聚氨酯胶粘剂的热分解动力学研究

采用热分析技术考察了通用型聚氨酯胶粘剂在空气中的热解过程, 并通过TG方法和动力学方法研究了各步反应的活化能E、指前因子A等动力学参数. 通过等失重转化率法校验了两种方法所获得的E和A值. 结果表明, 聚氨酯胶粘剂有三个主要降解阶段, 第一降解阶段的活化能为144.31-148.35 kJ·mol^-1, 第二个降解阶段的活化能为196.96-204.26 kJ·mol^-1, 第三个降解阶段的活化能为202.97-205.27 kJ·mol^-1; 热降解过程为一级反应, 随着失重百分率的增大, 热分解反应活化能增大. 此外, 聚氨酯胶粘剂具有较高的热稳定性, 预测其在35 ℃的空气中失重5%时的热老化寿命为10年.     

环氧聚氨酯的裂解色谱研究

聚氨酯材料具有优良的物理和化学性能,在不少工业领域里已被大量应用。聚氨酯的种类较多,前人曾对某些聚氨酯作了热降解研究。本文报导了用裂解色谱法对一种新品种聚氨酯——环氧聚氨酯的热解研究结果,分离鉴定了主要裂解产物,探讨了裂解机理。     

兴隆庄煤显微组份热解失重及热解反应动力学的研究

通过测定兴隆庄煤显微组份富集物WF、JF、BJF、SF的热解失重,研究了各显微组份热解失重特性。各显微组份富集物的失重曲线具有相似的形式,失重速率随温度的变化近似地呈高斯分布状,主要分解范围在380—540℃之间。由SF→BJF→JF→WF,热解总失重量和最大失重速率增高,微分曲线峰半宽增大。提高升温速度,热分解范围增宽,脱除挥发份产率增大。升温速度对不同显微组份富集物的影响程度不同,对SF影响最大,JF次之,WF最小。应用失重结果,借助解线性方程组的方法,计算出纯显微组份的失重数据,从而探讨了各显微组份的热解动力学,首次得到了兴隆庄煤各显微组份的热解活化能:镜质组为151.40kJ/mol,半镜质组为120.72kJ/mol,丝质组为116.45kJ/mol,稳定组为141.16kJ/mol。     

聚氨酯弹性体的热分解动力学研究

聚氨酯弹性体的热分解动力学研究;聚醚型聚氨酯;聚酯型聚氨酯;热分解;动力学;模型拟合法     

酚醛树酯的热解动力学模型

建立了一种利用热重峰值分析进行酚醛树酯热解动力学研究的方法, 这种方法利用热重谱峰上几个特征点的数据来确定动力学参数. 根据酚醛树酯热解DTG曲线的特点, 把酚醛树酯的热解过程分解成三个阶段, 用峰值分析法对每个反应阶段分别建模, 通过三个反应阶段的叠加得到了一个酚醛树酯分阶段热解动力学模型, 该模型能够很好地描述酚醛树酯的热解过程.     

聚二甲基硅烷的热分解研究

聚二甲基硅烷的热分解研究宋永才，商瑶，冯春祥，陆逸（国防科技大学材料科学与应用化学系长沙４１００７３）关键词聚二甲基硅烷，热分解，热解产物，结构聚二甲基硅烷（ＰＤＭＳ）是以Ｓｉ－Ｓｉ键构成主链的聚合物．在惰性气氛中经热解重排可转化为以Ｓｔ—Ｃ键为骨架...     

Keggin结构多金属含氧酸盐的热解性质

用变温XRD、变温IR以及TG-DTA、溶解性实验等方法研究了具有Keggin结构的18种化合物YmHnXM12O40(X=P,Si,Ge;M=W,Mo;Y=NH4+,K+,Cu2+,m和n为抗衡离子数,YmHnXM12)的热解性质.得到了较为准确的热分解温度,探讨了其热分解过程,对其主要的热分解产物作了初步鉴定.对多金属含氧酸盐热分解的判断方法进行了系统研究,提出了新的见解.讨论了影响多金属含氧酸盐热解性质的一些主要因素及其变化规律.     

KNCO中脲热分解动力学的研究

KNCO通常用氢氧化钾和尿素在熔融态下反应而合成,其中过量的尿素用长时间高温焙烧来除去。我们用热重法对KNCO粗品中的尿素进行了热分解动力学研究,以期确定合理的焙烧温度和时间。将分析纯尿素和氢氧化钾按1.7:1(摩尔比)混合均匀,加热熔融,搅拌反应2小时,得含有剩余尿素的白色KNCO试样。热解用北京光学仪器厂LCT型差热天平,a-Al_zO_3为参比物,空气气氛,升温速率10℃/min。红外光谱用Nicolet 5DX型仪,KBr压片。 结果与讨论     

热重分析-单滴微萃取-气相色谱-质谱结合傅里叶变换红外光谱考察咖啡酸的热解行为

采用热重分析-单滴微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(TG-SDME-GC-MS)联用系统和傅里叶变换红外光谱,研究了咖啡酸的热解行为。设定热重分析仪5 ℃/min的升温速率及400 mL/min的氮气流量,在160～360 ℃温度范围内,采用乙醇对热解逸出物质进行单滴微萃取,然后利用GC-MS分离分析,监测了咖啡酸5种主要热解逸出产物相对含量随温度升高的动态变化情况。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了咖啡酸所对应各失重点固体剩余物的特征官能团变化情况。结果表明,咖啡酸热失重的主要原因是在240～360 ℃产生大量的邻苯二酚,在200～220 ℃热解产生4-乙基邻苯二酚。另外,咖啡酸在230 ℃下已完全裂解。该方法的建立为温度连续上升模式下的物质热解行为分析提供了借鉴和参考。     

环脲硝胺化合物的性能和电子结构之间的关系——Ⅳ.热分解研究

主要用气相色谱(GC)、辅以差热-热重(DTA-TG)和红外(IR)分析法实测了环脲硝胺系列化合物的热解过程和产物。在H_2和N_2气氛中的热解初始及最高温度基本一致,气相分解产物也主要均为N_2O、NO_2、CO_2和H_2O等。用全略微分重叠(CNDO/2)分子轨道法计算了它们的电子结构,发现各基态分子中均以N-NO_2键的键级最小,支持了该键将优先断裂的热解引发机理。     

Influence of iron content on thermal stability of magnetic polyurethane foams

Magnetorheological (MR) materials are a group of smart materials which have the controllable magnetic properties with an external magnetic field. Magnetic foams, a specific type of MR solids, were synthesized from flexible polyurethane (PU) foams and carbonyl iron particles. Effects of the carbonyl iron particles on the thermal stability of the magnetic foams have been studied. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to characterize the thermal degradation process of the magnetic foams and then the apparent activation energy of degradation was calculated by using Ozawa's method [Ozawa T. A new method of analyzing thermogravimetric data. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 1965; 38: 1881-1886.]. The carbonyl iron particles were found to improve the thermal stability of magnetic foams in nitrogen by showing higher 10 wt% loss temperature, slower weight loss rate and higher apparent activation energy than pure PU foams. But the magnetic foams were observed to have slightly worse thermal stability in air than pure PU foams at the earlier degradation stage. At the later degradation stage, the magnetic foams exhibited the higher activation energy than pure PU foams in air.     

Thermal degradation studies of polyurethane/POSS nanohybrid elastomers

Reported here is the synthesis of a series of polyurethane/POSS nanohybrid elastomers, the characterisation of their thermal stability and degradation behaviour at elevated temperatures using a combination of thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and thermal volatilisation analysis (TVA). A series of PU elastomer systems have been formulated incorporating varying levels of 1,2-propanediol-heptaisobutyl-POSS (PHIPOSS) as a chain extender unit, replacing butane diol. The bulk thermal stability of the nanohybrid systems has been characterised using TGA. Results indicate that covalent incorporation of POSS into the PU elastomer network increases the non-oxidative thermal stability of the systems. TVA analysis of the thermal degradation of the POSS/PU hybrid elastomers have demonstrated that the hybrid systems are indeed more thermally stable when compared to the unmodified PU matrix; evolving significantly reduced levels of volatile degradation products and exhibiting a ∼30 °C increase in onset degradation temperature. Furthermore, characterisation of the distribution of degradation products from both unmodified and hybrid systems indicate that the inclusion of POSS in the PU network is directly influencing the degradation pathways of both the soft and hard-block components of the elastomers: The POSS/PU hybrid systems show reduced levels of CO, CO₂, water and increased levels of THF as products of thermal degradation.     

Influence of chemical structure on physicochemical properties and thermal decomposition of the fully bio-based poly(propylene succinate-co-butylene succinate)s

In this work, two polyesters and four copolyesters were studied. All materials were synthesized to obtain the monomers dedicated for thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. For this type of PUR, the monomers should characterize by appropriate selected physicochemical properties and macromolecular structure distribution, which depends on synthesis conditions. The study of chemical structure with extensive and knowledgeable analysis of formed macromolecules of synthesized bio-based copolyesters was conducted with the use of FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. The results allowed to propose the majority of probable chemical structures of macromolecules formed during synthesis. Moreover, the impact of the structure on the thermal stability of the obtained copolyesters was also determined with the use of thermogravimetric analysis. The temperature of the beginning of thermal decomposition equaled even 330 °C. Furthermore, the results of DSC-TG/QMS coupled method confirmed that all prepared polyesters degraded by α and β-hydrogen bond scission mechanisms.     

Synthesis, characterization and properties of a novel fluorinated polyurethane

A novel fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) was prepared by fluorinated polyether glycol (PTMG-g-HFP) as a soft segment, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or toluene diisocyanate (TDI) as a hard segment and 1,4-butanodiol (BDO) as a chain extender. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the structure of the fluorinated polyurethane. The thermal stabilities of the fluorinated polyurethane and the corresponding hydrogenated polyurethane were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis at two different sampling depths for the fluorinated polyurethane was used to investigate the surface compositions of FPU. And the mechanical properties of the fluorinated polyurethane and the corresponding hydrogenated polyurethane were also measured. Chemical resistance of polyurethane films was estimated through spot tests with different solvents. The results showed that FPU had high thermal stability, strain-hardening property and good chemical resistance. The XPS measurements showed the fluorine enrichment on the surface of FPU.     

Synthesis, characterization and properties of novel thermally stable poly(urethane-oxazolidone) elastomers

Oxazolidone-incorporated polyurethane elastomers based on hydroxyl terminated polycaprolactone, were synthesized and characterized. Reaction of epoxy-terminated polyurethane with isocyanate librated from a blocked polyisocyanate was the strategy followed. The reaction condition was optimized through preparation of model oxazolidones. Epoxy-terminated polyurethanes were prepared from reaction of glycidol with NCO-terminated polyurethane prepolymers and curing agent was synthesized from the reaction of trimethylol propane, toluene diisocyanate and N-methyl-aniline. Incorporation of heterocyclic oxazolidone groups into the polyurethane backbone caused improvements in thermal and mechanical properties. Investigation of structure-property relationship for prepared elastomers showed that the main determining factors for observed properties were crosslink density, crystallinity and content of oxazolidone rings.     

Nanosize and microsize clay effects on the kinetics of the thermal degradation of polylactides

Polylactide (PLA)-montmorillonite (MMT) micro- and nanocomposites based on semicrystalline and amorphous polymers and unmodified or organomodified clays at 5 wt% content were produced by melt mixing. Based on the three different test methods that were used to follow thermal degradation, different conclusions were obtained. During melt processing, thermomechanical degradation was more pronounced in the presence of all fillers, which apparently acted catalytically, but to different degrees. During isothermal degradation in air from 180 °C to 200 °C, degradation rate constants were calculated from novel equations incorporating changes in intrinsic viscosity (IV). Results show that the thermal degradation rate constants of the amorphous PLA and its composites are lower than those of the semicrystalline PLA and its composites. Due to better filler dispersion in the polymer matrix, the thermal degradation rate constants of the nanocomposites are significantly lower than those of the unfilled polymers and their microcomposites under air. As per dynamic TGA data and thermal kinetic analysis from weight losses and activation energy calculations, organomodified nanofillers have a complex effect on the polymer thermal stability; the unmodified fillers, however, reduce polymer thermal stability. These TGA data and kinetic analysis results also support the findings that the thermal stability of the amorphous PLA and its composites is higher than that of the semicrystalline polymer and its composites and the thermal stability of the nanocomposites is higher than that of the microcomposites. In general, mathematical modeling based on random thermal scission equations was satisfactory for fitting the TGA experimental data.     

Studies on the effect of extraction of isophorone diisocyanate-based segmented polyurethanes

Linear segmented polyurethane was synthesised, using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol (PTMG) and 1,4 butanediol, for use in biomedical applications. The chemical stability of this polyurethane in hot methanol during Soxhlet extraction was studied by viscosity measurements, thermal studies, mechanical tests, ultraviolet and infrared spectral studies, and gel permeation chromatography. Hot methanol degrades the polymer at the allophanate linkages, while extracting low molecular weight polyurethane fractions. More urea linkages are formed in the extracted polymer.     

TGA/FTIR studies of segmented aliphatic polyurethanes and their nanocomposites prepared with commercial montmorillonites

Nanocomposites prepared with segmented polyurethane (SPU) and commercially available nanoclays (Cloisite™ Na⁺, Cloisite™ 15A, Cloisite™ 30B) were studied using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (TGA/FTIR). The results showed that the thermal degradation of unfilled SPU and the 4, 6 and 10 wt% hand mixed nanocomposites occurred in two stages being the first due to degradation of hard segments and the second due to the degradation of soft segments. It was also found that the thermal stability of these nanocomposites was not improved by increasing nanoclay concentration except for SPU/Cloisite™ 15A nanocomposites were a 40 °C increase was observed. In a similar manner, FTIR spectra of the evolved gases obtained after the thermal degradation of these nanocomposites were qualitatively similar to the unfilled polymer except in those containing Cloisite™ 30B where isocyanate absorptions were detected. In contrast, SPU/Cloisite™ 30B nanocomposites prepared by in-situ polymerization, exhibited higher thermal stability than the corresponding hand mixed nanocomposites. In addition, these nanocomposites exhibited the presence of carbon dioxide in the evolved gases during its second degradation stage which was not observed in the hand mixed nanocomposites. In this case, it can be said that the presence of clays in the nanocomposites has a significant effect on the thermal degradation pathways.     

Analysis of thermal degradation of diacetylene-containing polyurethane copolymers

This work investigates the thermal degradation of diacetylene-containing polyurethane (PUDA) copolymers that consist of 2,4-hexadiyene-1,6-diol (DA), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and TGA coupled with Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The results of TGA at different heating rates and under various annealing conditions demonstrated that the PUBD and PUDA copolymers underwent three stages of degradation. These stages of degradation of PUBD copolymers differed from those in earlier works, in which two stages of degradation were proposed. The three stages of degradation of PUBD and PUDA copolymers involved four and five steps of degradation, respectively, as revealed by TG-FTIR, which identified the main decomposition products, CO₂, tetrahydrofuran and ether-containing olefin. The effect of the cross-linked network of diacetylene-containing hard segments on the degradation of PUDA copolymers was investigated under various annealed conditions. Annealing at a high temperature for a long time promote the PUDA TG and DTG curves shifting to a higher temperature region, but the effect on the temperature does not obviously increase as the annealing further performed at 80-160 °C for a long time. This event is caused by the cross-linked networks inhibiting further cross-polymerization in the diacetylene-containing hard-segmented domains.