SAPO-11分子筛的合成

以二正丙胺(DPA)为模板剂、利用水热法合成SAPO-11分子筛，系统考察了硅源、硅含量、模板剂用量以及晶化条件（晶化温度、时间以及pH值）对SAPO-11分子筛合成的作用。研究结果表明：硅源是决定SAPO-11分子筛合成及结构的关键组分之一，其释放出活性硅物种的速率要与磷酸铝分子筛的前驱体生成的速度相一致；酸性硅溶胶是合成SAPO-11的合适硅源；在SiO2/Al2O3=0～0.7，DPA/P2O5=0.8～1.8，pH=5.8～7.8条件下，可合成纯SAPO-11分子筛。此外，SAPO-11分子筛的合成，还存在明显的诱导期以及晶型的转化过程。在合成条件下，晶化时间4?h时，SAPO-11开始晶化，至24 h，SAPO-11分子筛可晶化完全。继续延长晶化时间，SAPO-11分子筛与SAPO-31分子筛之间发生转晶现象。     

海泡石原位晶化合成NaY分子筛的研究

首次用海泡石为硅源、高岭土为铝源,在水热条件下原位晶化合成NaY分子筛,采用粉末X射线衍射仪、电子扫描电镜等测试手段对所合成样品进行表征分析,着重考察晶化温度和投料配比对产品相对结晶度的影响.研究结果表明,NaY分子筛的形成受晶化温度的影响最大,随温度的升高,产品的相对结晶度显著提高,晶化温度升至100℃时,得到结晶度较高的NaY分子筛晶体.在原位晶化体系中,随n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)减小,其相对结晶度增大;增加体系的n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)和减小n(H2O)/n(Na2O)都增大产品的相对结晶度;n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)在投料比影响因素中占主导地位.     

高硅分子筛ZSM-23的合成及表征

采用静态水热晶化法以吡咯烷为模板剂,合成出结晶度良好的ZSM-23分子筛晶体.对合成条件的研究结果表明,合成的关键是避免ZSM-35分子筛的生成.当n(Si)/n(Al)=25～110,n(H20)/n(SiO2)=1.3～4.8,n(pyr.)/n(SiO2)=0.12～0.5时,均能稳定生成ZSM-23分子筛晶体.当n(Si)/n(Al)>110时,不能得到分子筛晶体;当n(Si)/n(Al)<25时,生成的是ZSM-35分子筛晶体.采用XRD,SEM,TG-DTA,FTIR等技术,对合成的ZSM-23分子筛晶体的形貌,以及影响分子筛合成的因素进行了详细的研究.     

新型八元环孔结构分子筛Cu/SAPO-35应用于NH_3-SCR的研究

采用六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)为模板剂,合成了新型SAPO-35分子筛,研究发现SAPO-35的酸性随着硅铝摩尔比增加[n(SiO_2)/n(Al_2O_3)=0.3,0.5,0.7]呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当n(Si)/n(Al)=0.7时,部分Si将发生SM3取代,进而降低SAPO-35酸量.进一步采用旋转浸渍法和离子交换法对SAPO-35进行改性,制得Cu/SAPO-35催化剂,并研究了其催化氨气选择性还原(NH3-SCR)反应的性能.催化剂表征结果表明,Cu主要以Cu~(2+)离子形式存在于离子交换法制备的Cu/SAPO-35中,因此其NH3-SCR催化性能更优良.基于液相离子交换法,进一步研究了不同硅铝比[n(SiO_2)/n(Al_2O_3)=0.3,0.5,0.7]SAPO-35原粉酸性对所制备Cu/SAPO-35催化剂NH_3-SCR反应活性的影响,结果表明,分子筛原粉强酸量越大,制得的Cu基催化剂中Cu~(2+)离子含量越高,从而催化剂的SCR活性、N_2选择性更优.     

SAPO-34分子筛的合成及甲醇制烯烃催化性能

以三乙胺为模版剂,系统研究了合成凝胶中硅含量、磷酸含量以及水含量对SAPO-34分子筛晶化及其MTO催化性能的影响,Si对SAPO-34的形成具有结构导向作用,只有当SiO2/Al2O3 ≥ 0.25时才可以得到纯相SAPO-34分子筛. 然而随着凝胶中Si含量增大,合成样品中出现氧化铝物种,结晶度、比表面积逐渐下降,催化稳定性降低. 进一步研究发现,凝胶P2O5/Al2O3和H2O/Al2O3比对SAPO-34的合成和催化性能也有很大影响. 当P2O5/Al2O3=1.1,H2O/Al2O3=36时,合成样品具有较高的比表面积、较为理想的(P+Si)/Al比和适宜的酸性,单程寿命达到520 min. 在此基础上研究了焙烧条件对SAPO-34分子筛催化性能的影响,结果表明SAPO-34在流动的空气气氛中焙烧8 h得到的样品比焙烧10 h的样品残留了更多的模版剂,且部分残留的模版剂以二烯烃的形式存在,催化寿命明显比焙烧10 h的样品长,达到580 min.     

DEA-H_2O体系中SAPO分子筛选择性转化

介绍了以二乙胺(DEA)为模板剂,水热合成法合成了SAPO分子筛.采用XRD,SEM,FT-IR,NMR等表征手段系统考察了各种合成条件对SAPO-5和SAPO-34分子筛合成的影响.结果表明,通过调节水热合成条件,S APO-5和SAPO-34可以选择性的形成.DEA加入量、硅含量、陈化时间、晶化时间及Si/Al对产品的结晶度及晶相组成影响较大.较长的晶化时间以及较高的Si/Al有利于合成纯SAPO-34分子筛.相反,较易形成SAPO-5分子筛AFI结构.     

MFI/MFI核壳分子筛的合成及催化性能研究

通过对核相ZSM-5的预处理步骤和在温和水热条件下的二次生长, 合成了壳层硅铝比高、核相硅铝比低、纳米晶壳层致密的MFI(核)/MFI(壳)型核壳分子筛材料. 考察了晶化温度和晶化时间对高硅壳层MFI/MFI核壳型沸石分子筛的合成的影响, 其适宜的合成条件为晶化温度高于130 ℃, 晶化时间19 h. 核相ZSM-5的预处理步骤对于成功合成此特殊核壳型分子筛材料十分关键. 与普通ZSM-5沸石分子筛相比, MFI/MFI核壳分子筛在催化甲苯甲基化反应时的失活效率显著降低.     

正辛烷在Pt/SAPO-41上的加氢异构化反应

 在醇-水混合溶剂体系中,以二正丙胺为模板剂,以二氧化硅、异丙醇铝和磷酸分别为硅、铝和磷源,合成了纯相SAPO-41分子筛,其元素组成为n(Al)∶n(P)∶n(Si)=47.0∶44.8∶8.1. 通过浸渍法制备成0.5%Pt/SAPO-41催化剂,并在连续微型固定床反应装置上考察了其对正辛烷加氢异构化反应的催化性能. 结果表,Pt/SAPO-41催化剂具有较高的活性但较低的异构化选择性; 不同分子筛催化剂上反应产物中二甲基己烷/甲基庚烷的比值不同,其大小顺序为Pt/SAPO-31＞Pt/SAPO-41＞Pt/SAPO-11.     

低温晶化对B-ZSM-5和Ti-ZSM-5物化性能的影响

 以改进方法合成的B-ZSM-5分子筛为母体,采用气固相法合成了Ti-ZSM-5分子筛,并以XRD,FT-IR,UV-Vis,XRF,SEM,ICP-AES和MAS NMR等手段对B-ZSM-5和Ti-ZSM-5进行了表征,考察了Ti-ZSM-5对苯酚羟基化反应的催化性能. 结果表明,合成B-ZSM-5时的前期低温晶化有助于晶粒的减小; 以其为母体制备的Ti-ZSM-5对苯酚羟基化反应具有优异的催化性能. 在n(PhOH)/n(H2O2)=3,n(Me2CO)/n(PhOH)=2.7,m(cat)/m(PhOH)=5%,T=353 K和t=6 h的反应条件下,苯酚转化率可达20%以上.     

HZSM-22和SAPO-11催化甲醇转化制烯烃(MTH)反应:酸强度对反应和失活机理的影响（英文）

从煤、生物质或天然气出发经甲醇制烯烃正在成为最重要的非石油路线低碳烯烃和液态燃料的生产途径.基于SAPO-34和HZSM-5催化剂,甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO),甲醇制丙烯(MTP)和甲醇制汽油(MTG)已经实现了工业化.与此同时,甲醇制烯烃反应机理也一直是学术界和工业界研究的焦点,然而由于甲醇转化机理十分复杂,且往往受多种因素的影响,使得机理研究工作至今未给出明确详尽的结论.据文献报道,在具有较大笼或交叉孔道结构的SAPO-34,SSZ-13和Hβ催化剂上,甲醇转化主要是通过烃池机理进行.烃池物种包括多甲苯及其对应的质子化产物.随着HZSM-5上甲醇转化双循环机理的提出,近期人们开始关注一维孔道分子筛上的甲醇转化反应,试图通过抑制芳烃循环使得甲醇转化主要通过烯烃甲基化裂解机理进行,发现在具有一维十元环孔道结构的HZSM-22分子筛上甲醇转化能够达到这一效果,产物主要以C3+烯烃为主,乙烯的生成较少.该催化体系的发现对于甲醇制丙烯过程的开发具有重要的意义,然而除了分子筛的拓扑结构,催化剂的酸强度对甲醇转化也具有重要的影响,值得深入研究.为此,本文采用同位素切换/共进料实验,色质谱(GC-MS),热分析(TGA)以及原位红外实验(in situ FTIR)等技术系统研究两种一维十元环结构分子筛HZSM-22和SAPO-11酸强度对于甲醇转化和催化剂失活机理的影响,为开发新型催化剂和优化反应条件以调节产物选择性提供理论指导.12C/13C-甲醇切换实验表明,HZSM-22和SAPO-11催化的甲醇转化机理主要是烯烃循环,然而由于酸强度的差异导致两种分子筛上甲基化反应和裂解反应对烯烃最终产物分布贡献不同.对于HZSM-22分子筛,催化活性较高,当反应温度低于400o C时,产物以C5+高碳烃为主,随着反应温度的升高,产物以C2–C4低碳烃为主,且乙烯的增长速率高于丙烯;对于SAPO-11分子筛,催化活性较低,无论反应温度高或低,甲醇转化产物均以C5+高碳烃为主.以上结果表明,催化剂的活性与酸强度相关,且随着反应温度的升高,在酸性较强的HZSM-22分子筛上高碳烃的裂解活性要远高于酸性较弱的SAPO-11分子筛.该推论得到13C-甲醇和12C-1-丁烯共进料实验数据的支持.失活催化剂的GC-MS和TG结果显示,催化剂的失活与酸强度和反应温度密切相关:对于HZSM-22分子筛,较低温度下(450o C)催化剂的失活源于稠环化合物的生成和积累,高温下(450o C)的失活是源于分子筛表面石墨碳的沉积;对于SAPO-11分子筛,低温下(400o C)的失活源于稠环芳烃的生成和积累,高温下(400o C)的失活是源于分子筛表面石墨碳的沉积.此外,由于酸强度的差异,与SAPO-11相比,低温下积碳物种更倾向于在HZSM-22分子筛孔口快速形成.这也是HZSM-22分子筛在低温下快速失活的原因.为了进一步证明该结论,本文采用原位红外装置对HZSM-22催化甲醇转化过程中的Brnsted酸和芳烃物种进行了连续监测.结果显示,在最初的15 min内归属为Brnsted酸的峰(3585 cm–1)有明显的下降,但随着反应时间的延长,Brnsted酸的量不再发生变化;与此同时,归属为芳烃物种的峰(3136 cm–1)增加到一定程度后随着反应时间的延长也几乎不再增加.这进一步说明了低温下HZSM-22分子筛的失活是由非活性芳烃积碳物种堵塞孔口造成的.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。