添加剂作用下钯电沉积行为研究

在含有4 g•L－1 Pd(NH3)2Cl2和104 g•L－1 NH4H2PO4的闪镀钯基础电解液中,采用极化曲线、循环伏安法和计时安培法研究添加剂作用下钯在玻璃碳电极上的电沉积和电结晶行为.结果表明,添加剂阻化钯的电沉积;钯在玻碳电极上的交换电流密度很低;钯电沉积过程经历了晶核形成过程,其电结晶机理在不含添加剂时接近于三维连续成核,含添加剂时接近于三维瞬时成核.     

硫脲对镍电沉积的作用

应用循环伏安和阻抗＿电位法研究了硫脲(TU)对玻碳电极和镀镍玻碳电极上镍沉积过程的影响.结果表明,在玻碳电极上镍的电沉积呈现明显的电化学成核机理,而在镀镍玻碳电极上则无此特征.TU的存在虽阻碍了Ni晶核的形成,但却能加速晶粒的生长.     

镍钨硼合金电沉积机理及镀层微晶尺寸

应用循环伏安、恒电位阶跃和X射线衍射 (XRD)等方法研究了Ni_W_B合金电沉积特点和镀层微晶尺寸 .结果表明 ,在以柠檬酸铵为络合剂的溶液中 ,Ni_W_B合金沉积层较Ni_W合金有较低的电化学活性 .电位阶跃i～t曲线分析表明 ,在玻碳电极上Ni_W_B合金电结晶过程遵循扩散控制瞬时成核三维成长模式 ,且随过电位的增加 ,电极表面晶核数增多 .XRD测试结果表明 ,随沉积电流密度提高 ,合金镀层微晶尺寸逐渐增大 ,说明电流密度提高将更加有利于Ni_W_B合金电结晶过程中的晶核生长 .     

三种添加剂对纳米晶锌镀层电沉积行为及结构的影响

运用极化曲线、XRD和SEM研究了三种有机添加剂对酸性硫酸盐溶液中锌电沉积行为以及纳米晶锌镀层结构的影响.结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、4-苯基-3-丁烯-2-酮(BA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)三种添加剂之间具有较强的协同作用,采用三者组成的混合添加剂可制备出光亮致密的纳米晶锌镀层.镀层晶粒细化的主要原因在于混合添加剂可有效提高锌的沉积过电位,使锌沉积过程中的晶核形成速率增大.     

氯离子对铜在玻碳电极上电结晶的影响

采用线性扫描伏安法和计时安培法研究了硫酸铜溶液中铜在玻碳电极上电结晶 的初期行为。在含与不含氯离子的0.05mol·L~(-1) cUso_4-0.5 mol·L~(-1) H_2SO_4电解液中,循环伏安实验结果表明铜在玻碳基体上的沉积没有经过UPD过 程;氯离子明显使Cu的沉积和氧化峰变得尖锐,促进Cu的沉积速度。计时安培实验 结果表明,Cu的电结晶按瞬时成核和三维生长方式进行。氯离子不改变Cu的结晶机 理,但在I～t曲线中,导致电流达最大(I_m)所需的时间t_m减小、晶核数密度和生 长速度增大,从而明显改变Cu沉积层的质量。当Cl~-浓度在10～20mg·L~(-1)范围 内,成核的晶核数密度达较大,即氯离子的最适宜添加量。     

CO32-对羟基乙叉二膦酸体系铜电结晶的影响

采用循环伏安和计时安培法研究了羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDPA)镀铜液中铜在玻碳电极上电结晶的初期行为。结果表明：羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDPA)镀铜体系中,铜的电沉积过程经历了晶核形成过程;当溶液中不含CO32-时,其电结晶按连续三维成核方式进行,而CO32-的加入,使得铜电结晶按瞬时三维成核方式进行;成核数密度都随着电位的提高而增加。这可能是CO32- -以第二配体形式进入HEDPA和Cu2+构成的络合结构,从而形成更稳定的络合物吸附在电极表面所致。     

CO2-3对羟基乙叉二膦酸体系铜电结晶的影响

采用循环伏安和计时安培法研究了羟基乙叉膦酸(HEDPA)镀铜液中铜在玻碳电极上电结晶的初期行为.结果表明:羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDPA)镀铜体系中,铜的电沉积过程经历了晶核形成过程;当溶液中不含CO32-时,其电结晶按连续三维成核方式进行,而随着CO32-的逐渐加入,使得铜电结晶按瞬时三维成核方式过渡;成核数密度都随着电位的提高而增加.这可能是CO32-以第二配体形式进入HEDPA和CU2+构成的络合结构,从而形成更稳定的络合物吸附在电极表面所致.     

玻碳电极上Ru（bpy）3^2＋的吸附及其电致化学发光的研究

通过电化学循环伏安法和电致化学发光方法,研究了Ru(bpy)32 在玻碳电极上的吸附,研究结果表明,2Ru(bpy)3 的浓度和与玻碳材料接触的时间,直接影响了Ru(bpy)32 在玻碳上的吸附.还考察了吸附的Ru(bpy)32 在玻碳电极上被氧化后脱附的情况.     

玻碳电极上Ru(bpy)23+的吸附及其电致化学发光的研究

通过电化学循环伏安法和电致化学发光方法,研究了Ru(bpy)23+在玻碳电极上的吸附,研究结果表明,Ru(bpy)23+的浓度和与玻碳材料接触的时间,直接影响了Ru(bpy)23+在玻碳上的吸附.还考察了吸附的Ru(bpy)23+在玻碳电极上被氧化后脱附的情况.     

玻碳电极上多巴胺的氧化还原机理

用电化学方法和光谱电化学方法详细研究了多巴胺(DA)在玻碳(GC)电极表面的反应机理.结果表明DA的电氧化是一个单电子转移过程而不是一个双电子转移过程,在此过程中有半醌自由基中间体存在.用多种电化学手段测定了电极反应动力学参数,提出了新的电极反应机理.     

锌在玻璃碳上的电化学成核机理

线性扫描伏安法和电位阶跃法被用来研究氯化钾镀锌溶液中锌在玻璃碳上电结晶的初期阶段。发现锌在该基体上的沉积没有经历UPD过程。在本实验条件下, 成熟晶核的生长受溶液中锌离子的扩散所控制, 而晶核形成的机理依有无添加剂存在而异。通过分析恒电位暂态, 求出锌离子的扩散系数D, 以及不同过电位η下的成核速度常数A和晶核数密度N_0。A和η的关系表明“原子模型”比经典的成核模型更适合于本研究体系。N_0与η的经验关系式由曲线拟合而得。本文着重讨论了过电位和添加剂对成核作用的影响。     

Effect of sulfate ion adsorption on the rate of copper electrocrystallization on Ag(111) face

The process of copper electrocrystallization on the Ag(111) face was studied in acidic perchlorate-sulfate electrolytes. Enhanced rate of charge transfer in the course of nucleation and growth of epitaxial copper crystallites was observed in the solutions with additives of sulfate ion as a result of local electrostatic effects under specific adsorption of anions. Copper nucleation parameters were estimated in the framework of the diffusion models and atomistic theory of electrochemical nucleation.     

铜电结晶的研究进展*

铜具有的优良导电性和机械加工性能以及其电沉积工艺的诸多优点,决定了铜电沉积在各行业特别是近年在高新技术中的广泛应用。铜的电结晶过程是铜电沉积的初期阶段,它决定了后续的电沉积过程及最终镀层的结构和性能,因此一直是研究的热点。本文综述了铜电结晶的研究方法、电结晶理论研究的进展,详细讨论了pH值、添加剂、金属离子、基体以及电沉积条件等因素对铜电结晶的机理和成核动力学的影响,并对研究中存在的问题提出了展望。     

铋在玻碳电极上电化学结晶初步研究(英文)

应用循环伏安法和计时安培法研究了铋在玻碳电极上的电结晶行为.循环伏安曲线显示了铋在玻碳电极上成核的典型特征,并表明其于玻碳电极上的电结晶是一个扩散控制过程.根据计时安培法响应曲线分析阐明了铋的浓度和过电势对成核生长机理的影响.进一步的定量测试表明该成核速率常数A和活化点密度N0随过电势增加呈现指数增大规律;扩散系数D随过电势增加呈指数衰减.以上实验结果至今未见报道.同时表明:Scharifker公式和Heerman公式均可用于本实验的理论解释.     

Global kinetics of thermal degradation of flame-retarded epoxy resin formulations

A predictive mathematical model to describe mass loss profiles of flame-retardant (FR) containing epoxy resin formulations is proposed. Mass loss is due to thermal degradation of the constituent components and can be described by a generic kinetic scheme with a given set of thermokinetic constants in the form of ordinary differential equations. The scope of this work is to determine the kinetic parameters of the thermal degradation of a known flame-retarded epoxy resin composition by using thermogravimetric analysis and using the acquired data to predict the degradation profiles for other formulations. The mass loss profiles of Visil and intumescent epoxy resin containing formulations were predicted by solving coupled systems of ordinary differential equations and then using Powell minimisation to find the optimal Arrhenius parameters, taking into account the mass ratio of the components in the mixture. The calculated kinetic constants for one formulation (85% resin-15% FR additives) are used to predict the mass loss profiles for other formulations (80% resin-20% FR additives and 90% resin-10% FR additives) with the assumption that the degradation mechanism does not change. The predicted thermal degradation profiles are compared with experimental data acquired using standard laboratory equipment in order to validate the proposed mechanisms. The kinetic parameters obtained adequately describe mass loss history of composite materials studied, even when extremely simplified kinetic schemes have been used.     

Hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate by a (N2S(thiolate))zinc hydroxide complex: a model of the catalytically active intermediate for the zinc form of peptide deformylase

A novel zinc(II) hydroxide complex with a rare alkylthiolate donor in the coordination sphere is formed in aqueous solution from the dissolution of the zinc alkyl precursor complex (PATH)ZnCH(3) (PATH = 2-methyl-1-[methyl(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)amino]propane-2-thiolate) in H(2)O and protonolysis of the Zn-C bond to give (PATH)ZnOH (1). The (PATH)ZnOH complex has been shown to promote the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate (4-NA) by a detailed kinetic study and is the first functional model for the zinc form of the enzyme peptide deformylase. From a fit of the sigmoidal pH-rate profile a kinetic pK(a) of 8.05(5) and a pH-independent second-order rate constant (k" max)) of 0.089(3) M(-1) s(-1) have been obtained. The kinetic pK(a) is similar to the pK(a) of 7.7(1) determined by a potentiometric study (25 degrees C, I = 0.1 (NaNO3)). Observation of both rate enhancement and turnover shows that 1 acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of 4-NA, although the turnovers are modest. Activation parameters have been obtained from a temperature-dependence study of the rate constants (E(a) = 54.8 kJ mol(-1), DeltaH++ = 52.4 kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS++ = -90.0 J mol(-1) K(-1)), and support a reaction mechanism which depends on nucleophilic attack of 1 in the rate-determining step. This is the first kinetic and thermodynamic study of a 4-coordinate zinc hydroxide complex containing a thiolate donor. In addition it is only the second time that a complete set of activation parameters have been obtained for the zinc-promoted hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester. This study puts the basicity and nucleophilicity of a (N(2)S)ZnOH complex in context with those of other L(n)()ZnOH complexes and enzymes.     

Effects of Anions on the Zinc Electrodeposition onto Glassy-Carbon Electrode

The zinc electrodeposition onto glassy-carbon electrode from the sulfate, chloride and acetate solutions is examined using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The surface morphology of zinc deposited films is observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that all mechanisms of the zinc electrocrystallization on glassy-carbon electrode in the three solutions follow the same three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation and growth. The anions mainly affect the nucleation densities during zinc deposition, which results in different surface morphology. In the presence of acetate and chloride ions, the deposited zinc film tends to grow in a multi-layered pattern, while in sulfate solution the zinc deposition forms irregular grains.     

棉秆催化热解特性及动力学建模研究

通过不同添加剂处理棉秆的热重实验,分析NaOH、Na₂CO₃、Na₂SiO₃、NaCl、TiO₂、HZSM-5六种添加剂催化棉秆热解动力学特性,结合原料的组分分析,建立三组分独立平行一级反应热解动力学模型对试样热失重行为进行模拟,采用非线性最小平方算法求解热解动力学参数。研究发现,添加剂的加入改变了三组分动力学参数,在碱性添加剂作用下,纤维素和半纤维素热解活化能都有较大程度降低,且碱性越强,纤维素热解活化能越低,而半纤维素热解活化能越高;中性添加剂NaCl对纤维素和半纤维素热解活化能的影响不大;酸性添加剂使纤维素和半纤维素的热解活化能有所增大,但所有添加剂对木质素热解活化能的影响不明显。     

铜电极表面铜锡合金电结晶机理

在弱酸性柠檬酸盐体系铜锡合金镀液中,采用线性扫描伏安(LSV)、循环伏安(CV)和计时安培实验方法,运用Scharifker-Hills(SH)理论模型和Heerman-Tarallo(HT)理论模型分析拟合实验结果,研究铜锡合金在铜电极上的电沉积过程与电结晶机理.结果表明,铜锡合金在铜电极表面实现共沉积并遵循扩散控制下三维瞬时成核的电结晶过程.电位阶跃从-0.80 V负移至-0.85 V(vs SCE),HT理论分析得到铜锡合金的成核与生长的动力学参数分别为成核速率常数(A)值从20.19 s-1增加至177.67 s-1,成核活性位点密度数(N0)从6.10×105cm-2提高至1.42×106cm-2,扩散系数(D)为(6.13±0.62)×10-6cm2s-1.