H2-induced CO adsorption and dissociation over Co/Al2O3 catalyst

The activation of adsorbed CO is an important step in CO hydrogenation. The results from TPSR of pre-adsorbed CO with H2 and syngas suggested that the presence of H2 increased the amount of CO adsorption and accelerated CO dissociation. The H2 was adsorbed first, and activated to form H＊ over metal sites, then reacted with carbonaceous species. The oxygen species for CO2 formation in the presence of hydrogen was mostly OH^＊, which reacted with adsorbed CO subsequently via CO^＊＋OH^＊ → CO2^＊＋H^＊; however, the direct CO dissociation was not excluded in CO hydrogenation. The dissociation of C-O bond in the presence of H2 proceeded by a concerted mechanism, which assisted the Boudourd reaction of adsorbed CO on the surface via CO^＊＋2H^＊ → CH^＊＋OH^＊. The formation of the surface species （CH） from adsorbed CO proceeded as indicated with the participation of surface hydrogen, was favored in the initial step of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.     

镍掺杂对Fe催化剂上CO_2加氢制烃影响的理论计算研究

为研究镍掺杂对铁基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢生成C_1和C_2烃类产物的影响,应用密度泛函理论进行了相关计算.在Fe(110)和Ni-Fe(110)表面上, CH~*物种是最有利的生成CH_4和C_2H_4的C_1物种(CH_x~*),其最可能的生成路径为CO_2→HCOO~*→HCO~*→CH~*.尽管CO_2直接解离为CO~*在动力学上相较于加氢生成HCOO~*和COOH~*是较为有利的,但CO~*进一步加氢生成HCO~*在能量上是不利的,其倾向于逆向解离回到CO~*. CH~*物种可以通过三步加氢反应生成CH_4或者经C—C耦合及两步加氢生成C_2H_4.在Fe(110)表面上,对甲烷和乙烯产物选择性起决定作用的基元反应能垒之间差异仅为0.10 eV,因此两者选择性相近.在将Ni原子引入Fe(110)表面后,生成甲烷与乙烯的选择性差异变大,导致乙烯的选择性提高.计算结果表明,添加少量金属Ni能够促进CO_2转化为CH~*,及两个CH~*物种发生C—C耦合和进一步加氢转化为乙烯.     

Cu_2O(111)催化水煤气变换反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论结合周期平板模型方法系统地研究了水煤气变换反应在Cu_2O(111)表面上的反应机理,包括氧化还原机理、羧基机理和甲酸根机理.结果表明,在Cu_2O(111)表面,羧基机理和甲酸根机理均可行,且甲酸根机理更为有利,其最佳反应途径为H_2O~*→H~*+OH~*;CO(g)+H~*+OH~*→trans-HCOOH~*(1)→cis-HCOOH~*→CO_2~*+H_2(g).其中trans-HCOOH~*(1)→cis-HCOOH~*为其决速步,该基元反应的能垒仅为59 kJ·mol~(-1).羧基机理的最优反应路径同样是以H_2O的解离反应开始,随后CO(g)+OH~*→cis-COOH~*→trans-COOH~*→CO_2(g)+H~*,最后产生的两个吸附的H原子先迁移再结合生成H_2,整个反应的控速步骤为H原子的迁移,迁移能垒为96 kJ·mol~(-1).氧化还原机理则由于OH解离需要越过一个很高的能垒(254 vs.187 kJ·mol~(-1))而不可行.     

CO2在Cu表面还原成碳氢化合物的DFT计算研究

应用密度泛函理论（DFT）反应能计算及最小能量路径分析研究了CO2在气相和电化学环境中于Cu(111)单晶表面的还原过程。气相中,CO2还原为碳氢化合物的反应路径可能为：CO2(g) + H* → COOH* → (CO +OH)* → CHO*;CHO + H* → CH2O* → (CH2 + O)*;CH2* + 2H* → CH4或2CH2* → C2H4。整个反应由CO2(g) + H* → COOH* → (CO +OH)*,(CO + H)* → CHO*和CH2O* → (CH2 + O)*等几个步骤联合控制。在-0.50V (vs RHE) 以正的电势下,CO2在Cu(111)表面电化学还原主要形成HCOO-和CO吸附物;随着电势逐渐负移,CO2加氢解离形成CO的反应越来越容易,CO成为主要产物;随电势进一步变负,形成碳氢化合物的趋势逐渐变强。与CO2的气相化学还原不同的是,电化学环境下CO质子化形成的CHO中间体倾向于解离形成CH,而在气相中CHO中间体则倾向于进一步质子化形成CH2O中间体。     

Cu(111)面上糠醇加氢生成2-甲基呋喃的反应机理

采用广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论并结合平板模型的方法,详细研究了糠醇在Cu(111)面上反应生成2-甲基呋喃的反应历程,优化了糠醇在Cu(111)面的吸附模型,并采用完全线性同步和二次同步变换的方法,对三种可能的反应机理中的各反应步骤进行了过渡态搜索.结果表明,糠醇主要通过支链上OH与Cu(111)面相互作用,易形成ψCH2和ψCH2O中间体(ψ代表呋喃环).糠醇进一步加氢机理很可能为:引入的氢物种明显降低了糠醇分解形成的中间体ψCH2的活化能,并促进了它的形成;中间体ψCH2更易从糠醇中获得H而生成2-甲基呋喃.该过程的控速步骤为ψCH2O*→ψCHO*+H*,活化能为199.0kJ/mol,总反应是2ψCH2OH=ψCH3+ψCHO+H2O.     

ZrO2—SiO2负载Cu—Ni催化剂的CO2加氢反应性能

采用表面反应改性法,制备了ZrO2-SiO2（ZrSiO)表面复合物载体,用等体积浸渍法制备了ZrSiO担载的Cu-Ni双金属催化剂,借助BET、TPR、IR和微反等技术,研究了ZrSiO及其负载的Ni、Cu双金属催化剂的表面构造,化学吸附及催化CO2加氢的反应性能,结果表明,ZrSiO表面主要是价联型结构,ZrO2引入SiO2表面,可以有效地促进CuO和NiO的还原,在ZrSiO负载的Cu-Ni催化剂表面的Cu或Ni位,CO2发生化学 吸附形成线、剪式、卧式吸附态,在该催化剂上CO2的加氢反应产物主要是CH3OH3、CH4、CO和H2O生成CH3OH的选择性与催化剂组成及反应条件密切相关,在适当的条件,CH3OH的选择性大于90％。     

Characterization and catalytic performance of CeO2-Co/SiO2 catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using nitrogen-diluted synthesis gas over a laboratory scale fixed-bed reactor

The surface species of CO hydrogenation on CeO2-Co/SiO2 catalyst were investigated using the techniques of temperature programmed reaction and transient response method. The results indicated that the formation of H2O and CO2 was the competitive reaction for the surface oxygen species, CH4 was produced via the hydrogenation of carbon species step by step, and C2 products were formed by the polymerization of surface-active carbon species （-CH2-）. Hydrogen assisted the dissociation of CO. The hydrogenation of surface carbon species was the rate-limiting step in the hydrogenation of CO over CeO2-Co/SiO2 catalyst. The investigation of total pressure, gas hourly space velocity （GHSV）, and product distribution using nitrogen-rich synthesis gas as feedstock over a laboratory scale fixed-bed reactor indicated that total pressure and GHSV had a significant effect on the catalytic performance of CeO2-Co/SiO2 catalyst. The removal of heat and control of the reaction temperature were extremely critical steps, which required lower GHSV and appropriate CO conversion to avoid the deactivation of the catalyst. The feedstock of nitrogen-rich synthesis gas was favorable to increase the conversion of CO, but there was a shift of product distribution toward the light hydrocarbon. The nitrogen-rich synthesis gas was feasible for F-T synthesis for the utilization of remote natural gas.     

CO hydrogenation on stepped Cu and CuZn alloy surfaces: Competition between methanol synthesis and methanation pathways

Comprehensive fundamental understanding of CO hydrogenation reactions over Cu and ZnCu alloy surfaces is of great importance. Herein, we report a comparative DFT calculation study of elementary surface reaction network of CO hydrogenation reactions on stepped Cu(211), Cu(611), ZnCu(211) and ZnCu(611) surfaces. On ZnCu(211) and ZnCu(611) surfaces, the energetic favorable reaction path of CO hydrogenation reaction follows CO* → HCO* → H₂CO* → H₃CO* → CH₃OH* → CH₃OH with H₃CO* hydrogenation as the rate-limiting step and proceeds more facilely on ZnCu(611) surface than on ZnCu(211) surface. On Cu(211) and Cu(611) surfaces, the energetic favorable reaction path of CO hydrogenation reaction follows CO* → HCO* → HCOH* → H₂COH* → H₃COH* → CH₃* → CH₄* → CH₄ with H₂COH* hydrogenation as the rate-limiting step and proceeds more facilely on Cu(611) than on Cu(211). The key difference of CO hydrogenation reaction on ZnCu alloy surface and Cu is that the resulting CH₃OH* species desorbs to produce CH₃OH on ZnCu alloy but undergoes H*-assisted decomposition to CH₃* and eventually to CH₄ on Cu surface. These results successfully unveil elementary surface reaction networks and structure sensitivity of Cu and ZnCu alloy-catalyzed CO hydrogenation reactions.     

Direct versus Hydrogen‐Assisted CO Dissociation on the Fe (100) Surface: a DFT Study

CO dissociation: Three most probable pathways to CO dissociation on the Fe?(100) surface exist: a) direct, CO→C+O (-) and H-assisted b) H+CO?HCO→CH+O (-) or c) CO+H?COH→C+OH (-). Under high hydrogen pressure conditions and highly occupied surfaces the formation of HCO and subsequent dissociation to CH+O may at best compete with direct dissociation.     

Ni催化剂上一氧化碳加氢反应机理研究

Ｎｉ催化剂上一氧化碳加氢反应机理研究胡云行，万惠霖，关玉德，林恒生（厦门大学化学系，固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室，厦门，３６１００５）（中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所，太原）关键词脉冲法，一氧化碳，加氢，反应机理自本世纪初报道了一氧化碳加氢生成甲烷以...     

Coadsorption properties of CO(2) and H(2)O on TiO(2) rutile (110): A dispersion-corrected DFT study

Adsorption and reactions of CO(2) in the presence of H(2)O and OH species on the TiO(2) rutile (110)-(1×1) surface were investigated using dispersion-corrected density functional theory and scanning tunneling microscopy. The coadsorbed H(2)O (OH) species slightly increase the CO(2) adsorption energies, primarily through formation of hydrogen bonds, and create new binding configurations that are not present on the anhydrous surface. Proton transfer reactions to CO(2) with formation of bicarbonate and carbonic acid species were investigated and found to have barriers in the range 6.1-12.8 kcal∕mol, with reactions involving participation of two or more water molecules or OH groups having lower barriers than reactions involving a single adsorbed water molecule or OH group. The reactions to form the most stable adsorbed formate and bicarbonate species are exothermic relative to the unreacted adsorbed CO(2) and H(2)O (OH) species, with formation of the bicarbonate species being favored. These results are consistent with single crystal measurements which have identified formation of bicarbonate-type species following coadsorption of CO(2) and water on rutile (110).     

Methane oxidation mechanism on Pt(111): a cluster model DFT study

The electronic energy barriers of surface reactions pertaining to the mechanism of the electrooxidation of methane on Pt (111) were estimated with density functional theory calculations on a 10-atom Pt cluster, using both the B3LYP and PW91 functionals. Optimizations of initial and transition states were performed for elementary steps that involve the conversion of CH(4) to adsorbed CO at the Pt/vacuum interface. As a first approximation we do not include electrolyte effects in our model. The reactions include the dissociative chemisorption of CH(4) on Pt, dehydrogenation reactions of adsorbed intermediates (*CH(x) --> *CH(x-1) + *H and *CH(x)O --> *CH(x-1)O + *H), and oxygenation reactions of adsorbed CH(x) species (*CH(x) + *OH --> *CH(x)OH). Many pathways were investigated and it was found that the main reaction pathway is CH(4) --> *CH(3) --> *CH(2) --> *CH --> *CHOH --> *CHO --> *CO. Frequency analysis and transition-state theory were employed to show that the methane chemisorption elementary step is rate-limiting in the above mechanism. This conclusion is in agreement with published experimental electrochemical studies of methane oxidation on platinum catalysts that have shown the absence of an organic adlayer at electrode potentials that allow the oxidation of adsorbed CO. The mechanism of the electrooxidation of methane on Pt is discussed.     

铑催化合成气制乙醇反应中CO断键途径的研究

利用程序升温表面反应─红外（ＴＰＳＲ－ＩＲ）动态技术考察ＣＯ吸附物种对氢的反应性能并检验表面反应生成的中间物，结果表明线式ＣＯ对氢的反应性能高于桥式ＣＯ，即线式ＣＯ更可能是活性吸附态；表面反应生成了ＨＣＯ、ＣＨ２等中间物．用键级守恒（ＢＯＣ）－Ｍｏｒｓｅ势方法计算比较了ＣＯ→ＣＨ２过程中各可能基元步骤在Ｒｈ（１１１）面上的反应活化能和反应热，结果表明ＣＯ经其部分氢化物种（如Ｈ２ＣＯ、ＨＣＯＨ）的氢解反应断裂Ｃ─Ｏ键在能量上最有利．根据这些实验结果，提出铑基催化剂上合成气转化反应主要按缔合式机理进行；ＣＯ的优势断键途径为先部分氢化，而后氢助断键．     

Rh基催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化合物的红外光谱研究

 用红外光谱法考察了Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂在CO加氢反应过程中表面吸附物种随压力、温度和H2/CO比的改变而变化的规律. 结果表明,高压有利于提高催化剂表面吸附的CO浓度和活性,高温有利于CO解离; 而高温、高压条件不但促进了CO吸附,而且提高并平衡了CO的解离和插入之间的相对活性,促进了C2含氧化合物的生成. H2/CO比的增大有利于CO在催化剂表面的吸附,从而促进了CO插入,尤其是CO的解离和加氢活性,但是过高的H2/CO比将导致过高的CO解离和加氢活性,引起CO插入活性的削弱而最终导致C2含氧化合物生成活性的下降. 同时,考察了助剂(Mn, Li和Ti)对Rh基催化剂表面吸附物种的影响. 结果表明,助剂的加入可提高C2含氧化合物的生成活性.     

CO在YBa2Cu3Ox薄膜上吸附与加氢的研究

ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ（ｘ＝６－７）薄膜被合成在ＹＳＺ基底上，用ＦＴＩＲ，ＸＰＳ，ＸＲＤ等手段原位研究ＣＯ在薄膜上的吸附及加氢行为。ＣＯ吸附在Ｃｕ位置上，与ＹＢＣＯ体相中的Ｏ作用，生成表面ＣＯ２或－ＣＯＯ基团，导致ＹＢＣＯ中生产氧空位，使ＹＢＣＯ发生昌型转变，Ｃｕ＾２＋被还原为Ｃｕ＾＋或Ｃｕ＾０．ＹＢＣＯ中的氧空位有利于ＣＯ、ＣＯ２及Ｈ２的吸附。ＣＯ、ＣＯ２在ＹＢＣＯ膜上的加氢产物为ＣＨ３ＯＨ、ＣＨ３     

Theoretical study of the CH2 + O photodissociation of formaldehyde adsorbed on the Ag(111) surface

Configuration interaction calculations of the ground and excited states of the H2CO molecule adsorbed on the Ag(111) surface have been carried out to study the photoinduced dissociation process leading to polymerization of formaldehyde. The metal-adsorbate system has been described by the embedded cluster and multireference configuration interaction methods. The pi electron-attachment H2CO- and n-pi* internally excited H2CO* states have been considered as possible intermediates. The calculations have shown that H2CO* is only very weakly bound on Ag(111), and thus that the dissociation of adsorbed formaldehyde due to internal excitation is unlikely. By contrast, the H2CO- anion is strongly bound to Ag(111) and gains additional vibrational energy along the C-O stretch coordinate via Franck-Condon excitation from the neutral molecule. Computed energy variations of adsorbed H2CO and H2CO- at different key geometries along the pathway for C-O bond cleavage make evident, however, that complete dissociation is very difficult to attain on the potential energy surface of either of these states. Instead, reneutralization of the vibrationally excited anion by electron transfer back to the substrate is the most promising means of breaking the C-O bond, with subsequent formation of the coadsorbed O and CH2 fragments. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the most stable state for both dissociation fragments on Ag(111) is a closed-shell singlet, with binding energies relative to the gas-phase products of approximately 3.2 and approximately 1.3 eV for O and CH2, respectively. Further details of the reaction mechanism for the photoinduced C-O bond cleavage of H2CO on the Ag(111) surface are also given.     

CO和CO2在Cu／ZnO／Al2O3催化剂上加氢反应机理的原位红外研究

ＣｕＺｎＯＡｌ2Ｏ3催化剂用于合成甲醇的反应机理已经进行了大量的研究[1～3]。近年来,利用原位红外技术在研究合成甲醇的催化反应机理方面取得了不少研究成果[4～7]。但大多数实验是采用低铜含量催化剂[4,5]。本文采用高温加压式原位红外池,在513Ｋ和20ＭＰａ的条件下,...     

Synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes containing hydroxymethylphosphines and their catalytic activities for hydrogenation of supercritical carbon dioxide

Ligand substitution of RuCl2[P(C6H5)3]3 and Cp*RuCl(isoprene) (Cp*=1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complexes with hydroxymethylphosphines was investigated to develop new catalyst systems for CO2 hydrogenation. A reaction of P(C6H5)2CH2OH with RuCl2[P(C6H5)3]3 in CH2Cl2 gave Ru(H)Cl(CO)[P(C6H5)2CH2OH]3 (1), which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic analysis. An isotope labeling experiment using P(C6H5)213CH2OH indicated that the carbonyl moiety in complex 1 originated from formaldehyde formed by degradation of the hydroxymethylphosphine. Elimination of formaldehyde from PCy2CH2OH (Cy=cyclohexyl) was also promoted by treatment of RuCl2[P(C6H5)3]3 in ethanol to give RuCl2(PHCy2)4 under mild conditions. On the other hand, the substitution reaction using Cp*RuCl(isoprene) with the hydroxymethylphosphine ligands proceeded smoothly with formation of Cp*RuCl(L)2 [2a-2c; L=P(C6H5)2CH2OH, PCy(CH2OH)2, and P(CH2OH)3] in good yields. The isolable hydroxymethylphosphine complexes 1 and 2 efficiently catalyzed the hydrogenative amidation of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF).     

CO2 reforming of CH4 on Ni(111): a density functional theory calculation

CO(2) reforming of CH(4) on Ni(111) was investigated by using density functional theory. On the basis of thermodynamic analyses, the first step is CH(4) sequential dissociation into surface CH (CH(4) --> CH(3) --> CH(2) --> CH) and hydrogen, and CO(2) dissociation into surface CO and O (CO(2) --> CO + O). The second step is CH oxygenation into CHO (CH + O --> CHO), which is more favored than dissociation into C and hydrogen (CH --> C + H). The third step is the dissociation of CHO into surface CO and H (CHO --> CO + H). This can explain the enhanced selectivity toward the formation of CO and H(2) on Ni catalysts. It is found that surface carbon formation by the Bouduard back reaction (2CO = C((ads)) + CO(2)) is more favored than by CH(4) sequential dehydrogenation. The major problem of CO(2) reforming of CH(4) is the very strong CO adsorption on Ni(111), which results in the accumulation of CO on the surface and hinders the subsequent reactions and promotes carbon deposition. Therefore, promoting CO desorption should maintain the reactivity and stability of Ni catalysts. The computed energy barriers of the most favorable elementary reaction identify the CH(4) activation into CH(3) and H as the rate-determining step of CO(2) reforming of CH(4) on Ni(111), in agreement with the isotopic experimental results.     

Kinetic mechanism of methanol decomposition on Ni(111) surface: a theoretical study

The decomposition of methanol on the Ni(111) surface has been studied with the pseudopotential method of density functional theory-generalized gradient approximation (DFT-GGA) and with the repeated slab models. The adsorption energies of possible species and the activation energy barriers of the possible elementary reactions involved are obtained in the present work. The major reaction path on Ni surfaces involves the O-H bond breaking in CH(3)OH and the further decomposition of the resulting methoxy species to CO and H via stepwise hydrogen abstractions from CH(3)O. The abstraction of hydrogen from methoxy itself is the rate-limiting step. We also confirm that the C-O and C-H bond-breaking paths, which lead to the formation of surface methyl and hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl and atom hydrogen, respectively, have higher energy barriers. Therefore, the final products are the adsorbed CO and H atom.