高温煤气铁钙基脱硫剂再生研究

在固定床装置上考察了温度和氧浓度对铁钙基脱硫剂再生率以及二次脱硫活性的影响，同时还考察了此脱硫剂用于模拟的脱硫除尘一体化条件下，黏附于表面的粉尘对脱硫剂再生行为以及二次脱硫行为的影响。结果表明，该脱硫剂在480 ℃下再生效果良好，650℃再生率下降，在考察的温度区间内（400 ℃～650 ℃）温度对二次脱硫活性影响较小，在以后的循环中，温度对再生率以及脱硫活性的影响也小，再生气氛中氧浓度对再生率以及二次脱硫活性的影响不明显；研究发现加入粉尘虽然会降低脱硫剂的再生率，但基本不影响二次脱硫活性。     

新型Mn-Fe/Al_2O_3高温脱除H_2S的实验研究(Ⅱ)

本文首先研究了粒度dp=07mm脱硫剂的脱硫反应和再生反应性能。研究表明当Mn∶Fe=2∶1(w)、载体在1000℃焙烧后,脱硫剂有较好的脱硫反应性能,其最佳的脱硫反应温度为550℃,且在710℃、O2浓度低于1083%(v)、空速2000～3000h-1再生条件下,可完全对脱硫剂进行再生;H2S浓度影响脱硫剂的初始脱硫反应速率和穿透反应时间,但对脱硫剂的脱除率和穿透硫容影响不大。并研究了粒度dp=3mm脱硫剂的脱硫情况。实验结果表明,小颗粒脱硫剂的脱硫反应主要为化学反应控制,大颗粒脱硫剂主要为扩散控制。为此对大颗粒脱硫剂进行了工程设计,即采用活性组分非均布脱硫剂。研究表明,非均布脱硫剂明显提高了脱硫剂的平均脱硫反应速率和硫容,同均布脱硫剂相比,非均布脱硫剂再生后具有较好的脱硫稳定性能。     

铜锰高温煤气脱硫剂的研究Ⅱ.脱硫剂的再生性能

铜锰脱硫剂可用空气和氮气再生。通过对再生温度和空速的研究，选取了合适的再生条件为：以空气再生温度为６５０℃，空速为８５０ｈ１；氮气再生温度为７５０℃，空速为１５００ｈ１为宜。经过１０．５次和３．５次循环实验，可认为该再生方式简单可行，且再生后脱硫剂仍具有较好的脱硫性能。     

新型M—Fe／Al2O3高温脱除H2S的实验研究（Ⅱ）

本文首先研究了粒度ｄｐ＝０．７ｍ脱硫剂的脱硫反应和再生反应性能。研究表明当Ｍｎ：Ｆｅ＝２：１（ｗ）,载体在１０００℃焙烧后,脱硫剂有较好的脱硫反应性能,其最佳的脱硫反应温度为５５０℃、且在７１０℃、Ｏ２浓度低于１０．８３％、空速２０００￣３０００ｈ＾－１再生条件下可完全对脱硫剂进行再生;Ｈ２Ｓ浓度影响脱硫剂的初始脱硫反应速率和穿透反应的时间,但对脱硫剂的脱除率和穿透硫容影响不大。并研究了粒度ｄｐ＝     

多周期脱硫/再生对脱硫剂Ce-Fe/ZnO表面结构及再生性能影响

通过透射电子显微镜(TEM), X射线衍射(XRD), X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对多周期脱硫/再生后CFZ脱硫剂微观结构进行了表征, 分析脱硫剂经多周期脱硫/再生结构发生的变化, 从微观结构角度探讨脱硫剂结构的变化对脱硫性能的影响. 结果表明, 第一次再生后脱硫剂的形貌和粒径变化不大, 比表面积减小66.8%, 孔分布发生较大变化, 较大和较小孔径明显减少, 10～50 nm孔所占比例增加44.6%, 再生过程产生硫酸盐|2～5次再生后脱硫剂的结构变化不大, 脱硫性能趋于稳定, 表明脱硫剂结构和再生过程产生的硫酸盐对脱硫剂表面的覆盖是影响脱硫性能的主要因素|经5次再生, 6次脱硫的累计硫容为12.8%, 是新鲜脱硫剂1次脱硫硫容的5.56倍.     

复合型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂的制备及其脱硫性能研究

采用水热法合成了复合型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂,考察了溶剂中水和乙醇的比例对复合型镍锌纳米线晶体结构和形貌的影响,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等方法对脱硫剂进行了表征;以正庚烷-噻吩为模型化合物,在反应温度为350℃、压力1.0 MPa、进料的体积空速6 h^-1及氢油体积比为60的条件下,考察了复合型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂、负载型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂以及纯氧化锌纳米线脱硫剂的脱硫性能。结果表明,由于复合型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂具有良好的纳米线形貌,活性组分金属镍具有更好的分散性、更小的粒径,同时形成了有利于脱硫的NiZn合金,所以其脱硫性能明显高于负载型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂和纯氧化锌纳米线脱硫剂,达到98%;而且复合型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂经过五次再生后,其使用寿命仍能保持90 h,这说明复合型镍锌纳米线脱硫剂具有很好的再生性能。     

铜锰高温煤气脱硫剂的研究：Ⅱ.脱硫剂的再生性能

铜锰脱硫剂可用空气和氮气再生，通过对再生温度和空速的研究，选取了合适的再生条件为；以空气再生温度为６５０℃，空速为８５０ｈ＾－１；氮气再生温度为７５０℃，空速为１５００ｈ＾－１为宜。经过１０．５次和３．５次循环实验，可认为该再生方式简单可行，且再生后胶硫剂仍具有较好的脱硫性能。     

Ni-Zn-Fe复合氧化物脱硫剂再生研究

在固定床装置上考察了温度和O2浓度对溶胶-凝胶自燃法制备的Ni-Zn-Fe复合氧化物脱硫剂再生性能的影响,并进行了二次硫化实验;应用XRD、BET、SEM测试手段对新鲜脱硫剂及不同温度下再生后的样品进行了表征分析。结果表明,Ni-Zn-Fe复合氧化物脱硫剂在400℃下能够再生,而且体积分数为2%的O2对于该脱硫剂的再生较为合适,再生的脱硫剂具有良好的二次脱硫活性。再生后的XRD谱图与新鲜样品一致,且没有硫酸盐的生成;SEM测试结果显示,该脱硫剂在530℃或体积分数为4%的O2下再生发生严重烧结,基本没有二次脱硫活性。用收缩核模型对Ni-Zn-Fe复合氧化物脱硫剂的再生动力学行为进行了描述,发现其再生过程存在控制步骤由化学反应控制向扩散控制的转移。在反应起始阶段,受化学反应控制,化学反应活化能为27.16 kJ/mol,表观化学反应速率常数的指前因子为4.62 m/min;随着反应的进行,产物层逐渐增厚,再生过程受扩散控制,扩散活化能为40.37 kJ/mol,有效扩散系数的指前因子为0.49×10-3m2/min。     

纳米ZnO室温选择氧化H2S特性的研究

碱式碳酸锌在不同焙烧温度下制得的纳米ZnO具有六方晶系纤锌矿结构，平均粒径为15.4 nm、19.1 nm、22.9 nm和33 nm，以其为脱硫剂，对H2S室温脱硫性能进行了研究。利用XRD和XPS技术对脱硫反应前后的样品进行了表征。实验结果表明，纳米ZnO的脱硫性能随粒径的增大而降低，常温、常压下，260 ℃焙烧的纳米ZnO对H2S有高的去除率，并且H2S可选择性地被氧化为单质硫。     

铝基氧化铜干法烟气脱硫及再生研究

采用浸渍法制备了XP型和DS型两种铝基氧化铜脱硫剂，并利用制得的脱硫剂进行了烟气循环脱硫-再生实验，同时利用BET、XRD和EPMA等方法研究了载体性质对脱硫剂性能的影响以及脱硫剂的表面微观结构在脱硫和再生过程的变化。实验和分析表明，用于制备脱硫剂的载体应同时具备较大的比表面积和合适的孔结构，实验条件下制得的铝基氧化铜脱硫剂的脱硫效率可达90％，该脱硫剂在多次循环脱硫-再生过程中性能保持稳定。     

Bench-Scale Testing of Zinc Ferrite Sorbent for Hot Gas Clean-up

Advanced integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation systems require the development of high-temperature, regenerable desulfurization sorbents, which are capable of removing hydrogen sulfide from coal gasifier gas to very low levels. In this paper, zinc ferrites prepared by co-precipitation were identified as a novel coal gas desulfurization sorbent at high temperature. Preparation of zinc ferrite and effects of binders on pore volume, strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite desulfurizer were studied. Moreover, the behavior of zinc ferrite sorbent during desulfurization and regeneration under the temperature range of 350-400℃are investigated. Effects of binders on the pore volume, mechanical strength and desulfurization efficiency of zinc ferrite sorbents indicated that the addition of kaolinite to zinc ferrite desulfurizer seems to be superior to other binders under the experimental conditions.     

Study of dielectric and ac impedance properties of citrate-gel synthesized Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4 ferrite

Nano-crystals of Li_0.35Zn_0.3Fe_2.35O₄ ferrite have been synthesized using citrate precursor method. The sample synthesized was sintered at different temperatures in order to vary their crystallite size. The average crystallite size was found in the range 24?C57?nm by varying the temperature from 300 to 1,100?°C. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the formation of cubic spinel structure at all the sintering temperatures in this work. The high frequency performance of the ferrite samples were estimated by measuring the frequency dispersion of the dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac electrical conductivity. The dielectric constant has been observed to show normal behavior with frequency and decreases with the decrease in crystallite size. It is also observed that decrease in dielectric constant depends on sintering temperature because of lithium evaporation at higher temperature. A low value of dielectric constant and dielectric loss has been found, which makes them applicable for high frequency applications by decreasing the skin effect. The impedance spectroscopy technique has been used to study the effect of grain and grain boundary on the electrical properties of Li_0.35Zn_0.3Fe_2.35O₄ ferrite. The analysis of data shows only one semi-circle corresponding to the grain boundary volume suggesting that the conduction mechanism takes place predominantly through grain boundary volume in the prepared samples.     

Effect of the modifier ion on the properties of MgFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> and ZnFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> pigments

Magnesium and zinc ferrites have been prepared by the polymeric precursor method. The organic material decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The variation of crystalline phases and particle morphology with calcination temperature were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), respectively. The colors of the ferrites were evaluated using colorimetry. Magnesium ferrite crystallizes above 800°C, presenting a yellow- orange color with a reflectance peak at the 600–650 nm range, while zinc ferrite crystallizes at 600°C, with a reflectance peak between 650–700 nm, corresponding to the red-brick color.     

Synthesis of bimodal porous structured TiO2 microsphere with high photocatalytic activity for water treatment

In this work bimodal structured titanium dioxide (TiO₂) microsphere has been prepared from commercial TiO₂ powder and nano-sized titania gel via sol–gel spray-coating technique. Crystallization and transformation behavior of titania gel were investigated. The results revealed that the crystallization and transformation of anatase particles were substantially affected by the concentration of solvent and calcination temperature. Anatase crystallite size of 10 nm was obtained at mole ratio of solvent/precursor 50/1 and calcination temperature of 450 °C. The prepared nano-sized titania gel was embedded within the core (commercial TiO₂, P25) during the spraying process. The prepared TiO₂ microsphere was characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission electron microscope (FESEM) and micropore analysis. The photocatalytic activity was monitored by following the degradation of phenol with activity benchmarked against commercial P25 (Degussa). The increase of photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ microsphere was attributed to the nano-sized anatase crystallite which has been incorporated into the TiO₂ microsphere.     

Porous microsphere of magnesium oxide as an effective sorbent for removal of volatile iodine from off-gas stream

Porous microspheres of magnesium oxide were synthesized by calcination of precursor obtained via hydrothermal method. A sample of microsphere was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersion spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, and BET surface area. The average pore size and surface area of the microsphere were found to be 9.0 nm and 83.1 m² g^?1, respectively. The performance of sorbent was investigated in a continuous adsorption system. Iodine adsorption on sorbent was studied by varying temperature of adsorption column, sorbent calcination temperature and initial concentration of iodine. The capacity of sorbent increased by ~25 % when calcination temperature was raised from 350 to 500 °C. The maximum iodine adsorption capacity of sorbent was found to be 196 mg g^?1 using Langmuir isotherm. These results indicate the microspherical form of MgO to be effective sorbent to capture iodine vapor from off-gas stream.     

Polyacrylamide gel method: synthesis and property of BeO nanopowders

Effects of monomer (AM) concentration, monomer/crosslinker (AM/MBAM) ratio and salt concentration on the thermal behavior of precursor gel and the properties of BeO nanopowder synthesized by polyacrylamide gel method were investigated. The decomposition process of precursor gel was also studied. The decomposition process of precursor gel is that, first, the extraction of free and crystallized water, and then the thermal degradation of polymeric network under temperature higher than 600 °C, final, the decomposition of nanoscale beryllium sulfate to BeO nanopowder. As the monomer concentration increases, the calcination temperature of precursor gel decreases due to more compact network structure of gel and thus smaller size of salt in nanocaves in gel. The average particle size of nanopowder reduces correspondingly. The AM/MBAM ratio also has significant effect on the thermal behavior of precursor gel and the average particle size of product. When the ratio of AM to MBAM is 6, the calcination temperature of precursor gel is the lowest, the average particle size of powders is the smallest, because the network structures of gel is the tightest and thus the sizes of salts in precursor gels are the smallest. As the AM/MBAM ratio deviates from this value, the network structures of gel becomes looser and thus the size of salt in precursor gel becomes larger, so the calcination temperature increases and the average particle size of powders becomes larger certainly. For the same reason, both the calcination temperature and the average particle size of powders increases with increasing the salt concentration. The synthesis conditions have no effect on the particle size distribution of the final product due to the natural random distribution of porosity in gel.     

Synthesis of titanium dioxide nano-powder via sol–gel method at ambient temperature

Titanium dioxide is a semiconductor with excellent photo catalytic properties and an important material with high regarded in nanotechnology. In this study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles was successfully synthesized via sol–gel method using tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate, hydrochloric acid and ammonia. Tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate was used as precursor. The ingredients were mixed at ambient temperature for 9 h on a magnetic stirring, sol was formed and converted to gel by adding ammonia. X-ray diffraction analysis clearly showed anatase and rutile phases so that, with increasing calcination temperature anatase converts to the rutile. Scanning electron microscopy was used for agglomerate observations. Energy-dispersive detector analysis was carried out and confirmed the formation of titanium dioxide. The influences of calcination temperature and pH value on particles size were studied. The results indicate that synthesis at room temperature reduced the particle size to 15 nm.     

Structural evolution and magnetic properties of SrFe<Subscript>12</Subscript>O<Subscript>19</Subscript> nanofibers by electrospinning

The SrFe₁₂O₁₉/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite fiber precursors were prepared by the sol-gel assisted electrospinning with ferric nitrate, strontium nitrate and PVP as starting reagents. Subsequently, the M-type strontium ferrite (SrFe₁₂O₁₉) nanofibers were derived from calcination of these precursors at 750–1,000 °C.The composite precursors and strontium ferrite nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The structural evolution process of strontium ferrite consists of the thermal decomposition and M-type strontium ferrite formation. After calcined at 750 °C for 2 h the single M-type strontium ferrite phase is formed by reactions of iron oxide and strontium oxide produced during the precursor decomposition process. The nanofiber morphology, diameter, crystallite size and grain morphology are mainly influenced by the calcination temperature and holding time. The SrFe₁₂O₁₉ nanofibers characterized with diameters of around 100 nm and a necklace-like structure obtained at 900 °C for 2 h, which is fabricated by nanosized particles about 60 nm with the plate-like morphology elongated in the preferred direction perpendicular to the c-axis, show the optimized magnetic property with saturation magnetization 59 A m² kg⁻¹ and coercivity 521 kA m⁻¹. It is found that the single domain critical size for these M-type strontium ferrite nanofibers is around 60 nm.     

锐钛矿型纳米TiO2介孔粉体表面织构的研究

以硫酸钛和尿素为原料,聚乙二醇-1000为空间构造剂,104℃下经尿素水解均匀沉淀法研制颗粒分散均匀、粒径可控的高热稳定性锐钛矿型纳米TiO2介孔粉体,并对其晶相、颗粒大小、比表面积、形貌和孔道结构进行了表征.结果表明,未经任何热处理的TiO2粉体即为锐钛型晶相,颗粒为均匀分散的类球型颗粒,且颗粒间形成直通型的介孔孔道,其孔径在10～30nm之间.控制焙烧温度可以达到控制颗粒大小及形貌的目的,经850℃焙烧5h的样品仍保持锐钛矿型晶相,未出现向金红石型晶相转变的迹象.     

Impact of impregnation pressure on desulfurization performance of Zn-based sorbents supported on semi-coke

High-pressure impregnation, a new preparation method for sorbents to remove H2S from hot coal gas, is introduced in this paper. Semi-coke (SC) and ZnO is selected as the support and active component of sorbent, respectively. The sorbent preparation process includes high-pressure impregnation, filtration, ovendry and calcination. The aim of this research is to primarily study the effects of the impregnation pressure on physical properties and desulfurization ability of the sorbent. The desulfurization experiment was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at 500°C and a simulated coal gas used in this work was composed of CO (33 vol%), H2 (39 vol%), H2S (300 ppm in volume), and N2 (balance). Experimental results show that the pore structure of the SC support can be improved effectively and ZnO active component can be uniformly dispersed on the support, with the small particle size of 10-500 nm. Sorbents prepared using high-pressure impregnation have better desulfurization capacity and their active components have higher utilization rate. P20-ZnSC sorbent, obtained by high-pressure impregnation at 20 atm, has the best desulfurization ability with a sulfur capacity of 7.54 g S/100g sorbent and a breakthrough time of 44 h. Its desulfurization precision and efficiency of removing H2S from the middle temperature gases can reach <1 ppm and >99.7%, respectively, before sorbent breakthrough.