低温高活性熔铁催化剂上的超临界相费托合成反应

在固定床反应器中超临界相条件下研究了熔铁催化剂上的费托合成反应,发现在超临界介质中反应物和产物更容易扩散,较好地抑制了催化剂表面非活性碳的沉积,从而提高了费托合成反应中的CO转化率和烯烃选择性,增加了链增长因子,降低了甲烷选择性.同时,考察了超临界介质、反应温度、压力、H2/CO比和空速等条件对费托合成反应的影响.结果表明,C5-8正构烷烃在催化剂活性温度下都是适宜的超临界介质.当温度和压力都在介质的临界点以上时,介质表现出较好的传质与传热性能,可改善费托合成反应性能.     

超临界和近临界条件下Fischer Tropsch合成研究：溶剂的影响

研究了超临界和近临界条件下费托合成过程中溶剂对反应行为的影响。反应在固定床反应器中进行，催化剂为Co/SiO2，所选择的溶剂有两类：纯溶剂（正戊烷和正己烷）和混和溶剂（由正己烷和少量的C5~10烃组成）。结果表明,正己烷分压对CO转化率影响很小，但是产物中1 烯烃含量随正己烷分压增加而增加，超临界条件下1 烯烃含量明显高于非临界条件下。溶剂的种类对CO转化率、CH4和CO2选择性以及产物炭分布影响不大。这一结果表明为了减少溶剂用量，对含有适量轻组分（C5~10）的正己烷溶剂进行循环使用是可行的。结果同时表明与正己烷相比，混和溶剂（25%正己烷和75%正葵烷）具有较高的1 烯烃选择性。     

Breakthrough in the direct conversion of methane into c1-oxygenates

The partial oxidation of methane to CH3OH and HCHO (C1-oxygenates) was evaluated over a low surface area V2O5/SiO2 catalyst. The introduction of low amounts of NO (0-2.92% vol) to the reaction feed strongly enhanced both the conversion of methane and selectivity to C1-oxygenates. In the presence of NO, both the reaction temperature and the CH4/O2 ratio affected selectivity to CH3OH and HCHO. Selectivity values of C1-oxygenates as high as 40% at a methane conversion close to 40% were obtained.     

Hydration of α-pinene catalyzed by acid clays

The hydration reaction of α-pinene in the presence of natural clays treated with monochloroacetic acid as catalyst to obtain oxygenated compounds was studied. Catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, programmed thermal desorption of adsorbed pyridine, and infrared spectroscopic analysis of adsorbed pyridine to determine Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Catalytic tests revealed that treatment of the natural clay with the acid improved the catalytic activity and the selectivity toward oxygenated products by increasing the acidity of the catalyst. The selectivity toward oxygenated compounds increased with the augment of the α-pinene conversion because of greater contact between water molecules with the remaining α-pinene molecules. The natural clay without treatment produced compounds resulting from α-pinene isomerization, whereas the treated clays produced alcohols and other products in addition to isomerization compounds. After a certain time, the α-terpineol was isomerized into cineols. Studies of the reusability of the JAL catalyst were performed (clay treated with monochloroacetic acid). As the number of reuses increased, the percent conversion decreased; however, the selectivity toward oxygenated compounds increased.      

New efficient organocatalytic oxidation of benzylic compounds by molecular oxygen under mild conditions

Efficient aerobic oxidation of benzylic compounds has been achieved under no irradiation using a new organocatalytic system in the presence of acridine yellow and N-hydroxyphthalimide with assistance of a catalytic amount of molecular bromine. Various substrates, especially alkylaromatics, were effectively oxygenated to the corresponding carbonyl compounds with molecular oxygen as oxidant under mild conditions. For instance, indan was oxidized with 92% conversion and 79% selectivity for 1-indanone under 0.3 MPa of O₂ at 75 °C.     

n-Butane isomerization in the gas phase and under supercritical conditions

The aromatization of n-butane under supercritical conditions on gallium-, zinc-, and platinum-modified high-silica zeolites with a modulus of 30–70 was first studied, and the experimental data were compared to the results of a study of this process in the gas phase. It was found that the operational efficiency of catalysts for n-butane conversion under supercritical conditions was much higher than that for the gas-phase reaction in terms of activity, productivity, and resistance to poisoning by condensation products. The aromatization of gaseous n-butane at 530°C and 1 atm was characterized by rapid catalyst deactivation. The selectivity for the benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) fraction was higher than 50%. Under supercritical conditions at 430–560°C and 100–200 atm, the selectivity of formation of aromatic compounds decreased by a factor of 2, whereas the yield of C₁-C₃ cracking products increased by the above factor. On the other hand, it was found that an increase in the productivity of catalysts by a factor of 20–50 with the retention of almost 100% activity for several days of operation is an advantage of the process performed under supercritical conditions. The almost complete conversion of butane under supercritical conditions was found on promoted HZSM-5 zeolite samples. The thermogravimetric analysis of spent samples suggested a higher degree of catalyst carbonization under supercritical conditions, as compared with that in the reaction performed in the gas phase. However, the deposition of 20–30 wt % condensation products on the catalysts had no detectable effect on the high activity of the catalysts in the reaction performed under supercritical conditions.     

Oxidative coupling of methane in a fixed bed reactor over perovskite catalyst： A simulation study using experimental kinetic model

The oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） to ethylene over a perovskite titanate catalyst in a fixed bed reactor was studied experimentally and numerically. The two-dimensional steady state model accounted for separate energy equations for the gas and solid phases coupled with an experimental kinetic model. A lumped kinetic model containing four main species CH4, O2, COx （CO2, CO）, and C2 （C2H4 and C2H6） was used with a plug flow reactor model as well. The results from the model agreed with the experimental data. The model was used to analyze the influence of temperature and feed gas composition on the conversion and selectivity of the reactor performance. The analytical results indicate that the conversion decreases, whereas, C2 selectivity increases by increasing gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） and the methane conversion also decreases by increasing the methane to oxygen ratio.     

Flash Vacuum Thermolysis of Terpenic Compounds in the Pínane Series

The flash pyrolysis of various derivatives (hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds) in the pinane series has been studied. We observed a high degree of conversion and good selectivity.     

常压辉光放电等离子体转化CH4制C2烃的研究

采用新型的旋转电极辉光放电反应器, 在常温常压下对辉光等离子体作用下的甲烷转化制C₂烃进行了研究. 在氢气共存条件下, 考察了反应器电极的结构、材料, 输入电场峰值电压和反应物流率等参数对甲烷转化率和C₂烃单程收率及其选择性的影响规律, 同时比较了不同反应器的能量效率. 结果表明: 在本实验条件下, 金属铜材料好于不锈钢, 螺旋形结构优于三排圆盘结构. CH₄转化率和C₂烃选择性和收率均随输入电场峰值电压的升高而增大, 随反应物流量的增加而减小. 从CH₄转化率、C₂烃的收率和选择性的指标来评价这些反应器, 采用旋转螺旋状铜电极反应器时最好, 当反应物流量为60 mL/min时, 甲烷最高转化率为77.31%, 对应的C₂烃收率和选择性分别为75.66%和97.88%; 当能量密度为800 kJ/mol时, 能效最高为13.5%.     

开环共聚法合成热可逆共价交联聚醚橡胶

以烷基铝为催化剂,双环戊二烯二甲酸双缩水甘油酯为交联单体,与环氧氯丙烷、环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷进行离子型开环共聚,制得了热可逆共价交联的聚醚橡胶．研究了聚合方法、聚合配方和工艺条件对单体转化率、共聚物组成的影响．通过 Ｉ Ｒ 和 Ｄ Ｓ Ｃ 测定及反应溶解性和高温成型实验,证明了共聚物的结构及共价交联的热可逆转化特性．     

Thermolysis of α-pinene in supercritical lower alcohols

Thermal isomerization of α-pinene in supercritical solvents, viz., ethanol, methanol, and propan-1-ol, was carried out, and differences in the rate and selectivity of the process were revealed. In supercritical ethanol the reaction rate increases sharply and the selectivity remains unchanged with an increase in the temperature (from 290 to 390 °C) or pressure (from 90 to 270 atm). The main reaction products are limonene, isomeric alloocimenes, and pyronenes. The selectivity for limonene in propan-1-ol is higher than in other alcohols when the conversion of α-pinene not higher than 50%. In supercritical ethanol (430 °C, 120 atm, 140 s) limonene is more stable than α-pinene (conversion 8%).     

Tuning the conversion of cyclohexane into cyclohexanol/one by molecular dioxygen, protons and reducing agents at a single non-porphyrinic iron centre and chemical versatility of the tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine TPAFe(II)Cl2 complex in mild oxidation chemistry

We report that the oxygen sensitivity of some Fe(II) complexes with tripodal ligands can be used, with benefit, in the oxidation of cyclohexane under mild conditions. Depending on the solvent, two very different reaction pathways are involved, which share the coordination of O(2) to the metal as the common initial step. We have synthesized a series of α-chlorinated tripods in the tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine series Cl(n)TPA (n = 1-3) and fully characterized the corresponding FeX(2) complexes (X = Cl, CF(3)SO(3)). The single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of the FeCl(2) complexes are reported. In CH(3)CN, the FeCl(2) complexes react smoothly with O(2), whereas the Fe(CF(3)SO(3))(2) complexes are non-sensitive. In CH(3)CN, the reaction of the oxygen-sensitive Cl(n)TPAFeCl(2) (n = 0-3) with O(2), acetic acid and zinc amalgam, in the presence of cyclohexane, affords a mixture of cyclohexanol/one in an ≈ ol/one ratio of 3.1 and a selectivity of the C3°/C2° in the adamantane conversion that is consistent with a metal-oxo based oxidation. Limited efficiency (≈ 2 TON) was observed for the parent TPAFeCl(2) complex and Cl(1)TPAFeCl(2), whereas both other complexes turned out to be poorly active. The TPAFeCl(2) complex was used to address mechanistic questions: when the reaction was carried out in pyridine, the ol/one ratio shifted to 0.15 while efficiency was improved by 7-fold. In pyridine and in the presence of a spin trap (DMPO), the radical-based character of the reaction was definitely established, by contrast with acetonitrile, where no oxygenated radicals were detected. Thus, the reactivity differences arise from involvement of two distinct active species. The dichotomous radical/biomimetic pathway is discussed to interpret these results.     

Effect of ketene additive and Si/Al ratio on the reaction of methanol over HZSM‐5 catalysts

The influence of ketene as possible intermediate for the reaction of methanol to aromatics was investigated over HZSM‐5 catalysts (Si/Al ratio of 15 and 9) using diketene‐acetone (2,2,6‐trimethyl‐4H‐1,3‐dioxin‐4‐one) as ketene precursor under atmospheric pressure at 300 °C. The physicochemical properties of HZSM‐5 catalysts were investigated by NH₃‐TPD, BET, XRD and ICP analysis. The distribution of products was measured by GC‐Mass spectrometer. These catalysts exhibit high reactivity and selectivity for the conversion of methanol and/or ketene to hydrocarbons (mostly high octane number xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, tetramethylbenzenes and ≤1.5% benzene). The conversion of neat diketene‐acetone over these catalysts produced aromatics compounds and significant amounts of oxygenated compounds (ketone, carboxylic acid, phenol, furan, pyran and others) depending on Si:Al ratio. These catalysts with high acid content produced small amount of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons without releasing significant amount of gas. The ketene and produced oxygenates from ketene appears to act as intermediates for the formation of aromatic compounds.     

Transformations of cyclohexane and benzene on the bimetallic Ru-Pt oxide catalysts

The bimetallic Ru-Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts with an overall metal content of 1 wt. % and Pt: Ru weight ratios from 1: 3 to 3: 1 were studied. The catalytic activity for cyclohexane and benzene transformations, including hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and skeletal isomerization of the initial substrates and products of intermediate transformations, was studied at temperatures 180–350 °C and H₂ pressures from 1.0 to 5.0 MPa. The maximum yield of n-hexane from cyclohexane and benzene was obtained on the catalysts with a ruthenium content of 0.75–1.0%, being ∼29–30 wt.% at 40% selectivity. The selectivity to form n-hexane decreases with an increase in the cyclohexane conversion and is almost independent of the composition of the Ru-Pt system. On the catalysts under study, benzene is converted to the same products but at temperatures by 60 °C lower as compared to cyclohexane conversion. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 633–637, April, 2006.     

醋酸对环己烷气相氧化脱氢产物选择性影响的研究

以α1-VOPO4相为催化剂, 在环己烷气相氧化脱氢反应中, 通过在原料中加入醋酸可控制反应产物的分布. 研究了不同醋酸量对目标产物选择性的影响, 醋酸在反应体系中优于环己烷吸附在α1-VOPO4催化剂的表面上, 使催化剂表面形成孤立的活性中心, 避免了产物环己烯的深度氧化. 反应温度为450 ℃, 醋酸与环己烷的摩尔比为12.9∶1时, 环己烷的转化率为6.9%, 环己烯的选择性为100%.     

The metal complexes of new Schiff bases containing phosphonate groups and catalytic properties for alkane oxidation

In this study, two new salicylidene phosphonate ligands (HL¹ and HL²) and their metal complexes (Cu²⁺, VO²⁺ and La³⁺) were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods. The molecular structure of the ligand HL¹ was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. In the structure of the ligand, there is an intramolecular phenol‐imine hydrogen bond. The synthesized compounds exhibit only one emission maximum upon excitation at 270–295  nm range. Complexation of the Schiff base ligands with metal ions did not cause a considerable quenching effect. Finally, the complexes prepared were used as catalysts in cyclohexane oxidation under microwave irradiation. The complexes showed high conversion rates (> 90%) for cyclohexane oxidation; however, poor selectivity was observed for all complexes. The La³⁺ complexes showed better selectivity for cyclohexane → cyclohexanol transformation with about 45% selectivity.     

大气压旋转螺旋状电极辉光放电等离子体催化甲烷偶联

采用新研制的具有旋转螺旋状电极的大气压辉光放电等离子体反应器催化甲烷偶联制碳二烃. 实验采用铜电极和不锈钢电极分别考察了输入电场峰值电压和甲烷、氢气进料流量等参数对甲烷转化率和碳二烃收率、选择性的影响. 在长时间连续反应无明显积碳的情况下, 最佳试验结果是电极材料为金属铜, 进料流量为60 mL•min^-1, V(CH₄ )/V(H₂)=1的条件下, 输入电场峰值电压为2.3 kV时, 甲烷转化率为70.64%, 碳二烃单程收率及其选择性分别为69.85%和 99.14%.     

异丁烷在钼酸锌上的催化氧化脱氢

研究了钼酸锌对异丁烷氧化脱氢反应的催化作用,考察了原料气中烷氧体积比、N₂及水蒸汽对反应结果的影响.提高反应原料气中的烷氧体积比能够提高异丁烯选择性,但也会降低异丁烷的转化率.原料气中加入N₂不利于反应;而加入水蒸汽可提高异丁烯选择性.催化剂表面主要是弱酸中心,对反应有利.     

工业固定床Fe-Cu-K催化剂浆态床F-T合成适应性研究

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器,在接近F-T合成实际工况下考察了工业固定床Fe-Cu-K催化剂浆态床F-T合成反应性能，研究反应温度、压力、原料气空速和氢碳摩尔比等操作参数对催化剂反应活性、产物选择性和稳定性的影响，实验总运转时间达2 500 h；同时采用扫描电镜技术（SEM）对催化剂的抗磨损性能进行了研究，结果表明，操作参数对催化剂的活性、选择性和目标产物产率有较大的影响，工业固定床Fe-Cu-K催化剂具有一定的抗磨损性能，F-T合成烃产物分布合理；催化剂具有较高的稳定性，在589 h的稳定条件运行内，催化剂的失活速率为0.23%/d（以CO转化率的降低计）；在整个运行期间CH4选择性维持在较低的水平。     

Influence of electronic state and dispersion of platinum particles on the conversion and selectivity of hydrogenation of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde in supercritical carbon dioxide

The selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) was investigated using silica supported platinum catalysts in supercritical carbon dioxide. Selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol (COL) is enhanced as Pt⁰/Pt²⁺ ratio increases; namely, zero-valent metallic surface is beneficial to the formation of COL compared with less reduced surface. The influence of Pt⁰/Pt²⁺ ratio is more significant on the selectivity than on the total conversion. For the catalyst with small Pt⁰/Pt²⁺ value, the selectivity also depends on the degree of platinum dispersion. The selectivity to COL is higher for higher degree of platinum dispersion. The CO₂ pressure did not affect the conversion and selectivity so much.