的有效负载(1.0±0.5 nm),且纳米颗粒均匀分布于介孔碳材料的孔道中.相比而言,使用相同负载方法的情况下,以不掺氮的介孔碳材料为载体,纳米粒子的尺寸较难控制(4.4±1.7 nm)且会发生孔道外颗粒聚集的情况.研究表明,骨架中的氮原子与金属间弱的相互作用对纳米粒子有稳定作用.这对制备超小尺寸的金属纳米粒子催化剂具有一定的指导意义.此外,由于纳米粒子的尺寸将大大影响催化剂活性中心的暴露程度,进而影响催化剂活性.因此,我们以硝基苯类化合物的氢化反应来评价该催化剂的催化性能.在室温和1 MPa H2的温和条件下,氮掺杂的介孔碳负载催化剂表现出了优异的催化性能.反应0.5 h,对氯硝基苯可完全转化,且选择性高达99%.相比而言,商业化的Pt/C催化剂上反应的转化率和选择性分别为89%和90%.其它传统催化剂的比较,如Pt/SiO2,Pt/TiO2,同样表明,氮掺杂介孔碳负载的催化剂具有更优异的催化性能.在相同反应条件下,Pt/SiO2催化剂只能得到46%的转化率和93%的选择性,而Pt/TiO2催化剂虽然能够实现完全转化,但选择性也仅为91%.由此可见,氮掺杂的负载催化剂可大大提高反应活性和选择性,能有效抑制脱氯现象的发生.这种高的催化性能可能与催化剂的介孔结构、氮功能化载体以及超小尺寸的Pt纳米粒子的稳定有关.由于氮原子和介孔孔道的限域作用,氮掺杂介孔碳负载的催化剂也具有良好的催化稳定性,循环使用10次后,催化活性和选择性几乎没有下降.结果表明,循环使用后的催化剂金属粒子尺寸变化不大,进一步表明氮掺杂介孔碳载体对金属纳米颗粒的稳定作用.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Graphitic Porous Carbon Nanosheets Derived from In Situ Formed g‐C3N4 Templates for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Heteroatom‐doped carbon materials have been considered as potential substitutes for Pt‐based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline fuel cells. Here we report the synthesis of oxygen‐containing nitrogen‐doped carbon (ONC) nanosheets through the carbonization of a mixture that contained glucose and dicyandiamide (DCDA). In situ formed graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) derived from DCDA provided a nitrogen‐rich template, thereby facilitating the formation of ONC nanosheets. The resultant ONC materials with high nitrogen content, high specific surface areas, and highly mesoporous total volume displayed excellent electrochemical performance, including a similar ORR onset potential, half‐potential, a higher diffusion‐limited current, and excellent tolerance to methanol than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. Moreover, the ONC‐850 nanosheet displayed high long‐term durability even after 1000 cycles as well as a high electron transfer number of 3.92 (4.0 for Pt/C). Additionally, this work provides deeper insight into these materials and a versatile strategy for the synthesis of cost‐effective 2D N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts.     

ZIF-67衍生的Ag/Co@NC材料及其氧还原性能的研究

氮掺杂的多孔碳材料可作为氧还原反应的催化剂,本文借助ZIF-67富氮多孔的特殊结构,采用湿式逐步还原法将Ag嵌入ZIF-67孔腔内,然后在Ar中碳化成功地制备了Ag/Co双金属嵌入的氮掺杂的多孔碳复合材料（Ag/Co@NC）作为氧还原反应的催化剂. 为了证明Ag的突出作用,同时在Ar中碳化了ZIF-67制备了Co嵌入的氮掺杂的多孔碳材料（Co@NC）. 利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱以及比表面积分析对材料的显微形貌、物相组成、结构进行分析,采用循环伏安和线性扫描极化曲线对材料的氧还原催化活性和催化稳定性进行研究. 结果表明,Ag的嵌入未改变ZIF-67的晶体结构,但是大大提高了材料的氧还原催化活性. Ag/Co@NC材料的半波电位和起始电位均高于Co@NC材料,且其在1000次循环伏安测试前后的半波电位变化仅为30 mV,显示出很好的催化稳定性和甲醇耐受性,可作为燃料电池和金属-空气电池的阴极催化剂.     

聚苯胺衍生Fe-N-C催化剂在碱性电解质中对氧还原反应的催化性能

经过热解聚苯胺、碳和FeCl₃的混合物制备的Fe-N-C材料在酸性电解质中对氧还原反应表现出高的催化活性;由于材料中不存在任何贵金属, 因而被认为是一类新型非贵金属氧还原催化剂. 然而这类催化剂在碱性电解质中催化氧还原反应的性能如何尚不清楚. 本文使用旋转圆盘电极技术考察了制备的两个Fe-N-C催化剂在KOH水溶液中催化氧还原反应性能, 发现这两个催化剂表现出比无金属的N掺杂碳材料更高的活性. 与商业Pt/C催化剂相比, 它们催化氧还原反应的起始电势和半波电势分别仅低60和40 mV左右, 计时电流测试表明, 它们比Pt/C催化剂显示出更好的稳定性. 此外, 在这两个Fe-N-C催化剂上的氧还原反应主要遵循四电子途径. 本工作显示, Fe-N-C材料有望用于碱性燃料电池氧还原反应催化剂.